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Ophthalmology
Shyamanga Borooah, Mark Wright, Baljean Dhillon
CHAPTER 1:
First principles
1.1 Anatomy
Embryology
Conjunctiva
Cornea and sclera
Pupil
Lens
Vitreous humour
Uvea
Retina
1.2 Optics
1.3 Physiology
Tear film
Cornea
Aqueous
Lens
Macula
Retinal pigment epithelium and Bruch's membrane (basal lamina of choroid)
CHAPTER 2:
Ophthalmology in practice
2.1 History taking
The common symptoms
Visual disturbance
Monocular vs binocular
Positive vs negative scotoma
Metamorphopsia
Flashing lights
Floaters
Glare
Hallucinatory images
Double vision (diplopia)
True diplopia vs blurred vision
Binocular vs monocular diplopia
Pain
Sharp vs dull
Photophobia
Altered appearance
Wateriness (epiphora)
2.2 Examination
The common signs
Examination sequence
Visual acuity
Distance vision
Eliminating refractive error
Near vision
Supplementary tests of central vision
Visual fields
Confrontation visual field examination
Sensitivity of the central field to red targets
Mutlukan and Cullen red dots card
External eye
Facial appearance
The eyes
Slit lamp examination
Pupil reactions
Swinging flashlight test
Cover test
Fundoscopy
Procedure
The retina
2.3 Investigations
Imaging
Optical coherence tomography
Ultrasound
Fundus fluorescein angiogram
2.4 Diagnosis
Referral
Caution in diagnosis
Associated and underlying disease
2.5 Treatment
Ocular pharmacology
Barriers to drug delivery
Drug design
Drops and ointments
Periocular injection
Intravitreal injection
Oral and intravenous dosing
Side-effects
CHAPTER 3:
Diagnostic algorithms
CHAPTER 4:
Refractive apparatus
4.1 Clinical scenario
Gradually blurring vision
Presentation
Diagnostic approach
Further history
Diagnostic approach
Examination
Diagnostic approach
4.2 Hypermetropia
Epidemiology
Clinical features
Diagnostic criteria
Risks
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Management
Prognosis
4.3 Myopia
Epidemiology
Causes
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Diagnostic criteria
Risks
Investigations
Management
Prognosis
4.4 Astigmatism
Epidemiology
Causes
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Investigations
Management
Prognosis
4.5 Presbyopia
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Diagnostic criteria
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Management
Prognosis
CHAPTER 5:
Orbit
5.1 Clinical scenario
Rapid lid swelling
Presentation
Diagnostic approach
Further history
Diagnostic approach
Examination
Diagnostic approach
5.2 Preseptal cellulitis and orbital cellulitis
Epidemiology
Causes
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Diagnostic criteria
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Management
Prognosis
5.3 Thyroid orbitopathy
Epidemiology
Causes
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Diagnostic criteria
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Management
Prognosis
CHAPTER 6:
Eyelid and lacrimal apparatus
6.1 Clinical scenarios
Watery eye
Presentation
Diagnostic approach
Further history
Diagnostic approach Examination
Diagnostic approach
Lid lumps
Presentation
Diagnostic approach
Further history
Examination
Diagnostic approach
6.2 Entropion
Epidemiology
Causes
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Differential diagnosis
Management
Prognosis
6.3 Ectropion
Epidemiology
Causes
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Differential diagnosis
Management
Prognosis
6.4 Ptosis
Epidemiology
Causes
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Management
Prognosis
6.5 Blepharitis
Epidemiology
Causes
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Management
Prognosis
6.6 Chalazion
Epidemiology
Causes
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Management
Prognosis
6.7 Eyelid malignancies
Epidemiology
Causes
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Management
Prognosis
6.8 Acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction
Epidemiology
Causes
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Management
Prognosis
CHAPTER 7:
Conjunctiva
7.1 Clinical scenario
Bilateral red eyes
Presentation
Diagnostic approach
Further history
Diagnostic approach
Examination
Diagnostic approach
7.2 Infective conjunctivitis
Epidemiology
Causes
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Management
Severe symptoms
Chlamydia and gonorrhoea
Prognosis
7.3 Allergic conjunctivitis
Epidemiology
Causes
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Management
Prognosis
7.4 Subconjunctival haemorrhage
Epidemiology
Causes
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Management
Prognosis
CHAPTER 8:
Cornea and sclera
8.1 Clinical scenario
Sharp pain in the eye
Presentation
Diagnostic approach
Further history
Diagnostic approach
Examination
Diagnostic approach
8.2 Dry eye
Epidemiology
Causes
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Management
Prognosis
8.3 Infectious keratitis
Epidemiology
Causes
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Risks
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Management
Prognosis
8.4 Scleritis and episcleritis
Epidemiology
Causes
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Management
Prognosis
CHAPTER 9:
Diseases of the lens
9.1 Clinical scenario
Gradually reducing vision
Presentation
Diagnostic approach
Further history
Diagnostic approach
Examination
Diagnostic approach
9.2 Cataract
Epidemiology
Causes
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Diagnostic criteria
Investigations
Management
Prognosis
9.3 Cataract surgery
Investigations
Management
Anaesthesia
Techniques
Intraocular lenses
Complications
Follow-up
CHAPTER 10:
Uvea
10.1 Clinical scenario
Photophobia
Presentation
Diagnostic approach
Further history
Diagnostic approach
Examination
Diagnostic approach
10.2 Anterior uveitis
Epidemiology
Causes
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Management
Prognosis
10.3 Posterior uveitis and intermediate uveitis
Epidemiology
Causes
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Management
Prognosis
CHAPTER 11:
Retinal disease
11.1 Clinical scenarios
Sudden loss of vision
Presentation
Diagnostic approach
Further history
Diagnostic approach
Examination
Diagnostic approach
Gradual loss of vision
Presentation
Diagnostic approach
Further history
Diagnostic approach
Examination
Diagnostic approach
11.2 Diabetic retinopathy
Epidemiology
Causes
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Diagnostic criteria
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Management
Background diabetic retinopathy
Preproliferative retinopathy
Proliferative diabetic retinopathy with haemorrhage
Diabetic macular oedema
Prognosis
11.3 Hypertensive retinopathy
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Diagnostic criteria
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Management
Prognosis
11.4 Retinal vein occlusion
Epidemiology
Causes
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Management
Prognosis
11.5 Retinal artery occlusion and amaurosis fugax
Epidemiology
Causes
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Management
Prognosis
11.6 Age-related macular degeneration
Epidemiology
Causes
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Management
Prognosis
11.7 Retinal tears/detachment
Epidemiology
Causes
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Management
Posterior vitreous detachment
Tears
Retinal detachment
Prognosis
11.8 Retinitis pigmentosa
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Diagnostic criteria
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Management
Prognosis
11.9 Adult retinal tumours
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Management
Prognosis
CHAPTER 12:
Optic nerve and visual pathways
12.1 Clinical scenarios
Eye pain
Presentation
Diagnostic approach
Further history
Diagnostic approach
Examination
Diagnostic approach
Loss of peripheral vision
Presentation
Diagnostic approach
Further history
Diagnostic approach
Examination
Diagnostic approach
Sudden and complete loss of vision
Presentation
Diagnostic approach
Further history
Diagnostic approach
Examination
Diagnostic approach
12.2 Acute angle closure glaucoma
Epidemiology
Causes
Pathogenesis
Primary angle closure glaucoma: pupillary block
Primary angle closure glaucoma: other causes
Clinical features
Risk factors
Differential diagnosis
Management
Prognosis
12.3 Chronic open angle glaucoma
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Intraocular pressure
Optic nerve visualisation
Visual field testing
Diagnostic criteria
Risk factors
Differential diagnosis
Management
Medical
Laser
Surgery
Prognosis
12.4 Secondary glaucomas
12.5 Optic neuritis
Epidemiology
Causes
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Diagnostic criteria
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Management
Prognosis
12.6 Optic atrophy
Epidemiology
Causes
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Management
Prognosis
12.7 Anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy
Epidemiology
Causes
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Arteritic AION
Non-arteritic AION
Diagnostic criteria
Risk factors
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Management
Arteritic AION
Non-arteritic AION
Prognosis
12.8 Papilloedema
Epidemiology
Causes
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Management
Prognosis
12.9 Visual pathway defects
Causes
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Management
Prognosis
CHAPTER 13:
Ocular motility and pupils
13.1 Clinical scenarios
New-onset double vision
Presentation
Diagnostic approach
Further history
Diagnostic approach
Examination
Diagnostic approach
Different-sized pupils
Presentation
Diagnostic approach
Further history
Diagnostic approach
Examination
Diagnostic approach
13.2 Third (oculomotor) nerve palsy
Epidemiology
Causes
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Management
Prognosis
13.3 Fourth (trochlear) nerve palsy
Epidemiology
Causes
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Differential diagnosis
Investigations
Management
Prognosis
13.4 Sixth (abducens) nerve palsy
Epidemiology
Causes
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Management
Prognosis
13.5 Non-paralytic squints
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Differential diagnosis
Management
Prognosis
13.6 Nystagmus
Causes
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Investigations
Management
Prognosis
13.7 Pupil disorders
Epidemiology
Causes
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Management
CHAPTER 14:
chapter Paediatric 14 ophthalmology
14.1 Clinical scenario
Absent red reflex
Presentation
Diagnostic approach
Further history
Diagnostic approach
Examination
Diagnostic approach
14.2 Amblyopia
Epidemiology
Causes
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Management
Prognosis
14.3 Retinopathy of prematurity
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Diagnostic criteria
Differential diagnosis
Management
Prognosis
14.4 Retinoblastoma
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Management
Prognosis
CHAPTER 15:
Trauma
15.1 Clinical scenario
Squash ball injury of the eye
Presentation
Diagnostic approach
Further history
Diagnostic approach
Examination
Diagnostic approach
Diagnostic approach
15.2 Chemical injury
Epidemiology
Causes
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Diagnostic criteria
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Management
Immediate management
Intermediate management
Late treatment
Prognosis
15.3 Corneal foreign body
Epidemiology
Causes
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Differential diagnosis
Management
Prognosis
15.4 Penetrating trauma
Epidemiology
Causes
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Investigations
Management
Prognosis
15.5 Blunt orbital trauma
Epidemiology
Causes
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Investigations
Management
Prognosis
INDEX
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Index
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