FRCS General Surgery: 500 SBAs and EMIs Alasdair Wilson, Wendy Craig, Lynn Stevenson, Julie Brittenden, David Smith
INDEX
Note: Page numbers in bold or italic refer to tables or figures respectively.
A
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) 282
Abdominal compartment syndrome 36, 37, 53, 59, 5960
ABO compatibility 40
Absolute risk reduction 4849
Acanthosis nigricans 72
Achalasia 257259
primary 264
secondary 263
treatment 259
Addison's disease 44
Adenomatous gallbladder polyps 207
Adrenal incidentaloma 176, 177
computed tomography 167, 167, 176
tumour size 170
Adrenaline 55
Adrenal lesions 170171
fine-needle aspiration 167, 167
Adrenocortical carcinoma 171
Advance trauma life support (ATLS) protocol 54
Airway management 5455
Alcohol-based hand rubs 44
Alemtuzumab 239
Allograft 242
α-fetoprotein (AFP) 67, 7374
Amaurosis fugax 295
Amiloride 72
Aminosalicylates 130
Amputation
Burgess 293294
Chopart 294
Ray 293
Syme's 293
Amyand's hernia 63
Anal cancer, treatment 133
Anal fissures 66, 132133, 139
botulinum toxin injection 136, 143
Anaplastic thyroid cancer 162, 163
Anastomotic leak 59
Anastrozole 109
Angiosarcoma of breast 112113
Ankle brachial pressure index (ABPI) 293
Anorectal manometry 144
Anorectal sepsis 36
ANOVA test 45
Anthracyclines 105, 108
Antiphospholipid syndrome 283
Aortic dissection, DeBakey and Stanford classification 286, 287
Aortobifemoral bypass 289
Appendiceal abscess 35
Appendicitis 219
paediatric 53, 53
Arteriovenous (AV) fistula 292
Asacol 130
Ascending cholangitis 218
Aspirin 282
Autograft 242
Azathioprine (AZA) 131, 232
B
Banff schema 244
Barrett's disease 257, 258
Basal cell carcinoma, surgical margins 43
Basal skull fracture 79
Beck's triad 55
Behçet's disease 291
Benzylpenicillin 8586
β-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) 67, 74
Bile duct injury 205206
Bismuth classification 205
laparoscopic cholecystectomy 206207
Strasberg classification 205
Biofeedback 132
Black oesophagus syndrome 262
Bleeding, massive 36
Bochdalek hernias 32
Boerhaave's syndrome 84, 261, 262
Botulinum toxin injection 136, 143
Brachiobasilic fistula, transposed 292
Brachytherapy 259
Brainstem death 49, 50
Breast angiosarcoma 112113
Breast cancer
advanced 106
metastatic 177, 203
MRI 103, 107
Breast lymphoma 113
Breast mouse see Fibroadenoma
Budd–Chiari syndrome 217
Buerger's disease 278
C
Calciphylaxis 72, 177, 178
Calcitonin 170, 182
Calcium oxalate 32
Calf compartments 285286, 285
Cancer antigen (CA) 19-9 74
Capecitabine 133
Capsular contracture, classification of 106
Carcinoembryonic antigen 170
Carcinoid of large bowel 134
Carcinoid syndrome 215
Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPEX) 292
Carotid body tumours 280
Carotid Doppler study 293
Carotid endarterectomy 282
cranial nerve injuries during 278
Case–control study 46, 77
Caval filter 59
C-cell hyperplasia 173
CD8 surface protein 241
CEAP classification, of venous incompetence 289290, 290
Central compartment dissection, in papillary thyroid cancer 169
Chagas’ syndrome 261
Charcot's foot 277278
Chemoradiation, pancreatic cancer 216
χ2 test 61, 77
Child–Pugh score 70, 70
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) 208
CT with triple phase contrast 219
duplex ultrasonography 220
liver transplantation 235
percutaneous transhepatic cholangiogram 219
Cholecystectomy, laparoscopic 66, 212
Cholecystitis 210, 210, 211212
Cholecystostomy 211, 211
Choledochal cysts 34
classification 34, 3435
surgical treatment 35
Choledocholithiasis 211212
Chromogranin 182, 203
Chronic afferent loop syndrome 260
Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis 173, 173
Cinacalcet 183
Ciprofloxacin 145
Cisplatin 265
Clostridium difficile infection 44, 4647, 47, 139, 140
Coagulation cascade 283, 284
Coeliac artery 295
Coeliac nodes 261
Colitis, acute 39
management 145
Truelove and Witts’ classification 40
Colitis with peritonitis 138
Collagen-vascular disorder 141
Colonic bleeding 41
Colonic stenting 42
Colorectal adenoma removal, and surveillance guidelines 136
Colorectal liver metastases 200201
Colorectal polyps 134
Haggitt classification 134135, 135
Colorectal surgery, patient outcomes in 142
Common bile duct (CBD)
endoscopic stenting of 216
stones 212, 212
Compartment syndrome 285286, 285
Complement system, hyperacute rejection 232
Computed tomography (CT)
abdomen 62, 198
adrenal incidentaloma 167, 167
adrenal mass 176, 176177
anastomotic leak 62
colonic diverticulitis 62
multinodular goitre 174
pneumomediastinum 85
portal vein thrombosis 218
small bowel ischaemia 31
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) 32
Conn's syndrome 164, 164
Constipation, slow-transit 141
Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) 293
COUGAR-02 trial 265
Cranial nerve testing 50
Crohn's disease (CD) 69, 83, 8384, 138
terminal ileal 69
Cyanoacrylate glue injection 43
Cyclosporin 131
nephrotoxicity 232, 236
side effects 236
Cystic fibrosis (CF) 75
D
Damage control laparotomy 5354
Day case surgery lists 50
Debulking surgery 176
Deceleration injury 57
Dendritic cells 240241
De Quervain's thyroiditis 174
Dermatofibroma 80
Dermoid cysts 80
Dexamethasone suppression test 177
Diabetic mastopathy 106
Diagnostic lobectomy 168169
Dipyridamole 282
Disseminated intravascular coagulation 56
Dobutamine 55
Docetaxel 107
Donation after brainstem death (DBD) donor 243
Donation after cardiac death (DCD) donor 243
Donor options 243244
Dopamine 42, 73, 73
Dopexamine 55
Doxazosin 163
Ductography 102
Dumping syndrome 260
Duodenal atresia 74
Duplex ultrasonography 220
Dysplasia
biopsy protocol 258
management 257, 258
E
Early Breast Cancer Trialists Collaborative Group (EBCTCG) 105
Echinococcus infection 218219
Elemental diet 8788
Endocrine tumor markers 170
Endoleaks 281
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) 65, 6566, 205206, 208, 209
Endoscopic therapy 256257
Endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy (ETS) 281
Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) 200
Endoscopy and proctoscopy 41
Enteral feeding 88
Enteral nutrition 49
Enterocutaneous fistula 88
Environmental study 46
Epididymal cysts 67, 68
Epiphrenic diverticulum see Pulsion diverticulae
Epirubicin 105, 108, 109
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) 245
E-selectin 287
Etoposide, leucovorin, and 5-fluorouracil (ELF) 266
Evidence based medicine 4849
Exemestane 109
External beam radiation therapy
anaplastic thyroid cancer 162, 163, 176
F
Facial nerve palsy 79, 79
Factor V Leiden deficiency 283
Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) 130, 141
surveillance guidelines 141142, 144
Fat necrosis of breast 102, 114
Femoral hernias 82
Femoropopliteal bypass 289
Fibroadenoma 101, 113
Fine-needle aspiration (FNA)
adrenal lesions 167, 167
pancreas 208
thyroid gland 171, 172
Fisher's exact test 77
Fistulae-in-ano 66, 140
insertion of loose seton 137
Park's classification 137, 140
Fluid collections, post-transplant perirenal 231
5-fluorouracil, adriamycin and methotrexate (FAMTX) 266
Folinic acid 143
Follicular carcinoma, metastatic 175, 175176
Forest plot 75, 76
French Adjuvant Study Group 105
Frey's syndrome 82
Friedman's test 62
G
Gallbladder
carcinoma 207
palpable 210
Gallstone ileus 60
Gallstones 201
Gastrectomy 258
Gastric cancer 84, 258
chemotherapy 266
treatment 264265
Gastric lymph node stations 261262
Gastric variceal bleeding 43
Gastrinoma 179
Gastrografin enema 63
Gastrointestinal polyps 142
Gastrojejunostomy 216, 265
Gemcitabine 109
Glasgow coma scale (GCS) 40, 40
Globus hystericus 181
Glossopharyngeal nerve 278
Glucagonoma 215
Glyceral trinitrate (GTN) 55, 129, 132133, 143144
Goodsall's rule 66, 67
Graft survival 243, 243
Guedel airway 54
H
Haemoglobin solution 40
Hamartoma 101
Hashimoto's disease see Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis
Hawthorne effect 46
Heparin-induced thrombocytopaenia (HIT) 283, 290
Hepatic colorectal metastases 200201
Hepaticojejunostomy 206207, 206
Hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBsAg) 64
Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) 64
Hepatitis C virus (HVC) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 64
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) 74, 200, 213
Hepatoduodenal ligament nodes 261
Herceptin see Trastuzumab
Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) 130, 144
Heterotopic allograft 241
Hirschsprung's disease 75, 141
Human herpes virus type 8 (HHV-8) infection 246
Hydatid cyst 218219
Hydrocele 82
Hyperparathyroidism
and adenoma 169170
MEN-1 syndrome 178
primary 183184
Hypocalcaemia 168
Hypoglossal nerve 278
Hypokalaemia 35
I
Imrie score 71
Infective endocarditis 86
Inferior mesenteric artery 295
Infliximab 145
Inguinal hernia 82
Inguinal lymphadenopathy 8283
Injury severity score (ISS) 86
Inotropes 73
Inotropic agents 55
Insulinoma 179180
Internal rectal prolapse 146
Intestinal malrotation 33, 3334
Intraoperative cholangiogram (IOC) 66
Intussusception, paediatric 51, 51
Iridium-192 259
Islet cell transplantation 234
contraindications 236, 237
indications 236
percutaneous transhepatic route 242
Isograft 242
J
Juvenile polyposis syndrome 144
K
Kaposi's sarcoma 246
Keratoacanthomas 81
Klean-Prep solution 142
Kruskal–Wallis test 4445, 45, 79
L
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) 74
LADD (Laparoscopic Appendicectomy and Duodenocolic Dissociation) 34
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy 209
pregnancy 198
Laparotomy 6970
intestinal malrotation 33, 3334
urgent 51
Large bowel carcinoid tumor 134
Large bowel lymphoma 134
Large bowel obstruction 4142
Lateral internal sphincterotomy 144
Left gastric artery nodes 262
Lentigo maligna 72
Leriche's syndrome 295
Lesser curvature nodes 261
Li–Fraumeni syndrome 171
Likelihood ratio (LR) 76
Limb ischaemia, Rutherford's classification 280
Linear regression analysis 45
Lipomatous disease 115
Liver abscess 219
Liver allograft rejection, acute 244
Liver transplantation 212213
candidates 234
contraindication 235, 235
living donor 234
Lobectomy 174175
Longitudinal cohort series 77, 78
Lymphocoele 230231
Lymphoedema 278279
Lymphoma of breast 113
M
Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) 6465, 214
common bile duct stones 212, 212
hepatobiliary surgery 198, 199
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 103, 107
Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) 4748, 48
Malrotation of gut 50
Mammary duct ectasia 102, 114
Mammogram 101102, 113
annual 105
Mann–Whitney U test 45, 6162, 77
Massive transfusion 36, 5556
Mastalgia 106, 113
Mastopathy 114
Maydl's hernia 63, 63
May–Thurner syndrome 295
Mechanical ventilation 57
Meckel's diverticulum 3233, 52
Meconium ileus 75
Medullary carcinoma 173
Medullary thyroid cancer 172
Megestrol acetate 108
Melanomatous lesions, surgical excision 4243
Mesenteric adenitis 69
Mesenteric ischaemia 31, 31
acute 129
cause 288
Meta-analysis 46, 77
Metabolic equivalent task score (METS) 87, 87
6-Metacaptopurine (6-MP) 131
Metastatic papillary carcinoma 181
Metronidazole 85, 145
Microdochectomy 102
Milroy's disease 291
Mittelschmerz 68
Modified Rankin scale (mRS) 288
Mondor's disease 114
Montgomery's gland 115
Morgagni herniae 32
Muir–Torre syndrome 141
Multiple endocrine neoplasia-1 (MEN-1) syndrome 171, 178, 179, 180, 215
Multiple organ dysfunction score (MODS) 58
Myalgia 291
Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) 232, 240
Myelofibrosis 217
N
Nasopharyngeal airway 5455
National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines
breast cancer 103105
endoscopic therapy 256
Natural killer (NK) cells 240
Needle aspiration, breast cyst 102103
Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) 291
Nephrotoxicity, cyclosporin 232, 236
Neuroendocrine tumours 203
Neutropenic enterocolitis 139
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma 245
Non-melanomatous skin cancers, after transplantation 245246
Non-seminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCTs) 74
Noradrenaline 55
Nottingham prognostic index (NPI) 108112
Number needed to treat 49
Nutcracker oesophagus 263
Nutcracker syndrome 288
Nutritional support 49
O
Odds ratios 48
Oesophageal cancers, early 256
Oesophageal caustic injury
first degree 262263
second degree 263
third degree 263
Oesophageal diverticulum 259260, 264
Oesophageal spasm, diffuse 260, 264
Oesophageal stenting 262, 265
Oesophagitis 84
Oestrogen receptor (ER)-positive disease 105
Onabotulinumtoxin A 143
Ophthalmic artery 295
Oral contraceptive pill (OCP) 217
Organ procurement and transplantation network (OPTN) 238
Orotracheal airway 5455
Orthotopic isograft 241
Ovarian ablation 108
Oxaliplatin 133, 143
Oxygen haemoglobin dissociation curve 38, 38
P
Paget–Schroetter syndrome 277, 291
Paget's disease 104, 113
Pancreas tumour, head of 210
Pancreas transplantation 233, 235, 238239
islet cell transplantation 234, 236
vascular thrombosis 242, 244245
Pancreatic cancer 74
chemoradiation treatment 216
computed tomography 198
gastrojejunostomy 216
management 199200
Pancreatic duct stenting 216
Pancreatic necrosectomy 202, 202
Pancreatic necrosis 202, 208
infected 214
laparoscopic drainage of 214, 214
Pancreatic pseudocyst drainage 214
Pancreatitis
acute 32
alcohol consumption 202203
chronic 202203
gallstones 201
management 213
severe 201
Pancytopaenia 232
Pantaloon hernia 64
Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) 171
metastatic 181
Parametric vs. non-parametric data 61
Parastomal hernias 131
Parathyroid adenoma 171, 183184
Parathyroidectomy 177
Parathyroid glands embryology 165, 165
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) 183
Parathyroid imaging techniques 160, 160
Parathyroid surgery 161, 161
Parenteral nutrition 49
Parotidectomy 82
Parotitis 81, 81
Pentasa 130
Perianal abscesses 36
Perianal sepsis 137138
Pericardiocentesis 69
Peritoneal dialysis 292
Peutz–Jeghers syndrome 142
Phaeochromocytoma 170, 172, 177, 179
Pharyngeal pouch 181, 182
Phenoxybenzamine 163
Phosphate binders 177
Pilonidal sinus 66
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) 287
Pleuroperitoneal fold 32
Pneumomediastinum 84, 85
Pneumostatic reduction 51
Popliteal aneurysms 282
Popliteal entrapment syndrome 294, 294
Porcelain gallbladder 207, 207
Portal hypertension, treatment of 204205
Portal vein thrombosis 217, 218
Portal venous embolisation, of tumour 213
Portosystemic varices 4344
Positive pressure ventilation 57
Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) 245
Pouchitis 145
Presinusoidal portal hypertension 217
Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHP) 178
Primary sclerosing cholangitis 209
Proctalgia fugax 129
Progesterones 108
Prosthetic graft infections 279
Prothrombin complex concentrate 38
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) 257, 258
Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia (PASH), of breast 114
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 261
Pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP) 6061
Pudendal pain syndrome 145
Pulsion diverticulae 259260
p-value 7576
Pyloric stenosis 52
Pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy 199200
R
Radiation menopause 108
Radiation proctitis 129
Radioiodine treatment, metastatic follicular carcinoma 175, 175176
Radiotherapy
proximal oesophageal cancer 265
rectal cancers 143
Ramsay Hunt syndrome 79
Ramstedt's pyloromyotomy 52, 52
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) 4546
Randomised trial of exposure 46
Rectal adenoma, piecemeal excision 135
Rectal prolapse 132
Rectocoele 145146
Recurrent laryngeal nerve injury 167, 168, 168
Reflux pancreatitis 238239
Relative risk ratios 48
Renal transplantation 230231
contraindications 233
delayed graft function impact 236237
end-stage renal failure and 238
expanded criteria donors for 238
graft survival following 237, 238
living donor renal transplants 243, 243
urinary tract infection 245
Renin–aldosterone axis 164, 164
Resuscitation plan, burns patient 5758
Retroperitoneal varices 43
Revised trauma score (RTS) 86
Riedel's thyroiditis 174
Right hemicolectomy 44
Rockall risk scoring system 71, 7172, 260
Root of mesentery nodes 262
Rutherford's classification, of limb ischaemia 279280, 280
S
Saline nebulisers 167
Sclerosing lymphocytic lobulitis 106
Scrotal oedema, idiopathic 67
Sensory neuropathy 133
Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) 104
Sentinel pile 66
Sepsis 39
Sequential organ failure assessment score (SOFA) 5859
Sigmoid volvulus 3637, 37
Simplified acute physiology score II (SAPSII) 87
Simultaneous pancreas and kidney (SPK) transplantation 235, 239
Simvastatin 73
Sirolimus 239
Sistrunk procedure 180
Sjögren's syndrome 8182
Snuffbox fistula 292
Sodium picosulphate 142143
Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome (SRUS) 132, 139
Sphincterotomy 198, 208
Splenectomy 204
Splenic hilum nodes 261
Splenic injury, classification of 41
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) 80
surgical margins 43
transplant patients 246
Staphylococcus infection 279
Stapled transanal rectal resection (STARR) procedure 132
Statins
myopathy 291
pregnancy 73
Statistical tests 61
Strongyloides stercoralis 140
Subclavian lesions 282, 283
Subclavian steal syndrome 282283, 283
Subtotal colectomy and ileostomy
acute colitis 3940
Subtotal gastrectomy 264
Superior laryngeal nerve, damage to 278
Supraclavicular fossa radiotherapy 105
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) 56, 56
Systemic sclerosis 263
T
Tamoxifen 105
Tandem transplant 242
Taxanes 265
Tension pneumothorax 69
Teratoma 67
Tertiary hyperparathyroidism 177, 178
Testicular germ cell tumors 74
Testicular torsion 68
Testicular vein embolisation 68
Thigh compartments 285, 285
Thiopurine therapy 131
Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS), neurogenic 277
Thoracic trauma 55
Thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (TAA), Crawford classification 286, 286
Thoracoscopic sympathectomy see Endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy (ETS)
Thoracotomy 69
urgent 38
Threadworms see Strongyloides stercoralis
Thromboangiitis obliterans see Buerger's disease
Thrombocytopaenia 290
Thrombolysis, contraindication to 284
Thyroglobulin 170, 171, 183
Thyroglossal cyst 160, 161, 180, 181
Thyroid cancer
anaplastic 176
core biopsy for histology 163
low-risk differentiated 174175
medullary 182
version 7 TNM staging system 165166, 166
Thyroid eye disease 162
Thyroid hormone replacement 183
Thyroid swellings, risks of malignancy in 169, 169
Total duct excision 102
Total gastrectomy 264
Total parenteral nutrition 88
Total thyroidectomy 168, 169
beta-blockade 162
central compartment nodal dissection 165
metastatic follicular carcinoma 175, 175176
Toxic adenoma 162
Toxic megacolon 138
Transfemoral amputation 289
Trastuzumab 107
Trimethoprim 35
Trypanosoma cruzi 261, 263
Tubular adenomas 101
Two-sided t-test 45
Type I error 45, 7576
U
Ulcerative colitis (UC) 138
Ultrasound, abdominal 62
Ureteric calculi 32
Urinary tract infection (UTI) 245
Urinomas 231
V
Vaccinations 204
Vagal-sparing oesophagectomy 256
Vagus nerve 278
Varicocele testis 68
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) 287
Vasopressors 73, 73
Ventral rectopexy 132
Vinca alkaloids 109
Vinorelbine 109
Viral gastrointestinal infection 140
Visceral arterial aneurysms (VAA) 284285
W
Warthin's tumour 81
Wedge resection 213
Weiss criteria, 173
X
Xenograft 242
Z
Zollinger–Ellison syndrome 215
×
Chapter Notes

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