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Key Clinical Topics in Paediatric Surgery
Max Pachl, Michael N de la Hunt, Girish Jawaheer
Abdominal trauma
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Splenic injury
Liver injury
Bowel injury
Pancreatic and duodenal injury
Renal injury
Investigations
Treatment
Splenic injury
Liver injury
Bowel injury
Pancreatic and duodenal injury
Renal injury
Extraperitoneal bleeding
Related topics of interest
Achalasia
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and pathology
Aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Upper gastrointestinal contrast study
Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy
Manometry
pH studies
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Calcium channel blockers and nitrates
Oesophageal balloon dilatation
Botulinum toxin A injection
Heller's myotomy
Related topics of interest
Acute scrotum
Learning outcomes
Overview
Testicular torsion
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Treatment
Torsion of testicular appendages
Epidemiology
Aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Management
Idiopathic scrotal oedema
Treatment
Testicular infections
Viral orchitis
Bacterial testicular infection
Clinical features
Investigations
Treatment
Related topics of interest
Anorectal malformation in females
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Related topics of interest
Anorectal malformation in males
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and pathology
Aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Treatment
Related topics of interest
Antenatal hydronephrosis
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
PUJO
Treatment – PUJO
Follow-up
Related topics of interest
Appendicitis
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Typical features
1. History
2. Examination
Atypical features
1. History
2. Examination
Alarm signals
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Management
Early appendicitis
Advanced appendicitis
Prognosis and follow-up
Related topics of interest
Balanitis xerotica obliterans
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Complications
Related topics of interest
Biliary atresia
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Operative details: Kasai portoenterostomy
Postoperative care
Complications
Outcome
Related topics of interest
Bladder dysfunction
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and pathology
Aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Related topics of interest
Branchial remnants
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Surgical procedure
Related topics of interest
Central venous access techniques
Learning outcomes
Overview
Indications and devices
Long-term central venous access devices (peripherally inserted central catheters and neonatal long lines)
Tunnelled catheters (Hickman and Broviac)
Investigations
Insertion techniques
PICC 1and neonatal long lines
Tunnelled lines
Complications
Chest wall deformities
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Treatment
Related topics of interest
Child protection
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology
Aetiology
Clinical features
Physical abuse
Neglect
Emotional abuse
Sexual abuse
Disabled children
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Physical abuse
Neglect
Emotional abuse
Sexual abuse
Treatment
Related topics of interest
Choledochal malformation
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Operative approach: choledochal malformation (open or laparoscopic)
Complications
Outcome
Related topics of interest
Cholelithiasis
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Mechanism of stone formation
Stone composition
Haemolytic anaemias
Obesity and hyperlipidaemias
Miscellaneous causes
Clinical features
Biliary colic
Acute cholecystitis
Acute pancreatitis
Obstructive jaundice
Asymptomatic stones
Investigations
Blood
Radiology
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Operative technique for laparoscopic cholecystectomy
Common bile duct stones
Outcomes
Day case rate
Related topics of interest
Chronic abdominal pain
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Related topics of interest
Cloaca
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Neonatal period
Definitive reconstruction (Figure 10)
Related topics of interest
Colonic atresia
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Differential diagnosis
Investigations
Management
Related topics of interest
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Antenatal diagnosis
Postnatal diagnosis
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Antenatal management
Delivery and early postnatal management
Surgical repair
Postoperative management
Long-term follow-up
Related topics of interest
Congenital pulmonary adenomatous malformations
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Antenatal features
Postnatal features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Related topics of interest
Consent in paediatric surgery
Learning outcomes
Overview
Age of capacity
Parental responsibility
What should be disclosed in obtaining consent?
Consent and confidentiality
Crohn's disease
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Gastrointestinal
Systemic
Extra-intestinal
Complications
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Related topics of interest
Cystic hygroma
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Antenatal
Postnatal
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Non-operative
Sclerotherapy
Surgical excision
Technical points
Complications and outcome
Related topics of interest
Diabetes mellitus
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Treatment
DM1
DM2
Complications
Hypoglycaemia
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Elective surgery for patients on insulin therapy
Emergency surgery for patients on insulin therapy
Children on CSII
Type 2 diabetes and surgery
Disorders of sexual development 1
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Related topics of interest
Disorders of sexual development 2
Learning outcomes
Classification
Assessment
Clinical evaluation
Diagnostic evaluation
Management
Medical
Surgical
Psychosocial
Conclusion
Related topics of interest
Duodenal atresia
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Management
Open approach
Laparoscopic approach
Related topics of interest
Duplications of the urological system
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Related topics of interest
Empyema
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Fibrinolysis
Thoracoscopic debridement
Thoracotomy
Endocrine conditions presenting to paediatric surgery
Learning outcomes
Overview
Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes insipidus
Adrenal insufficiency
Disorders of sexual development
Calcium disorders
Related topics of interest
Epigastric hernia
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Laparoscopic technique
Exomphalos
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Embryology
Associated anomalies
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Prenatal
Postnatal
Treatment of the exomphalos
Complications
Prognosis
Related topics of interest
Exstrophy–epispadias complex
Learning outcomes
Overview
Classic bladder exstrophy
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Initial treatment
Surgical treatment
Cloacal exstrophy
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Initial management
Surgical treatment
Primary epispadias
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Surgical treatment
Related topics of interest
Faecal incontinence and idiopathic constipation
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
True faecal incontinence
Pseudo incontinence and constipation
Related topics of interest
Femoral hernia
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Transinguinal (McVay) repair
Suprapubic extraperitoneal (Cheatle–Henry) approach
Infrainguinal (Langenbeck) approach
Related topics of interest
Gastric and oesophageal foreign bodies
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Related topics of interest
Gastric volvulus
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Related topics of interest
Gastrointestinal bleeding
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Management of UGI bleeding
Management of LGI bleeding
Related topics of interest
Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Non-operative management
Operative management
Related topics of interest
Gastroschisis
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Prenatal
Postnatal
Associated anomalies
Treatment
Essential surgical options
Complications
Long-term outcomes
Related topics of interest
Germ cell tumours
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Ovarian tumours
Testicular tumours
Anterior mediastinal tumours
Retroperitoneal tumours
Related topics of interest
Growth disorders
Learning objectives
Overview
Growth and height charts
Genetic influences
Aetiology
Short stature
Tall stature
Clinical features
Investigations
Treatment
Short stature
Tall stature
Related topics of interest
Haematological malignant disease
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Leukaemias
Lymphomas
Clinical features
Leukaemias
Lymphomas
Staging
Investigations
Leukaemia
Lymphoma
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Line choice and insertion
Tumour lysis syndrome
Surgical complications of medical treatments
Perineal infection
Gastrointestinal perforation
Typhlitis
Related topics of interest
Haematuria
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Related topics of interest
Head trauma
Learning outcomes
Overview
Clinical features
Pathophysiology of head injury: Monro–Kellie doctrine
Clinical assessment
Investigations
Computerised tomography
Magnetic resonance imaging
Skull radiograph
Management
Related topics of interest
Hepatoblastoma
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Clinical staging
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Hirschsprung's disease
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Bowel irrigation
Surgery
Surgery
Related topics of interest
Hydrocele
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Related topics of interest
Hypospadias – distal
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Treatment
Timing of surgery
Indications for surgery
Management of foreskin
Principles of urethral reconstruction in distal hypospadias
Example techniques
Related topics of interest
Hypospadias – proximal
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Investigation
Treatment
Urethroplasty
Two-stage free graft (Figure 30)
Island onlay flap repair (Figure 31)
Correction of chordee
Penoscrotal transposition
Outcomes
Complications
Long-term functional outcomes
Related topics of interest
Inguinal hernia
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Open repair
Laparoscopic repair
Open versus laparoscopic
Related topics of interest
Inhaled foreign body
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Bronchial foreign body removal
Related topics of interest
Intussusception
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Initial resuscitation
Related topics of interest
Long gap oesophageal atresia
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Complications
Long-term outcomes
Related topics of interest
Long segment Hirschsprung's disease
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Related topics of interest
Lymphadenopathy
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Related topics of interest
Malrotation
Learning objectives
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Treatment and management
Surgical management and operative repair
Related topics of interest
Management of the wetting child
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Related topics of interest
Meatal stenosis
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Related topics of interest
Meckel's diverticulum
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Blood investigations in bleeding child
Radiological investigations
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Related topics of interest
Meconium ileus
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Medical
Surgical
MI equivalent or distal intestinal obstruction syndrome
Related topics of interest
Minimal access surgery in neonates
Learning outcomes
Overview
Basic technique
Operative procedure
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Malrotation
Congenital lung lesions
Duodenal atresia
Related topics of interest
Necrotising enterocolitis
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology/Aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Complications
Related topics of interest
Neuroblastoma
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Stage 1 and 2 tumours
Stage 3 and 4 tumours
Operative approach
Complications of stage 4 NBL surgery
Related topics of interest
Oesophageal atresia and tracheo-oesophageal fistula
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Antenatal
Postnatal
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Preoperative management
Operative management
Postoperative
Complications
Related topics of interest
Osteosarcoma
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and pathology
Clinical features
Investigations
Treatment
Paediatric anaesthesia
Learning outcomes
Overview
Anaesthetic assessment
Preoperative investigations
Analgesic modalities
Anaesthesia
Postoperative considerations
Paediatric bariatric surgery
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Conditions predisposing to obesity
Clinical features
Investigations
Treatment
Prevention and medical management
Surgery
Bariatric operative techniques
LAGB
Sleeve gastrectomy
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass
Related topics of interest
Paediatric breast disease
Learning outcomes
Overview
Breast pain
Epidemiology and pathology
Clinical features
Treatment
Breast lumps
Epidemiology and pathology
Aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Treatment
Breast abscess or mastitis
Epidemiology and pathology
Aetiology
Clinical features
Treatment
Gynaecomastia
Epidemiology and pathology
Aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Treatment
Nipple discharge
Aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Treatment
Related topics of interest
Paediatric cardiac surgery
Learning outcomes
Overview
Tetralogy of Fallot
Epidemiology and pathology
Clinical features
Investigations
Treatment
Transposition of the great arteries
Epidemiology and pathology
Clinical features
Investigations
Treatment
Paediatric gynaecology
Learning outcomes
Labial adhesions
Epidemiology and pathology
Clinical features
Treatment
Vaginal foreign bodies
Epidemiology and pathology
Aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Treatment
Ovarian or fimbrial cysts
Epidemiology and pathology
Aetiology
Hydrocolpos and imperforate hymen
Epidemiology and pathology
Aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Treatment
Paediatric neurosurgery
Learning outcomes
Overview of the specialty
Hydrocephalus
Overview
Epidemiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Myelomeningocoele
Overview
Embryology
Management
Related topics of interest
Paediatric ophthalmology
Learning objectives
Overview
Examination and assessment of visual acuity
Common conditions
Squint
Treatment of squint
Abnormal eye movements
Refractive errors in childhood
Retinopathy of prematurity
Delayed visual maturation
Cataracts in childhood
Glaucoma in childhood
Ocular trauma – accidental and non-accidental
Eyelid disorders
Orbital cellulitis
Congenital globe malformations – anophthalmia and microphthalmia
Acute red eye
Painful eye
Paediatric orthopaedic surgery
Learning outcomes
Overview
Bone and joint infections
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Treatment
Developmental dysplasia of the hip
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Treatment
Slipped capital femoral epiphysis
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical assessment
Investigations
Management
Legg–Calvé–Perthes (LCP) disease
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical assessment
Radiological assessment
Treatment
Differential diagnosis of the limping child (atraumatic)
Paediatric otorhinolaryngology
Learning outcomes
Overview
Laryngomalacia
Epidemiology and pathology
Clinical features
Investigations
Treatment
Surgery
Choanal atresia
Epidemiology and pathology
Clinical features
Investigation
Treatment
Surgery
Paediatric plastic surgery
Learning outcomes
Overview
Extravasation injury
Epidemiology and pathology
Clinical features
Treatment
Scars
Epidemiology and pathology
Aetiology
Clinical features
Treatment
Initial treatment of burns and scalds
Epidemiology
Treatment
Referral criteria for specialised burn service
Differential diagnosis
Paediatric transplantation
Learning outcomes
Overview
Rejection
Organ preservation and procurement
Indications
Transplant assessment
Immunosuppression strategies
Surgical options
Liver transplant
Intestinal transplant
Renal transplants
Follow-up
Related topics of interest
Pancreatitis
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology
Aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Related topics of interest
Pelvi-ureteric junction obstruction
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Related topics of interest
Perianal disease
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Related topics of interest
Perioperative care: surgical safety and human factors
Learning outcomes
Overview
Person approach versus systems approach
Non-technical skills
Human factors
Safety culture
World Health Organization surgical safety checklist
Posterior urethral valves
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical features
Antenatal
Presentation at/after birth
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Prenatal
At birth
Follow-up
VUR and bladder dysfunction
Prognosis
Related topics of interest
Postoperative care
Learning outcomes
Overview
Fluid and electrolyte management
Maintenance fluid and electrolyte therapy
Replacement fluid and electrolyte therapy
Management of postoperative oliguria
Nutrition
Assessment of nutritional state
Calorie requirements
Refeeding syndrome
Pain management
Paracetamol
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Opiates
Gabapentin
Local or regional anaesthesia
Behavioural therapy
Related topics of interest
Prenatal diagnosis and counselling
Learning outcomes
Overview
Counselling
Trisomies
Ultrasound appearances
Down syndrome
Edward's syndrome
Patau's syndrome
Related topics of interest
Pyloric atresia
Learning objectives
Overview
Epidemiology and pathology
Definition and classification
Associations
Aetiology
Clinical features
Differential diagnosis
Investigations
Management
Complications and prognosis
Related topics of interest
Pyloric stenosis
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Differential diagnosis
Investigations
Serum urea, creatinine, electrolytes and blood gases
Test feed
Ultrasound
Treatment
Operative management
Open pyloromyotomy
Laparoscopic pyloromyotomy
Related topics of interest
Rectal prolapse
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Non-operative management
Operative management
Outcome
Related topics of interest
Renal failure
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
AKI
CKD
Investigations
AKI
CKD
Differential diagnosis
AKI
CKD
Treatment
AKI
CKD
Related topics of interest
Sacrococcygeal teratoma
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Aetiology
Clinical features
Antenatal
Postnatal
Infants and young children
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Antenatal
Postnatal
Follow-up
Outcomes
Related topics of interest
Salivary gland lesions
Learning outcomes
Overview
Clinical features
History
Inspection
Palpation
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Congenital and developmental abnormalities
Infective disorders of the salivary glands
Inflammatory disorders of the salivary glands
Salivary gland neoplasms
Treatment
Related topics of interest
Short bowel syndrome
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Blood and urine
Stool
Radiology
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Medical management
Enteral nutrition
Parenteral nutrition
Complications
Intestinal failure-associated liver disease
Central line complications
Surgical management
Related topics of interest
Skin lesions
Learning outcomes
Overview
Cystic lesions
Solid lesions
Investigations
Treatment
Topical treatments
Related topics of interest
Small bowel atresia
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Classification (Figure 56)
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Standard surgical approach
Special considerations
Outcome
Related topics of interest
Small bowel duplications
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Blood
Radiology
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Related topics of interest
Soft tissue tumours
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Related topics of interest
Spleen disorders
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Splenomegaly
Congenital disorders
Asplenia and polysplenia
Splenunculi (accessory spleens)
Wandering spleen
Splenogonadal fusion
Splenic cysts
Splenic abscesses
Clinical features
Investigations
Blood
Radiology
Liver biopsy
Treatment
Vaccinations
Indications for splenectomy
Operative technique for laparoscopic splenectomy
Gallstones
Antibiotic prophylaxis
Partial splenectomy
Outcomes
Related topics of interest
Thoracic trauma
Learning outcomes
Overview
Aetiology
Clinical features
Pulseless electrical activity
Investigations
Treatment
Rib fractures
Pulmonary contusion and laceration
Haemothorax and pneumothorax
Airway injury
Mediastinal injury
Heart and great vessels
Oesophagus
Diaphragmatic injury
Related topics of interest
Thyroglossal cyst
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Operative details
Procedure
Related topics of interest
Thyroid and parathyroid glands
Learning outcomes
Thyroid gland
Thyroid embryology, anatomy and physiology
Aetiology of thyroid disease
Clinical features of thyroid disease
Investigations
Treatment
Parathyroid Glands
Embryology, anatomy and physiology
Hyperparathyroidism
Hypoparathyroidism
Related topics of interest
Tracheal anomalies
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Classification of tracheomalacia
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Primary tracheomalacia
Long segment tracheal stenosis
Short segment stenosis
Tracheal web
Extrinsic mediastinal anomalies
Related topics of interest
Ulcerative colitis
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Related topics of interest
Umbilical disease
Learning outcomes
Overview
Vitellointestinal duct remnants
Aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Patent urachus
Aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Umbilical hernia
Epidemiology
Aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Treatment
Related topics of interest
Undescended testis
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Related topics of interest
Urethral anomalies
Learning outcome
Overview
Urethral duplication and fistula
Urethral duplication
Congenital urethroperineal fistula
Investigation and management
Urethral hypoplasia and atresia
Müllerian duct remnants: utricles and prostatic cysts
Congenital urethral polyps: urethral polyps
Anterior urethral diverticula and anterior urethral valves
Investigation and management
Cowper duct cysts and syringocele
Megalourethra
Urethral prolapse
Lacuna magna (sinus of Guérin)
Related topics of interest
Urinary tract infection
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Related topics of interest
Urolithiasis
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Diagnosis
Further investigations
Treatment
Surgical options
Open surgery
PCNL
URS
ESWL
Laparoscopy
Related topics of interest
Varicocele
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Palomo procedure
Ivanissevich procedure
Related topics of interest
Vascular anomalies in paediatrics
Learning outcomes
Overview
Vascular tumours
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Vascular malformations
Capillary malformations (port-wine or claret stains)
Telangiectasia
Venous malformations
AVMs
Related topics of interest
Vesicoureteral reflux
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Operative details
Related topics of interest
Vesicoureteric junction obstruction
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Related topics of interest
Wilms’ tumour
Learning outcomes
Overview
Epidemiology and aetiology
Clinical features
Investigations
Blood tests
Urine tests
Abdominal ultrasonography
Chest radiograph
Cross-sectional imaging
Biopsy
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Related topics of interest
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