Index

Key Clinical Topics in Critical Care Sara-Catrin Cook, Matt Thomas, Jerry Nolan, Michael Parr

Abdominal compartment syndrome
- Key points
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical features
- Investigations
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Complications
- Related topics of interest
Acute coronary syndrome
- Key points
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical features
- Investigations
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
  - Immediate management
  - Revascularisation
- Complications
- Related topics of interest
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) – diagnosis
- Key points
- Diagnosis
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical features
- Investigations
- Related topics of interest
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) – treatment
- Key points
- Treatment
- Related topics of interest
Adrenal disease
- Key points
  - Adrenal gland function
  - Control of medullary catecholamine release
- Control of mineralocorticoid release
  - Control of glucocorticoid activity – the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
- Adrenocortical excess
  - Cushing's syndrome
    - Features of Cushing's syndrome
  - Conn's syndrome
- Adrenal insufficiency
- Diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency
- Effects of glucocorticoid deficiency
- Critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency
- Steroids in sepsis
- Catecholamine excess – phaeochromocytoma
- Related topics of interest
Airway complications on the intensive care unit
- Key points
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical features
- Investigations
- Treatment
- Complications
- Related topics of interest
Airway management in an emergency
- Key points
- Basic airway management
- Indications for definitive airway
- Adverse outcomes in emergency airway management
- Related topics of interest
Airway obstruction – upper and lower
- Key points
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical features
- Investigations
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Complications
- Related topics of interest
Analgesia in critical care – advanced
- Key points
- Pain scoring and assessment
- Simple analgesia
- Opioid drugs
  - Specific opioids
- Epidural analgesia
- Related topics of interest
Anaphylaxis
- Key points
- Epidemiology
- Key figures
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical features
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
  - Immediate management
  - Subsequent management
- Investigations
- Related topics of interest
Antibiotics, antivirals and antifungals
- Key points
- Antibiotic resistance
- Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antibiotics in critically ill patients
- Anti-viral drugs
- Anti-fungals
- Related topics of interest
Arterial blood gases – acid–base physiology
- Key points
- Dilution
- Buffers
- Respiratory compensation
- Renal control
  - Tubular secretion of hydrogen ions
  - Interaction of bicarbonate and hydrogen ions in the tubules
- The liver
- Bone
- The Stewart approach to acid–base balance
  - Saline administration
- Related topics of interest
Arterial blood gases – analysis
- Key points
- Pao2 – partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood
- Paco2 – partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood
- pH
- Standard bicarbonate
- Actual bicarbonate
- Base excess and base deficit
- Interpretation of blood gas data
- Lactate
- Alpha-stat versus pH stat
- Related topics of interest
Arterial cannulation
- Key points
- Introduction
- Indications
- Contraindications
- Technique
- Alternatives to radial artery cannulation
- Sources of error
- Estimating cardiac output and fluid responsiveness from an arterial catheter
- Complications
- Related topics of interest
Asthma
- Key points
- Epidemiology
- Clinical features
  - Pathophysiology
- Clinical features
- Investigations
- Treatment
- Treatment – immediate
- Fluid therapy in severe asthma
- Prognosis
- Related topics of interest
Blood and blood products
- Key points
- Screening
- Collection and storage
- Leucodepletion, washing, irradiation and pathogen inactivation
- Blood components
- Alternatives to homologous blood
- Related topics of interest
Blood coagulopathies
- Key points
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical features
  - Investigations
    - Coagulation tests
  - Specific problems
- General management principles for abnormal bleeding
- Related topics of interest
Blood transfusion and complications
- Key points
- Anaemia in the critically ill
- Blood transfusion triggers
- Haemorrhage and massive transfusion
- Compatibility testing
- Complications of blood transfusions
- Related topics of interest
Brain death and organ donation
- Key points
- Determination of death
  - Cardiorespiratory criteria
  - Neurological criteria
- Diagnosis of death by neurological criteria
- Organ donation and transplantation
- Related topics of interest
Burns
- Key points
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical features
- Investigations
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Complications
- Related topics of interest
Calcium, magnesium and phosphate
- Key points
- Calcium
  - Hypocalcaemia
  - Hypercalcaemia
    - Clinical features
    - Treatment
- Magnesium
  - Hypomagnesaemia
    - Clinical features
    - Treatment
  - Hypermagnesaemia
    - Clinical features
    - Treatment
- Phosphate
  - Hypophosphataemia
    - Clinical features
    - Treatment
  - Hyperphosphataemia
    - Clinical features
    - Treatment
- Related topics of interest
Cancer patients andcritical care
- Key points
- Introduction
- Oncological and haematological emergencies
- Related topics of interest
Cardiac arrhythmias
- wKey points
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Assessment
- Treatment options
- Related topics of interest
Cardiac failure – acute
- Key points
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical features
- Investigations
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Related topics of interest
Cardiac output measurement
- Key points
- Introduction
- Clinical features
- Pulmonary artery floatation catheter
- Oesophageal Doppler
- LiDCO plus and LiDCO rapid systems
- FloTrac/Vigileo system
- PiCCOPlus System
- Echocardiography
- Bioimpedance and bioreactance
- Haemodynamic optimisation
- Related topics of interest
Cardiac pacing
- Key points
- Introduction
- Permanent pacemakers
- Temporary pacemakers
- Pacemaker problems
- Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators
- Related topics of interest
Cardiac surgery – postoperative care
- Key points
- Cardiovascular issues
- Respiratory issues
  - Ventilation
  - Post-operative pulmonary function
- Renal issues
- Gastrointestinal issues
- Neurological issues
- Haematological issues
- Infective issues
- Re-introduction of medicines
- Related topics of interest
Cardiac valve disease
- Key points
- Epidemiology
- Aortic stenosis
  - Investigations
  - Management
- Aortic regurgitation
  - Investigations
  - Management
- Mitral regurgitation
  - Investigations
  - Management
- Mitral stenosis
  - Investigations
  - Management
- Related topics of interest
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
- Key points
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Resuscitation decisions
- Basic life support
- Feedback systems
- Advanced life support
- Related topics of interest
Care bundles
- Key points
- Background
- Ventilator care bundle
- Central line care bundle
- Sepsis care bundle
- Related topics of interest
Central venous cannulation
- Key points
- Central venous cannulation
- Complications of CVCs
- Insertion sites
- Insertion guidelines
- Central venous pressure measurement
- Related topics of interest
Chest tube thoracostomy
- Key points
- Indications
- Equipment
- Technique
  - Bronchopleural fistulae
- Complications
- Removal of chest drains
- Related topics of interest
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- Key points
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical features and diagnosis of COPD
- Investigations
- Treatment of COPD
  - Non-pharmacological therapy
  - Pharmacological therapy
- Treatment of exacerbation of COPD
- Outcome
- Related topics of interest
Coma
- Key points
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical features
- Investigations
- Treatment
- Neurosurgical emergencies
- Brain death
- Vegetative state
- Locked-in syndrome
- Pseudo-coma/psychogenic coma
- Global ischaemia
- Related topics of interest
Consent
- Key points
- Consent
  - Definition of consent
  - Role of consent
- Principles of consent
  - Consent and age
- Capacity
- Research
Critical illness polyneuromyopathy
- Key points
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical features
- Investigations
- Differential diagnosis
- Treatment
- Complications
- Related topics of interest
Delirium
- Key points
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical features
- Investigations
- Diagnosis
  - Intensive care delirium screening checklist
  - Confusion assessment method – ICU (CAM-ICU)
- Treatment
- Complications
- Related topics of interest
Diabetes mellitus
- Key points
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Specific diabetic emergencies
- Related topics of interest
Diarrhoea
- Key points
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
  - Clostridium difficile and antibiotic-associated diarrhoea
- Investigations
- Prevention
- Treatment
- Non-infective diarrhoea
- Complications
- Related topics of interest
Drug overdose and poisons
- Key points
- Epidemiology
  - Resuscitation
  - Substance identification
- Investigations
- Treatment
  - Drug elimination
- Specific treatments
- Related topics of interest
Echocardiography for critical care
- Key points
- Assessments
- Related topics of interest
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
- Key points
- Definition and description
  - Modes of ECMO
  - The ECMO Circuit
- Practicalities
- Evidence supporting the use of ECMO
- Extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal
- Related topics of interest
Endocarditis
- Key points
- Epidemiology
- Causative organisms
- Native valve endocarditis
- Prosthetic valve endocarditis
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical features
- Investigations
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Complications
  - Prophylaxis
- Related topics of interest
End-of-life care
- Key points
- Decision making
  - Patient autonomy versus paternalism
- Communication
- Family support
  - Cultural and spiritual differences
- Withdrawing life support
- Symptom control
- Terminal care
- Related topics of interest
Ethics
- Key points
- Basic principles
- Withholding and withdrawing treatment
- Rationing
- Organ donation
- Informed consent for research
- Dealing with difficult decisions
- Related topics of interest
Fibreoptic bronchoscopy
- Key points
- Diagnostic uses
- Diagnostic indications
- Therapeutic indications
- Airway management
- Complications
- Related topics of interests
Fluid therapy
- Key points
- Physiology
- Crystalloids
- Colloids
- Artificial oxygen carriers
  - Haemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs)
  - Perfluorocarbon emulsions
- How much is enough?
- Related topics of interest
Guillain–Barré syndrome
- Key points
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical features
- Investigations
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Complications
- Related topics of interest
Haematological disorders
- Key points
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical features
- Investigations
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
  - General supportive care
  - Disease specific
- Complications
- Related topics of interest
HIV and critical care
- Key points
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Diagnosis
- HIV testing in critical care
- Presentation
- Treatment
- Prognosis
- Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia
- Related topics of interest
Hypertension
- Key points
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Causes of hypertension
  - Essential hypertension
  - Secondary hypertension
- Clinical features
- Investigations
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Malignant hypertension
- Complications
- Related topics of interest
Hyperthermia
- Key points
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical features
- Treatment
- 3,4-methylenedioxymetha-mphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy) poisoning
- Serotonin syndrome
- Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
- Malignant hyperthermia
- Related topics of interest
Hypothermia
- Key points
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
  - Drowning
- Clinical features
- Investigations
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Therapeutic hypothermia
- Related topics of interest
ICP monitoring
- Key points
- Introduction
- ICP physiology and pathophysiology
- ICP-guided management of traumatic brain injury
- Cerebrovascular pressure reactivity
- Related topics of interest
Infection acquired in hospital
- Key points
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
  - Treatment of focus
  - Antibiotic choice
- Pathogens of particular importance
- Foci of infection
- Related topics of interest
Infection prevention and control
- Key points
- Introduction
- Alert organisms
- Surveillance
- Risk factors for acquiring an infection
- Policies and procedures
- Hygiene
- Isolation
- Antibiotic stewardship
- Related Topics of Interest
Inotropes and vasopressors
- Key points
- Introduction
- Sympathomimetic amines
- Administration
- Cardiac glycosides
  - Digoxin
- Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
  - Amrinone, milrinone and enoximone
- Calcium sensitisation
  - Levosimendan
- Vasopressors
  - Metaraminol, phenylephrine and ephedrine
  - Vasopressin (anti-diuretic hormone)
- Related topics of interest
Liver failure – acute
- Key points
- Definition
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Causes of ALF
- Clinical features
- Investigation and diagnosis
- Treatment
- Management of hepatic encephalopathy and cerebral oedema
- Haemodynamic management
- Renal dysfunction
- Coagulopathy
- Infection
- Acetylcysteine
- Liver transplantation
- Outcome
- Related topics of interest
Liver failure – chronic
- Key points
- Epidemiology and Pathophysiology
- Clinical features
- Alcohol withdrawal
- Common clinical scenarios in patients with CLD presenting to ITU
- Investigations
- Prognosis
- Related topics of interest
Major haemorrhage
- Key points
- Definition
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical features
- Investigations
- Treatment
- Complications
- Related topics of interest
Meningitis and encephalitis
- Key points
- Epidemiology
- Pathology
- Clinical features
- Investigation
- Treatment
- Complications
- Prophylaxis
- Prognosis
- Related topics of interest
Meningococcal sepsis
- Key points
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical features
- Investigations
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Complications
- Related topics of interest
Myasthenia gravis
- Key points
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical features
- Investigations
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Complications
  - Myasthenic crisis
  - Cholinergic crisis
- Related topics of interest
Neurological diseases
- Key points
- Duchene muscular dystrophy and Becker's muscular dystrophy
- Multiple sclerosis
- Motor neurone disease
- Related topics of interest
Nutrition
- Key points
- Recognition of malnutrition
- Nutritional requirements
- Timing and route of nutrition provision
- Immunonutrition
- Recent studies in critical care nutrition
- Related topics of interest
Obstetric emergencies – haemorrhage
- Key points
- Epidemiology
- Principles of management of obstetric haemorrhage
- Antepartum haemorrhage
  - Placental abruption
  - Placenta praevia
- Primary postpartum haemorrhage
- Principles of management of PPH
- Secondary PPH
- Related topics of interest
Obstetric emergencies – medical
- Key points
- Maternal sepsis
- Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia
- Thromboembolism
- Amniotic fluid embolism
  - Pathophysiology
  - Clinical features
- Cardiac disease in pregnancy
  - Cardiac arrest in pregnancy
- Local anaesthetic toxicity
- Related topics of interest
Oscillation and high-frequency ventilation
- Key points
- Introduction
- Definition
- Mechanism of action
- Clinical application of HFOV
- Evidence for efficacy
- Related topics of interest
Pancreatitis – acute severe
- Key points
- Epidemiology
- Causes
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical features
- Investigations
- Diagnosis
- Severity assessment
- Treatment
- Complications
  - Pancreatic necrosis
  - Pseudocyst
- Related topics of interest
Pandemic influenza
- Key points
- Introduction
- Pandemics over the past 100 years and antigen shifts
- Case definitions
- Definitions of illness severity
- Predictors of outcome
- Diagnostic assays
- Treatment
- ICU management and referral guidelines for severe hypoxic respiratory failure
- Related topics of interest
Patient safety
- Key points
- Quality, safety and error
  - Quality of care
  - Risk factors
- Quality improvement
- Promoting the safer ICU
- Related topics of interest
Pituitary disease
- Key points
- Anatomy and physiology
- The pituitary in intensive care patients
- Traumatic brain injury and subarachnoid haemorrhage
- Panhypopituitarism
- Pituitary tumours
- Multiple endocrine neoplasia
- Related topics of interest
Pleural disease
- Key points
- Epidemiology
- Pneumothorax
- Pleural effusion
- Empyema
- Clinical features
- Investigations
- Treatment
- Complications
- Related topics of interest
Pneumonia – community acquired
- Key points
- Epidemiology
- Clinical features and initial management
- CURB-65
- Investigations and diagnosis
- Treatment
- Complications
- Related topics of interest
Pneumonia – hospital acquired
- Key points
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia
- Related topics of interest
Post-resuscitation care
- Key points
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology – the post cardiac arrest syndrome
- Airway and breathing with controlled reoxygenation
- Circulation
- Brain (disability)
- Prognostication
- Organ donation
- Cardiac-arrest centres
- Related topics of interest
Potassium
- Key points
- Introduction
- Homeostasis
- Hypokalaemia
- Hyperkalaemia
- Related topics of interest
Pre-hospital care
- Key points
- Introduction
- Advanced pre-hospital interventions
- Delivering the right resources to the patient
- Delivering the patient to the right resources
- The future of pre-hospital care
- Related topics of interest
Pulmonary function tests
- Key points
- Indications
  - Pre-operative assessment
  - Monitoring disease progression or response to treatment during critical care admission
- Spirometry and diffusing capacity
- Flow-volume loops
- Cardiopulmonary exercise testing
- Other investigations
- Related topics of interest
Quality indicators
- Key points
- Background
- Structural-based quality indicators
- Process-based quality indicators
- Outcome-based quality indicators
- Related topics of interest
Quality of life after ICU
- Key points
- Introduction
- Measuring quality of life
- Care requirement
- Chronic pain
- Mobility
- Tracheostomy
- Appetite
- Sleep
- Anxiety/depression/post-traumatic stress disorder
- National Institute of Health and Care Excellence Guidance
- Follow-up clinics
- Related topics of interest
Radiology for critical care
- Key points
- Imaging for critically ill patients
- Plain films
- Ultrasonography
- Cross-sectional imaging
- Related topics of interest
Rapid response systems
- Key points
- Related topics of interest
Refractory hypoxaemia
- Key points
- Definition
- Epidemiology
- Identifying patients at risk of developing refractory respiratory failure
- Management
- Diagnosis and appropriate treatment
  - Good supportive management
  - Management of respiratory failure
    - Ventilatory management
    - Non-ventilatory strategy
- Related topics of interest
Renal – acute kidney injury
- Key points
- Definition
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Investigations
  - Assessment of renal function
- Diagnosis
- Prevention
- Related topics of interest
Renal – treatment of established acute kidney injury
- Key points
- Preparation for renal-replacement therapy
- Indications for renal-replacement therapy
- Principles of dialysis and filtration
- Renal-replacement-therapy techniques
- Intermittent haemodialysis
- Continuous renal replacement therapies
- Replacement fluid
- Anticoagulation
- Nutrition
- Diuretic phase
- Related topics of interest
Respiratory support – invasive
- Key points
- Definitions
- Indications for invasive mechanical ventilation
- Complications
- Ventilator settings
- Alternative modes and therapies
- Related topics of interest
Respiratory support – non-invasive techniques
- Key points
- Acute hypoxaemic (Type I) respiratory failure
- Ventilatory (Type II) respiratory failure
- Assessment
- Simple measures to improve respiratory function
- Oxygen therapy
  - Variable performance devices
  - Fixed-performance devices
- Continuous positive airway pressure
- Non-invasive ventilation
- Related topics of interest
Scoring systems
- Key points
- Background
- Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE)
- Simplified acute physiology score (SAPS)
- Mortality prediction model (MPM)
- Multiple organ dysfunction score (MODS)
- Sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA)
- Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC)
- Summary
- Related topics of interest
Sedation
- Key points
- General principles
- The ideal sedative
- Drug administration
- Drugs
  - Sedative drugs
  - Analgesic drugs
- Assessment of sedation
- Related topics of interest
Seizures – status epilepticus
- Key points
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical features
- Investigations and diagnosis
- Treatment
- Related topics of interest
Selective oropharyngeal and digestive tract decontamination
- Key points
- Introduction
- Rationale
- Method
- Evidence
- Related topics of interest
Sepsis – management
- Key points
- Resuscitation
- Diagnosis
- Antibiotics
- Source control
- General supportive measures
- The role of corticosteroids
- Other therapies
- Related topics of interest
Sepsis – pathophysiology
- Key points
- Introduction
- Trigger
- Recognition
- Mediator release
- The compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome
- Cellular hypoxia
- Organ dysfunction
- Related topics of interest
Sepsis and SIRS
- Key points
- Introduction
- Incidence and outcome
- Definitions
- Causes of SIRS
- Related topics of interest
Sickle cell disease
- Key points
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical features
- Investigations
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Complications
- Related topics of interest
Skin and soft tissue infections
- Key points
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical features
- Investigations
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Complications
- Related topics of interest
Sodium
- Key points
- Hyponatraemia
- Hypernatraemia
- Related topics of interest
Spinal injuries
- Key points
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical features of acute injury
  - Complete cord injury
  - Incomplete cord injury
- Investigations
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Spinal injuries in children
  - SCIWORA
- Related topics of interest
Stress ulceration prophylaxis
- Key points
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical features
- Investigations
- Risk factors
- Treatment
- Complications
  - Complications of management
- Related topics of interest
Stroke
- Key points
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical features
- Investigations
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Complications
- Related topics of interest
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
- Key points
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical features
- Investigations and diagnosis
  - Detection of sub-arachnoid blood
  - Location of aneurysm
- Treatment
- Seizures
- Complications
  - Medical complications
- Outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage
- Related topics of interest
Tetanus
- Key points
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical features
- Investigations
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Complications
- Related topics of interest
Thyroid gland disorders
- Key points
- Thyroid crisis
- Myxoedema coma
- The thyroid gland in critical illness
- Related topics of interest
Tracheostomy
- Key points
- Indications
- Timing of tracheostomy
- Percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy
- Displaced tracheostomy
- Related topics of interest
Transplant medicine
- Key points
- Introduction
- Hepatic transplantation
- Cardiothoracic transplantation
- Renal transplantation
- Pancreas transplantation
- Stem cell transplantation
- Tissue transplantation
- Graft rejection
- Immunosuppression
- Conclusion
- Related topics of interest
Transport of the critically ill
- Key points
- Introduction
- Impact of transport
- Related topics of interest
Trauma – primary survey
- Key points
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
  - Physiological response to haemorrhage
  - Systemic inflammatory response syndrome
- Pre-hospital management
- Trauma networks
- The trauma team
- The primary survey and resuscitation
- Tubes
- Radiology
- Related topics of interest
Trauma – secondary survey
- Key points
- Objectives of the secondary survey
- Head
- Face and neck
- Thorax
- Abdomen
- Extremities
- Spinal column
- Burns
- Medical history
- Analgesia
  - Systemic analgesia
  - Local and regional analgesia
- Related topics of interest
Trauma – anaesthesia and critical care
- Key points
- In-hospital airway management for the trauma patient
- Intra-operative management
- Management of the trauma patient on the critical care unit
- Venous thromboembolism
- Fat embolism syndrome
- Related topics of interest
Traumatic brain injury
- Key points
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology of secondary brain injury
- Management of critically raised intra-cranial pressure
- Steroids
- Management of seizures
- Identifying head-injured patients who require immediate life-saving neurosurgery
- Reducing cerebral metabolic requirements
- Investigations
- Computed tomography
- Monitoring
  - Adjunctive therapy
  - Outcome
- Related topics of interest
Upper gastrointestinal bleeding
- Key points
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical features
- Investigations
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Complications
- Related topics of interest
Vasculitides
- Key points
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical features
- Investigations
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Complications
- Related topics of interest
Venous thromboembolism
- Key points
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical features
- Risk factors
- Diagnosis
- Investigations
- Prophylactic measures
- Treatment
- Contraindications to pharmacological measures
- Related topics of interest
Weaning from ventilation
- Key points
- Epidemiology
- How to wean
- Mode of ventilation support for patient who fail initial weaning
- Weaning protocols
- Cardiac failure
- Muscle wasting
- Tracheostomy
- Related topics of interest

INDEX

TOC
Index

Chapter Notes