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Surface Anatomy
Richard Tunstall, Nehal Shah
CHAPTER 1:
Introduction
1.1 The anatomical position and planes
The anatomical position
Relative positional terms
Anatomical planes
1.2 Anatomical movements
Flexion and extension
Abduction and adduction
Rotation
Pronation and supination
Inversion and eversion of the foot
Mandibular movements
Scapular movements
Opposition and reposition of the digits
Lateral flexion
Eye movements
1.3 Sensory innervation
CHAPTER 2:
Thorax
2.1 Bony landmarks, joints and cartilages
Thoracic inlet
Sternum
Clavicle and coracoid process
Ribs
Costal cartilages and costal margin
The costal cartilages
Intercostal spaces
2.2 Muscles
2.3 Lines and folds
Vertical lines
Axillary lines and folds
Midaxillary line
Anterior axillary line and fold
Posterior axillary line and fold
2.4 Mediastinum
Location and borders
Superior and inferior mediastinum
Anterior, middle and posterior mediastinum
2.5 Neurovasculature and lymphatics
Dermatomes
Intercostal neurovascular bundles
Cutaneous nerves and arteries
Long thoracic nerve
Internal thoracic artery and vein
Lymphatics
Cephalic vein
2.6 Viscera
Breast
Size, shape and position
Areola and nipple
Lungs and pleura
Pleura and costodiaphragmatic recess
Lung and pleural borders
Lung lobes and fissures
Tracheobronchial tree
Heart
Great vessels
Heart valves and auscultation points
Sternal angle and plane
CHAPTER 3:
Abdomen
3.1 Bony landmarks, joints and ligaments
Margins of the abdominal wall
Bony landmarks
Thoracic wall
Iliac bone
Pubic bone
3.2 Reference planes and regions
Reference planes
Regions
3.3 Muscles, tendons and aponeuroses
3.4 Inguinal canal
Location and inguinal rings
Midinguinal point and midpoint of inguinal ligament
Contents of the inguinal canal
Spermatic cord
3.5 Neurovasculature and lymphatics
Dermatomes
Intra-abdominal vasculature
Abdominal aorta and branches
Veins
Neurovasculature of the abdominal wall
Arteries of the abdominal wall
Lymphatic drainage
3.6 Surgical incisions of the abdominal wall
3.7 Viscera
Regional contents
Four-region model
Nine-region model
Localisation of regional pain
Liver and gallbladder
Stomach, duodenum and pancreas
Spleen
Small intestine and root of mesentery
Caecum and appendix
Colon and mesocolon
Kidney, ureter and renal angle
CHAPTER 4:
Upper limb
4.1 Pectoral girdle, shoulder and arm
Bones, joints and ligaments
Scapula
Humerus
Clavicle
Shoulder joint
Ligaments
Muscles, tendons and regions
Shoulder muscles
Superficial extrinsic layer of the back
Arm muscles
Neurovasculature
Nerves
Arteries
Veins
4.2 Elbow, cubital fossa and forearm
Bones, joints and ligaments
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
Joints
Ligaments
Muscles, tendons and regions
Extensor muscles
Flexor muscles
Cubital fossa
Neurovasculature
Arteries
Nerves
Superficial veins and cutaneous nerves
4.3 Wrist and hand
Bones, joints and ligaments
Ulna and radius
Wrist joint
Carpal bones
Metacarpals, phalanges and joints
Muscles, tendons and regions
Anatomical snuffbox
Contents
Extensor compartments of the wrist
Dorsal hand
Palmar (volar) wrist and hand
Synovial sheaths and spaces of the hand
Neurovasculature
Nerves
Arteries
CHAPTER 5:
Lower limb
5.1 Pelvic girdle, gluteal region and thigh
Bones, joints and ligaments
Pelvic girdle
Femur
Patella
Hip joint
Muscles, tendons and regions
Gluteal region
Posterior compartment
Medial compartment
Anterior compartment
Bursae
Femoral triangle
Femoral sheath, canal, ring and hernias
Neurovascular
Femoral artery and vein
Femoral nerve
Obturator nerve
Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh
Sciatic nerve
Posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh
5.2 Knee, popliteal fossa and leg
Bones, joints and ligaments
Tibia
Fibula
Knee joint
Muscles, tendons and regions
Posterior compartment
Popliteal fossa
Anterior compartment
Lateral compartment
Neurovasculature
Arteries
Nerves
Superficial veins and cutaneous nerves
5.3 Ankle and foot
Bones, joints and ligaments
Bones of the foot
Bones of the ankle
Ligaments
Muscles and tendons
Retinacula of the ankle
Tarsal tunnel
Dorsal ankle and foot
Plantar foot
Neurovasculature
Plantar arteries and nerves
Dorsal arteries and nerves
Digital arteries and nerves
CHAPTER 6:
Pelvis and perineum
6.1 Bones, joints and ligaments
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
Ligaments
Sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments
Joints
Pelvic measurements
6.2 Perineum
Urogenital and anal triangles
Perineal membrane and pouches
Perineal (Colles') fascia
Perineal body and pelvic floor
Ischioanal fossa
Anal canal
Pectinate line
Portocaval anastomoses and haemorrhoids
6.3 Female
Mons pubis and labia
Vaginal vestibule
Clitoris
Bulb of the vestibule
Greater vestibular gland
Urethra
Pelvic organs
Female: vagina and uterus
Male and female: bladder
6.4 Male
Penis
Corpus cavernosum and spongiosum
Urethra
Bulbourethral (Cowper) gland
Scrotum and testicles
Palpation
Spermatic cord
Swellings
6.5 Perineal neurovasculature
Pudendal nerve and internal pudendal artery
Regional anaesthesia
Posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh
Dermatomes
CHAPTER 7:
The vertebral column and back
7.1 Vertebral column
Vertebrae
Identification of spinous processes
Spinous process levels
Sacral triangle and sacral hiatus
Transverse processes and laminae
Joints
Ligaments
Curvatures
Vertebral canal
Meninges
Spinal cord
Spinal nerves
Cauda equina
Lumbar puncture/epidural anaesthesia
7.2 Muscles
Superficial extrinsic layer
Intermediate extrinsic layer
Deep and thoracolumbar fascia
Deep intrinsic layer
Erector spinae (intermediate part)
Suboccipital triangle
CHAPTER 8:
Head and neck
8.1 Bones and bony landmarks
Frontal bone
Nasal bones
Maxilla
Mandible
Temporomandibular joint
C1 vertebra
Zygomatic bone
Pterion
Parietal bone
Temporal bone
Suprameatal triangle
Occipital bone
Infant skull and fontanelles
8.2 Intracranial structures
Reference lines of the cranium
Key brain sulci, fissures and gyri
Brain lobes, cerebellum and dural venous sinuses
Cranial fossae
8.3 Muscles of the head and face
8.4 Nose, nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses
Nose and nasal cavity
Paranasal sinuses
8.5 Nerves
Cervical spinal nerves
Trigeminal nerve (CN V)
Supraorbital, infraorbital and mental nerves
Inferior alveolar nerve
Facial nerve (CN VII)
8.6 Viscera of the face
Submandibular gland
Parotid gland
Parotid duct
Eye region
Eyelid
Cornea and sclera
Lacrimal, tarsal and ciliary glands
Conjunctival sac and fornix
Lacrimal duct system
8.7 Oral cavity and oral vestibule
Teeth
Palate
Hard palate
Palatine foramen and neurovasculature
Soft palate
Palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches
Floor of the mouth
Sublingual fold
Lingual nerve
8.8 Neck
Triangles of the neck
Anterior triangle and its subdivisions
Posterior triangle and subdivisions
8.9 Neurovasculature
Nerves
Arteries
Subclavian artery
Suprascapular and transverse cervical arteries
Common carotid arteries and carotid bifurcation
External carotid artery
Veins
External jugular vein
Internal jugular vein
Subclavian vein
8.10 Viscera of the neck
Larynx and trachea
Laryngeal inlet
Thyroid gland
8.11 Lymphatics
Superficial nodes
Deep nodes
INDEX
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