Jaypee Brothers
In Current Chapter
In All Chapters
X
Clear
X
GO
Normal
Sepia
Dark
Default Style
Font Style 1
Font Style 2
Font Style 3
Less
Normal
More
Renal Medicine
David Oliveira, Debasish Banerjee, Joyce Popoola, Iain A.M. MacPhee, Seema Shrivastava, Daniel Jones, Stephen Nelson
CHAPTER 1:
First principles
1.1 Overview of the renal system
1.2 Anatomy and embryology
The kidneys
Relations
Nerve supply
Blood supply
The ureters
Nerve supply
Blood supply
The bladder and urethra
Relations
Nerve supply
Blood supply
Histology of the urinary tract
Glomeruli
Tubules
Embryology of the urinary tract
1.3 Physiology
Body fluids
Kidney function
Urine formation
Glomerular filtration rate
Regulation of body fluid, osmolality and electrolyte concentration
Tubular reabsorption and secretion
Acid–base balance
Secretion, metabolism and excretion of hormones
Renin
Erythropoietin
Vitamin D
Prostaglandins and other arachidonate metabolites
Endothelins
Purines
Gluconeogenic enzymes
CHAPTER 2:
Clinical essentials
2.1 Common symptoms and how to take a history
Common symptoms
Urinary abnormalities
Loin pain
Leg swelling
Uraemic symptoms
Haemoptysis
Rash
Arthralgia
Ear, nose and throat (ENT) symptoms
Past history
Family history
Drug history
2.2 Common signs and how to examine the patient
General inspection
A high temperature
Skin colour
Skin rashes
Nails
Joints
Hair
Cardiovascular system
High blood pressure
Elevated jugular venous pressure
Pericardial rub
New murmur
Peripheral pitting oedema
Renal bruit
Respiratory system
End-inspiratory crackles
Abdomen
Large kidneys
A palpable bladder
Nervous system
Confusion
Peripheral neuropathy
Eyes
2.3 Investigations
Blood tests
Biochemistry
Immunological tests
Virology
Urine tests
Urine dipstick
Microalbuminuria
Urine protein:creatine ratio
Bence Jones protein
Urine microscopy
Radiology
Plain X-ray
Ultrasound scanning
Doppler ultrasound
Computed tomography
Magnetic resonance imaging
Renal angiography
Dynamic nuclear medicine scans: MAG3 or DTPA
Static nuclear medicine scan: dimercaptosuccinic acid
Micturating cystourethrogram
Histopathology
2.4 Diagnostic approach
Acute kidney injury versus chronic kidney disease
Complications of chronic kidney disease
Cause of acute kidney injury
2.5 Effects of drugs on the kidney
Common drugs causing predictable effects on the kidney
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
Aminoglycosides
Iodinated contrast
Gadolinium
Idiosyncratic effect of some drugs
Nephrotic syndrome
Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis
Tubular disorders
2.6 Prescribing and renal impairment
Commonly prescribed drugs
Antibiotics
Opioids
Heparin
Prescribing in specific situations
End-stage kidney disease
Kidney transplantation
CHAPTER 3:
Acute kidney injury
3.1 Clinical scenarios
Chest pain, nausea and vomiting
Presentation
Diagnostic approach
Further history
Diagnostic approach
Further investigations
Diagnostic approach
Further management
Drowsiness in an intravenous drug user
Presentation
Diagnostic approach
Immediate management
Further investigations
Diagnostic approach
Further management
3.2 Acute kidney injury
CHAPTER 4:
Chronic kidney disease
4.1 Clinical scenario
Hypertension, tiredness and increasing serum creatinine
Presentation
Diagnostic approach
Further investigations
Diagnostic approach
4.2 Chronic kidney disease
4.3 End-stage renal disease
CHAPTER 5:
Primary glomerular disease
5.1 Clinical scenarios
Leg swelling
Presentation
Diagnostic approach
Further history
Examination
Diagnostic approach
Investigations
Diagnostic approach
Haematuria and proteinuria
Presentation
Diagnostic approach
Further history
Examination
Diagnostic approach
Investigations
Diagnostic approach
5.2 Minimal change nephropathy
5.3 Membranous nephropathy
5.4 Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
5.5 IgA nephropathy
5.6 Postinfectious glomerulonephritis
5.7 Mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis
CHAPTER 6:
Secondary glomerular disease
6.1 Clinical scenario
Skin rash
Presentation
Diagnostic approach
Further history
Examination
Diagnostic approach
Investigations
Diagnostic approach
6.2 Vasculitis
6.3 Systemic lupus erythematosus and other connective tissue diseases
6.4 Antiglomerular basement membrane disease
6.5 Diabetic nephropathy
6.6 Myeloma
6.7 Cryoglobulinaemia
6.8 Thrombotic microangiopathies
CHAPTER 7:
Electrolyte disorders
7.1 Clinical scenarios
Hyponatraemia
Presentation
Diagnostic approach
Further history
Examination
Investigations
Diagnostic approach
Hyperkalaemia
Presentation
Diagnostic approach
Further history
Examination
Diagnostic approach
Investigations
Diagnostic approach
7.2 Hyponatraemia
7.3 Hypernatraemia
7.4 Hypokalaemia
7.5 Hyperkalaemia
7.6 Hypocalcaemia and hypercalcaemia
Overview of calcium homeostasis
Hypocalcaemia
Causes
Clinical features
Investigations
Management
Prognosis and complications
Hypercalcaemia
Causes
Clinical features
Investigations
Management
Prognosis and complications
CHAPTER 8:
Acid–base disorders
8.1 Clinical scenarios
Intense metabolic acidosis
Presentation
Immediate management
Further history
Examination
Investigations
Diagnostic approach
Treatment
Nausea and vomiting for 48 hours
Presentation
Examination
Investigations
Diagnostic approach
Investigation
8.2 Metabolic acidosis
8.3 Metabolic alkalosis
8.4 Respiratory acidosis
8.5 Respiratory alkalosis
8.6 Mixed pictures
CHAPTER 9:
Hypertension
9.1 Clinical scenarios
First diagnosis of hypertension in middle age
Presentation
Diagnostic approach
Further history/examination
Diagnostic approach
Investigations
Diagnostic approach
Diabetes and high blood pressure
Presentation
Diagnostic approach
Further management
9.2 Primary hypertension
9.3 Secondary hypertension
Renovascular hypertension
Investigations
Management
Hypertension in pregnancy
Clinical features
Management
Hyperaldosteronism
Diagnosis
Management
9.4 Accelerated hypertension
CHAPTER 10:
Tubulointerstitial disease
10.1 Clinical scenario
Swollen legs
Presentation
Diagnostic approach
Further history
Examination
Diagnostic approach
Investigations
Diagnostic approach
10.2 Tubulointerstitial nephritis
10.3 Reflux nephropathy
10.4 Papillary necrosis
10.5 Infection
Recurrent urinary tract infections
Epidemiology
Causes and pathogenesis
Clinical features
Investigations
Management
Pyelonephritis
Epidemiology
Causes and pathogenesis
Clinical features
Investigations
Management and prognosis
10.6 Renal tuberculosis
10.7 Renal sarcoidosis
CHAPTER 11:
Hereditary disease
11.1 Clinical scenario
Raised blood pressure and haematuria
Presentation
Diagnostic approach
Further history
Examination
Diagnostic approach
Investigations
Diagnostic approach
11.2 Polycystic kidney disease
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Investigations
Diagnostic criteria
Management
Prognosis and complications
Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Investigations
Management
Prognosis and complications
11.3 Inherited glomerular disease
Alport syndrome
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Investigations
Management
Prognosis and complications
Thin basement membrane disease
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Investigations
Management
Prognosis and complications
Congenital focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (congenital nephrotic syndrome)
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Investigations
Management
Prognosis and complications
11.4 Inherited tubular disease
Disordered tubular sodium transport
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis and clinical features
Investigations
Management
Cystinuria
Pathogenesis
Investigations
Management
Prognosis and complications
11.5 Tumour syndromes
Tuberous sclerosis complex
Description
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Investigations
Diagnostic criteria
Management
Prognosis and complications
von Hippel–Lindau disease
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Investigations
Diagnostic criteria
Management
CHAPTER 12:
Urological nephrology
12.1 Clinical scenario
Left loin pain
Presentation
Examination
Further history
Diagnostic approach
Investigations
Management
12.2 Stone disease (calculi)
12.3 Tumours: urothelial neoplasia
Renal neoplasia
Epidemiology
Causes
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Approach to the patient
Investigations
Management
Prognosis and complications
12.4 Retroperitoneal fibrosis
INDEX
TOC
Index
×
Chapter Notes
Save
Clear
