Musculoskeletal Imaging Matthew Budak, Teik Chooi Oh, Rakesh Mehan
INDEX
Note: Page numbers in bold or italic refer to tables or figures respectively.
A
Abductor pollicis longus 75
De Quervain’s disease 879
Abscesses 348, 39, 41, 194
Acetabular labrum 96, 11114
Acetabulum
anatomy 95, 96, 98
developmental dysplasia of hip 109
femoroacetabular impingement 111, 112, 113
fractures 104, 105, 106
Achilles tendon 143, 1536
Acromioclavicular joint injury 45, 502, 55
Acromion process
acromioclavicular joint injury 45, 502, 55
anatomy 43, 44, 45, 46
impingement syndrome 55, 57
MRI 56
Adolescents see Children and adolescents
Anechoic materials 4, 5
Aneurysmal bone cyst 202, 2067, 208
Anisotropy 6, 7, 28
Ankle see Foot and ankle
Ankylosing spondylitis 229, 2301
Anteater sign 161, 162
Anterior cruciate ligament 123, 124, 1323, 134
Arthritides 21931
differential diagnoses 220
erosive 219, 22331
hypertrophic 219, 2213
infectious 219, 231
radiological findings 21921
treatment 221
Arthritis mutilans 224, 225
Arthrograms 90, 91, 113
Atlantoaxial fractures 16973
Attention coefficients 4, 57
Avascular necrosis of the hip 11821
Avulsion injuries
medial collateral ligament 134
pelvic 98100, 1013
phalangeal 85, 86
tibial condyle 126
triangular fibrocartilage complex 90
ulnar collateral ligament of thumb 91
Axis ring 165, 168
B
Baker’s cysts 13940
Bankart lesions 48, 57, 58, 58, 59
Barton fracture 76, 78
Bennett fracture 85, 87
Biceps tendon, distal 61, 63, 64, 702
Biconcave fractures, vertebrae 173, 174, 175
Bladder
cancer risk per examination 2
CT density of fluid in 9
isotope bone scanning 15, 16
MRI intensity of fluid in 11
Bohler’s angle 143
Bone
abnormalities see Bone fractures; Bone infections; Bone tumours; Metabolic bone disease
avascular necrosis of the hip 11821
CT density 9
echogenicity 67
elbow ossification centres 61, 62, 63, 64
imaging modality selection 17
medullary infarcts 2369
MRI signal intensity 11, 12, 13
Paget’s disease 2316
radiographic assessment 34
radiographic density 2, 3
radiographic rule of twos 17
rickets 2478
scintigraphy see Isotope bone scanning see also specific bones
Bone fractures
ankle 1459
carpal 7984
clavicular 50, 51
computerised tomography 23
description 18
distal forearm 19, 769
elbow 61, 647
or epiphyseal line 44, 45
femoral neck 967, 1069
foot 1503
hand 22, 847
imaging modality selection 17
knee and tibia 201, 22, 23, 1269
MRI 234
nuclear medicine 13, 26
pelvic 96, 98106
plain radiographs 19, 202
proximal humeral 47, 523, 54
types 1718
vertebral 16976, 1924
Bone infections
nuclear medicine 13, 15, 24, 26
osteomyelitis 26, 231, 2403, 244
Bone marrow oedema 129
Bone scintigraphy see Isotope bone scanning
Bone tumours 20118
benign 201, 20613
characterisation 2014
isotope bone scanning 13, 24, 25, 26, 27, 205, 215, 216
key facts 204
key imaging findings 205
malignant 201, 21318 see also metastases
metastases 24, 25, 26, 199, 202, 21517
radiological findings 205
treatment 205
Bowing fracture 78, 79
Boxer’s fracture 87
Brachial artery 63, 70, 71
Brodie’s abscess 240, 242
Bucket handle meniscal tears 130, 131
Buckle (torus) fracture 78, 79
Bumper (fender) fractures 126
Bursitis
calcific 35
infrapatellar 29
Burst fractures 173, 174, 1767
C
C sign 161, 162
Calcaneofibular ligament 142, 143
Calcaneus
anatomy 141, 142, 143, 144
Bohler’s angle 143
fractures 143, 149, 150
osteomyelitis 2412
sustentaculum tali 142, 161, 162
tarsal coalitions 160, 161, 162, 163
Calcific tendinitis 35, 36, 55
Calcification
linear 34, 35
nodular 34, 35, 36
rotator cuff 55, 56, 57
Calcium pyrophosphate calcification 35
Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition disease 226, 227
Cancer risk of radiation 2
Capitate 73, 74, 75, 82, 84
Capitellum 61, 62
MRI 63
ossification centre 63
osteochondrosis diseases 138
radiocapitellar line 61, 62, 65, 67
Carpal bones 73, 74, 75, 78
injuries 7984
osteochondrosis diseases 138 see also specific bones
Carpal tunnel 73, 75
Cartilage 4, 7, 12
Cauda equina syndrome 195, 196, 199
Cellulitis 38
Chance fracture 174, 175
Charcot’s joint 223
Children and adolescents
aneurysmal bone cysts 202, 2067
ankle fractures 148
anterior cruciate ligament tears 132
developmental dysplasia of hip 10910, 112
discitis 193
elbow fractures 64, 66
elbow ossification centres 61, 62, 63, 64
Ewing’s sarcoma 213, 214
fibrous cortical defect 204, 207, 209
forearm fractures 77, 78, 79
infectious arthritides 231
ischial–pubic synchondrosis 103
non-ossifying fibroma 202, 204, 207
Osgood–Schlatter disease 1378
pelvic avulsion fractures 98100, 1013
pelvic radiographs 98, 99
Perthes disease 11618
shoulder radiographs 44, 45
simple bone cysts 202, 206
slipped upper femoral epiphyses 11416
tarsal coalitions 160, 161
Chondroblastoma 202, 204
Chondroid tumours 204 see also specific tumours
Chondromatosis, synovial 35, 37
Chondromyxoid fibroma 202, 204
Chondrosarcoma 202, 20710, 214
Clapper-in-bell sign 32
Claudication, neurogenic 196
Clavicle 43, 44, 45, 502, 55
Clay shoveller’s fracture 171
Cloaca 240, 242
Cobb’s angle 180, 181, 182
Coccyx 95, 103
Codman’s triangle 204, 214, 215
Cold spots 15
Collateral ligaments
knee 123, 125, 1346
MRI 312
ulnar injuries 85, 86, 913
Collections 348
Colles fractures 76, 77
Common extensor/flexor tendons 61, 63, 64, 6770
Computerised tomography (CT) 78
ankle injuries 145
assessment principles 9
bony abnormalities 23, 205 see also specific
discitis 192, 193
elbow 61
foot injuries 151
indications 78, 17
intervertebral disc herniation 187
knee 128
medullary bone infarcts 238
osteochondritis dissecans 2456
osteomyelitis 240
Paget’s disease 233
pelvic girdle and hip 99, 106, 107, 109, 115, 117
radiation burden 2
scoliosis 180, 182
shoulder 44
soft tissue abnormalities 39, 40
spinal facet joint injuries 178, 179
spinal fractures 170, 1712, 174, 177
spinal stenosis/cord compression 1967
spondylolisthesis 183, 185
tarsal coalitions 161, 163
tissue densities 89
wrist and hand 81
Coracoid process 43, 44, 45
Coronoid process of the ulna 63, 64, 65
Crescent sign 120
Cruciate ligaments 123, 124, 125
meniscal tears 130, 131
tears 1323, 134
Crush fractures, vertebrae 173, 174, 175
CT see Computerised tomography (CT)
Cuboid, anatomy 141, 144
Cuneiforms 141, 142, 144, 1501, 152, 160
Cysts
aneurysmal bone 202, 2067, 208
Baker’s 13940
facet joint synovial 200
paralabral 113, 114
parameniscal 130
simple bone 202, 206
subchondral (geode) 202, 221, 222, 227
D
Dancer’s fracture 150, 152
De Quervain’s disease 879
Developmental dysplasia of the hip 10910, 112
Digital nerve 15860
Discitis 18995
Dislocations
elbow 64, 65, 67
Lisfranc injury 150
patella 1267, 129
radiocarpal joint 76, 78
shoulder 44, 479, 50
wrist 80, 82, 84
Doppler ultrasound 7
Double-line sign 120
Double PCL sign 130, 131
Doughnut sign 120, 213
E
Echogenicity 4, 57, 28, 32
Elbow 6172
anatomy 614
children 61, 62, 63, 64, 66
dislocations 64, 65, 67
distal biceps tendon rupture 702
epicondylitis 6770
fractures 61, 647
imaging points 614
Enchondroma 202, 204, 20710
Enteropathic arthropathy 22931
Epicondylitis 6770
Epiphyseal line 44, 45
Ewing’s sarcoma 213, 214
Extensor carpi radialis brevis 75
Extensor carpi radialis longus 75, 89
Extensor carpi ulnaris 75, 89
Extensor digitorum 75
Extensor digitorum longus 141, 143
Extensor hallucis longus 141, 143
Extensor indicis 75
Extensor pollicis brevis 75, 879
Extensor pollicis longus 75
Extensor retinaculum (foot) 143
Extensor tendon compartments, wrist 75, 75
External epicondyle see Lateral epicondyle
F
Fabella 125
Facet injuries/pathology 169, 1769, 198, 200
Fallen fragment sign 206
Fat
abnormal deposition in muscle 32, 34
CT density 8, 9
echogenicity 5
MRI signals 10, 11, 12
radiographic density 2, 3
Fat pads
elbow 61, 62, 64, 66
knee 124
Fatigue fractures 18
Femoral condyles 123, 124, 125
anterior cruciate ligament injury 133
fractures 126, 128
kissing contusions 129
Femoral epiphysis, upper 98, 99, 11416
Femoroacetabular impingement 111, 112, 113
Femur
anatomy 95, 978, 123, 1245
avascular necrosis of the hip 118, 119, 120
avulsion injuries 100
condylar fractures 126, 128
developmental dysplasia of hip 109, 110
femoral neck fractures 967, 1069
femoroacetabular impingement 111, 112, 113
fibrous cortical defect 207
isotope bone scanning, metastases 25
lymphoma 218
multiple myeloma 217
non-ossifying fibroma 207
osteochondral fractures 126, 128
Paget’s disease 233
Perthes disease 11618
rickets 247
slipped upper epiphyses 11416
Fender (bumper) fractures 126
Fibrous cortical defect 204, 207, 209
Fibrous dysplasia 202, 21112
Fibrous tumours 204 see also specific tumours
Fibula
anatomy 123, 124, 141, 142, 143
fractures 1457
plain radiographs 201
Finger
anisotropy 6, 7
osteoarthritis 222
phalangeal injuries 85, 86
psoriatic arthritis 229
rheumatoid arthritis 225 see also Thumb injuries
Flexor digitorum longus 141, 143
Flexor digitorum profundus 75
Flexor digitorum superficialis 75
Flexor hallucis longus 141, 143, 144
Flexor retinaculum
ankle 141, 143
wrist 75
Fluid
CT density 8, 9
echogenicity 5
MRI signal intensity 11, 12, 13
Foot and ankle 14163
Achilles tendon pathology 1536
anatomy 1414
aneurysmal bone cyst 208
ankle injuries 1449
cancer risk per examination 2
Charcot’s joint 223
fibrous cortical defect 209
foot injuries 14953
gout 226
Morton’s neuroma 15860
osteochondrosis diseases 138
osteomyelitis 2412
tarsal coalition 1603
tibialis posterior dysfunction 1568
Foreign bodies, non-opaque 38, 39
Fractures see Bone fractures
Freiberg’s disease 138
G
Gadolinium contrast 10
Galeazzi fracture 64, 65, 76
Gamekeeper’s thumb 85, 86, 91
Gamma cameras 14
Gas
CT density 8, 9
MRI signal intensity 11, 12
radiographic density 2, 3
Gastrocnemius 124, 125, 140
Geode (subchondral cyst) 202, 221, 222, 227
Giant cell tumour 202, 21213
Glenohumeral joint 44, 479, 57
Glenohumeral ligament 58
Glenoid fossa 43, 44, 45, 46, 479
Glenoid labrum 43, 46, 48, 56, 579
Gout 224, 226
Greenstick fracture 78, 79
Guyon’s canal 75
H
Haemangiomas 35
Haemarthrosis, elbow 64, 66
Haematomas
hyopechoic 30, 32
soft tissue 34, 35, 38, 39, 40, 412
Haemophilia 226, 227
Haglund’s syndrome 154
Hamate 73, 75, 80, 82
Hand see Wrist and hand
Hangman’s fractures 169, 171
Harris ring 165, 168
Heterotopic ossification 35, 36
Hilgenreiner’s line 98, 99, 110
Hill–Sachs lesions 47, 50
Hip see Pelvic girdle and hip
Hot spots 14
Hounsfield unit (HU) scale 8
Humerus
anatomy 43, 446, 47, 61
glenohumeral joint dislocation 44, 479, 50
glenohumeral ligament avulsion 58
involucrum 243
metastases 216
osteomyelitis 243, 244
proximal fractures 47, 523, 54
simple bone cyst 206
trochlea see Trochlea of the humerus
Hyperparathyroidism 26, 27
Hypertrophic arthritides 219, 2213
I
Iliac crest 98, 100, 101
Iliac spines 95, 99, 100, 101, 103
Ilium
anatomy 95, 97
Duverney fractures 103 see also Iliac crest; Iliac spines
Impingement syndrome 55, 57
Indium-111 15
Infectious arthritides 219, 231
Infraspinatus muscle 43, 46, 55
Insufficiency fractures 18
Intermetatarsal space 15860
Internal epicondyle see Medial epicondyle
Intertrochanteric line 98
Intervertebral discs 167, 1869
discitis 18995
herniation 1869, 1901, 195, 196, 198, 200
Involucrum 240, 242, 243
Ionising radiation 1, 2
Ischial tuberosity 95, 97, 99, 100, 102
Ischium 95, 104 see also Ischial tuberosity
Isotope bone scanning 13
assessment principles 15, 16
avascular necrosis of the hip 119
bone tumours 13, 24, 25, 26, 27, 205, 215, 216
discitis 192
indications 13, 17, 246, 27
markers 14
medullary bone infarcts 238
metastases 24, 25, 26, 215, 216
osteomyelitis 240
Paget’s disease 233, 235
photopaenic defect (cold spots) 15
spondylolisthesis 183
superscans 26, 27
tissue visualisation 1415
tracers 14, 16
triple phase 26, 119
J
Jefferson fracture 169, 171
Joints
arthritides 21931
echogenicity 7
imaging modality selection 17
isotope bone scanning 1415, 16
osteochondritis dissecans 2446
radiographic assessment principles 3
radiographic rule of twos 17 see also specific joints
Jones fracture 150, 152
Judet views 106
K
Kienböck’s disease 138
Klein’s line 115, 116
Knee 12340
anatomy 1235
anterior cruciate ligament tears 1323, 134
Baker’s cysts 13940
calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition 227
fractures 201, 22, 23, 1269
giant cell tumour 213
haemophilia 227
imaging points 125
ligament injury MRI 312
medial collateral ligament 1346
medullary bone infarcts 238, 239
meniscal tears 12931, 134
Osgood–Schlatter disease 1378
osteochondritis dissecans 245, 246
osteochondroma 211
osteosarcoma 215
quadriceps tendon 1367
tendon echogenicity 6, 29
and tibial injuries 1259
Köhler’s disease 138
Kyphosis 192
L
Labrum
acetabular see Acetabular labrum
glenoid see Glenoid labrum
Lateral epicondyle 63
Lateral epicondylitis 67, 68
Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease 11618
Leucocyte scanning 13, 15, 24, 240, 241
Ligament injuries
foot 150, 151, 152, 153
knee 130, 131, 1326
MRI 289, 312
wrist and hand 80, 81, 82, 85, 86, 913
Ligament ossification 40
Ligaments
ankle 1412, 143
echogenicity 5
foot 142, 144, 150, 151, 152, 153
injuries see Ligament injuries
MRI signal intensity 11, 12, 13
triangular fibrocartilage complex 89
Light bulb sign 49
Lipohaemarthrosis 22, 126, 127, 133
Lisfranc injury 150, 151, 152, 153
Lisfranc ligament 142, 144, 150
Lister’s tubercle 75
Loose bodies 35
Looser’s zones 248
Lunate 73, 74, 80, 82, 84, 138
Lymphoma 202, 218
M
Mach effect 168
Madonna sign 82, 83
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 1013
Achilles tendon 154, 156
ankle anatomy 143
anterior cruciate ligament 132, 133
arthritides 221
assessment principles 13
Baker’s cysts 139, 140
bony abnormalities 234, 205, 236 see also specific
De Quervain’s disease 88
discitis 1923, 194
elbow 63, 64, 68, 69, 70, 71
foot injuries 1512
gadolinium contrast 10
indications 10, 17
intervertebral disc herniation 187, 18891, 195, 196, 198, 200
knee anatomy 1245
knee and tibial fractures 128, 129
ligament injuries 289, 312, 132, 134
medial collateral ligament 134, 135
medullary bone infarcts 239
meniscal tears 130, 131
Morton’s neuroma 159
muscle abnormalities 334
Osgood–Schlatter disease 138
osteochondritis dissecans 246
osteomyelitis 241, 242, 244
Paget’s disease 236, 237
pelvic girdle/hip anatomy 967
pelvic girdle/hip pathology 100, 106, 108, 110, 113, 115, 11720
quadriceps tendon injuries 137
scoliosis 180
short T1 inversion recovery 1011, 12, 24
shoulder 44, 46, 55, 56, 589
soft tissue 37, 39, 40, 412, 44
spinal anatomy 167
spinal fractures 170, 174, 175, 177
spinal stenosis/cord compression 195, 196, 1979
spondylolisthesis 183, 184, 186, 200
T1/T2-weighting 10, 11, 12, 13, 234
tarsal coalitions 162
tendon injuries 28, 154, 157
tibialis posterior 157, 158
tissue signal intensities 10, 11, 1213
wrist and hand 24, 75, 80, 81, 88, 90, 92
Maisonneuve fracture 1457
Malgaigne fractures 104
Malleolus 142, 143, 145, 146, 147
March fractures 150, 151, 152, 153
Markers, nuclear medicine 14
Mazabraud’s syndrome 211
McCune–Albright syndrome 211
Medial collateral ligament 1346
Medial epicondyle 61, 62, 63, 63, 64
Median nerve 75
Medullary bone infarcts 2369
Menisci 123, 125, 12931, 134
Metabolic bone disease 26, 27, 2478
Metacarpal fractures 22, 85, 85, 86, 87
Metacarpophalangeal joint, thumb 913
Metal, radiographic density 2, 3
Metalwork infections 26
Metastases 24, 25, 26, 199, 202, 21517
Metatarsals
anatomy 141, 142, 144
fractures 1501, 152, 153
Lisfranc injury 152, 153
Morton’s neuroma 15860
Methylene diphosphonate 14
Modic changes 188, 189, 191
Monteggia fracture 64, 65, 76
MRI see Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Mulder’s click 159
Multiple myeloma 202, 217
Muscle
abnormalities 324, 41
CT density 9
echogenicity 5, 32
fatty infiltration 32, 34
mass lesions 34, 35
MRI signal intensity 11, 12
oedema 334, 41
tears 32, 33
Myeloma 202, 217
Myelomalacia 197, 198
Myositis 33, 35
N
Navicular 141, 142, 144, 160, 162
Necrosis, avascular of hip 11821
Neer classification 53, 54
Nerves, echogenicity 6
Neurogenic claudication 196
Non-ossifying fibroma 202, 204, 207
Nuclear medicine 1314
bone scintigraphy see Isotope bone scanning
indications 13, 17, 246
tissue visualisation 1415
O
O’Donoghue’s unhappy triad 134
Odontoid peg 165, 166, 169, 170
Oedema
bone marrow 129
muscular 334, 41
Olecranon 61, 62, 63, 64
Osgood–Schlatter disease 1378
Ossification
Osgood–Schlatter disease 137, 138
soft tissue 34, 35, 39, 40
Ossification centres
elbow 61, 62, 63, 64
foot and ankle 1434
Osgood–Schlatter disease 138
Osteoarthritis
degenerative 2213
erosive 227, 228
Osteochondral fractures 126, 128
Osteochondritis dissecans 2446
Osteochondroma 202, 204, 21011
Osteochondromatosis, synovial 35, 37
Osteochondrosis diseases 138
Osteoid osteoma 202, 204, 207, 210
Osteoid tumours 204 see also specific tumours
Osteomalacia 247
Osteomyelitis 26, 231, 2403, 244
Osteopaenia 118, 119
Osteoporosis 18, 225
Osteosarcoma 202, 204, 214
P
Paget’s disease 2316, 237
Panner’s disease 138
Paralabral cysts 113, 114
Parameniscal cysts 130
Parrot’s beak 130
Pars interarticularis defect 183, 184, 185, 186
Patella 123, 124
bipartite 128
dislocation 1267, 129
fractures 128
kissing contusions 129
osteochondrosis diseases 138
quadriceps tendon injuries 136
Patellar tendon 137
Patellofemoral joint 123, 124
Pathological fractures 18
Pelvic girdle and hip 95121
acetabular labral pathology 11114
anatomy 958, 102
avascular necrosis 11821
cancer risk per examination 2
CT densities 9
developmental dysplasia of hip 10910, 112
femoral neck fractures 967, 1069
fibrous dysplasia 212
imaging points 968
isotope bone scanning 16
metastases 25, 215
MRI signal intensities 11
multiple myeloma 217
osteoarthritis 222
Paget’s disease 233
pelvic fractures 96, 98106
Perthes disease 11618
slipped upper femoral epiphyses 11416
soft tissue haematoma 41
Perilunate dislocations 82, 84
Perimysial striae 32
Periosteal reaction 2024, 214, 215, 218
Perkin’s line 98, 99, 110
Peroneus longus/brevis tendons 141, 143
Perthes disease 11618
Perthes lesion 57, 58, 58
Phalangeal injuries 85, 86
Phleboliths 35
Photopaenic defect 15
Pilon fracture 148
Pisiform 73, 74
Pistol grip deformity 111
Plain radiography 1
acetabular labral pathology 112, 113
ankle pathology 145, 1469, 157, 161, 162
anterior cruciate ligament tear 132
arthritides 21920
assessment principles 34
avascular necrosis of the hip 119
bony abnormalities 19, 202, 205 see also specific
developmental dysplasia of hip 109, 110, 112
discitis 1912, 193
elbow 61, 62, 647
femoral neck fractures 106, 107, 108
foot anatomy 144
foot pathology 1501, 150, 1523, 159
indications 1, 17
intervertebral disc herniation 187
knee anatomy 123, 124
knee/tibial fractures 201, 22, 1278
medullary bone infarcts 238
Osgood–Schlatter disease 138
osteochondritis dissecans 245
osteomyelitis 240
Paget’s disease 232, 2334
pelvic fractures 98, 99, 1015, 1046
pelvic girdle/hip anatomy 95, 97, 98
Perthes disease 117
quadriceps tendon injuries 136
radiation risk 2
radiographic densities 23
rickets 2478
rule of twos 17
scoliosis 180, 1812
shoulder 44, 45, 4753, 54, 55
slipped upper femoral epiphyses 11415, 116
soft tissue 34, 35, 36, 37
spinal facet joint injuries 177, 179
spinal fractures 169, 170, 1712, 174, 1756, 178
spinal stenosis/cord compression 196
spine anatomy 1656, 1689
spondylolisthesis 183, 184, 185, 186
wrist/hand anatomy 74
wrist/hand pathology 76, 7780, 81, 824, 86, 90
Popeye sign 70
Popliteal cysts 13940
Posterior cruciate ligament 123, 124, 125, 130, 131
Pott’s disease 191
Psoriatic arthritis 228, 229
Pubic rami 967, 100, 103, 104
Pubic symphysis 95, 102, 104, 105
Pubis
anatomy 95, 102
fractures 103, 104 see also Pubic rami
Pyogenic discitis 189
Q
Quadriceps 33
Quadriceps tendon injuries 30, 1367
R
Radial tubercle 75
Radiation, ionising 1, 2
Radiocapitellar line 61, 62, 65, 67
Radiocarpal joint dislocation 76, 78
Radiography see Plain radiography
Radionuclide imaging see Nuclear medicine
Radioulnar joint 61, 62, 64, 65, 90
Radius
distal forearm fractures 19, 769
elbow anatomy 61, 62, 63
elbow injuries 64, 65, 66, 67
elbow ossification centre 63
lunate dislocations 82, 84
perilunate dislocations 82
wrist anatomy 73, 74
Reiter’s syndrome 229
Renal system 2, 15, 16
Rheumatoid arthritis 2234, 225, 228
Rib metastases 25
Rickets 2478
Rim sign 243
Rockwood classification 51, 52, 52
Rolando fracture 85, 86, 87
Rotator cuff 43, 44, 557
S
Sacroiliac joint 95, 104, 105
Sacrum 95, 102, 103, 106
Sail sign 64, 66
Sarcoma 35, 202, 204 see also Chondrosarcoma; Ewing’s sarcoma; Osteosarcoma
Scaphoid 73, 74
dislocation 84
fractures 79, 80, 81, 84
Scapholunate dislocation 84
Scapholunate interval 82, 83
Scapholunate ligament 80, 82
Scapula 43, 44
acromion process see Acromion process
coracoid process 43, 44, 45
Ewing’s sarcoma 213, 214
glenoid fossa 43, 44, 45, 46, 479
Scheuermann’s disease 138
Schmorl’s node formation 195
Scoliosis 1802
Segond fracture 126, 127, 129, 132
Septic arthritis 231
Sequestra 240, 242
Sesamoid bones 144
Sever’s disease 138
Shenton’s line 95, 967, 107, 110
Short T1 inversion recovery (STIR) 1011, 12, 24
Shoulder
acromioclavicular joint injuries 45, 502
anatomy 437
children 44, 45
clavicle injuries 502
dislocations 44, 479, 50, 51, 52
Ewing’s sarcoma 213, 214
glenoid labral pathology 48, 579
imaging points 44, 456
proximal humeral fractures 47, 523, 54
radiographic densities 2
rotator cuff pathology 44, 557
soft tissue abnormalities 36, 37
Sinding–Larsen–Johansson syndrome 138
Skier’s thumb 85, 86, 91
Skull 2, 234
SLAP lesion 57, 59
Slipped upper femoral epiphyses 11416
Smith fracture 19, 76, 77
Soft tissue
abnormalities 349, 402 see also Calcification
cancer risk per examination 2
CT density 9
echogenicity 56
imaging modality selection 17
isotope bone scanning 15, 16
MRI signal intensities 11, 12, 13
plain radiography assessment principles 4
radiographic density 2, 3 see also Ligaments; Tendons
Spina bifida occulta 185
Spinal cord 167
compression 195200
Spine 165200
anatomy 1659
ankylosing spondylitis 229, 2301
atlantoaxial fractures 16973
cancer risk per examination 2
discitis 18995
enteropathic arthropathy 22931
facet injuries/pathology 169, 1769, 198, 200
injury mechanisms 169
intervertebral disc herniation 1869, 1901, 195, 196, 198, 200
isotope bone scanning 16, 25
lymphoma 218
metastases 25, 215
myeloma 217
osteochondrosis diseases 138
Paget’s disease 233, 235, 237
scoliosis 1802
soft tissue abnormalities 40
spondylolisthesis 1826, 200
stenosis and cord compression 186, 195200
thoracolumbar vertebral fractures 1736, 1924
Spondylodiscitis 189, 192
Spondylolisthesis 1826, 200
Sprains 28
Stener lesion 92, 93
Stenosis, spinal 186, 195200
STIR 1011, 12, 24
Straddle fractures 104
Stress fractures 17, 150, 151, 152, 153
Subacromial bursa 55, 56, 57
Subchondral cyst (geode) 202, 221, 222, 227
Subscapularis muscle 43, 46, 55, 58
Superior labral anterior–posterior (SLAP) lesion 57, 59
Superscans 26, 27
Supracondylar fractures 64, 66
Supraspinatus muscle 43, 46, 55
Supraspinatus tendon 36, 56
Symphysis pubis see Pubic symphysis
Synovial cysts, facet joint 200
Synovial osteochondromatosis 35, 37
T
T1/T2-weighted MRI 10, 11, 12, 13, 234
Talofibular ligaments 142, 143
Talus
anatomy 141, 142, 143, 144
tarsal coalitions 160, 161, 162, 163
Tarsal bones see Calcaneus; Cuboid; Cuneiforms; Navicular; Talus
Tarsal coalition 1603
Teardrop fracture 169, 1712, 173
Technetium-99m 14, 15
Teeth 2, 16
Tendinitis (tendonitis) 28
Achilles tendon 155
calcific 35, 36, 55, 57
rotator cuff 55
Tendinopathy 28, 29
Achilles tendon 1536
calcification 36, 55, 56, 57
De Quervain’s disease 879
elbow 6770
MRI 28
Osgood–Schlatter disease 1378
rotator cuff 557
tibialis posterior 1568
ultrasound 5, 6, 7, 28, 2930
Tendinosis 28
Tendon tears
Achilles tendon 154
elbow 68, 69, 702
MRI 28
quadriceps tendon 1367
rotator cuff 55, 56, 57
tibialis posterior 157
ultrasound 28, 30
Tendons
abnormalities see Tendinopathy; Tendon tears
ankle 141, 143, 1538
CT density 9
elbow 61, 63, 64, 6772
MRI signal intensity 12, 13
ultrasound 5, 6, 7, 28
wrist and hand 74, 75, 75
Tennis elbow 67, 68
Tenosynovitis 28
De Quervain’s disease 879
tibialis posterior 157
ultrasound 29, 157
Teres minor 43, 55
Terry Thomas sign 82, 83
Thumb injuries 85, 86, 913
Thyroid 15, 16
Tibia
anatomy 123, 1245, 141, 142
Brodie’s abscess 242
fibrous cortical defect 207
fractures 201, 22, 1269, 145, 1478
medullary bone infarcts 239
non-ossifying fibroma 207
osteoid osteoma 210
Paget’s disease 234
rickets 247
Tibial condyles 123, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129
Tibial plateaus 123, 124, 125
anterior cruciate ligament injury 133
fractures 125, 126, 129
kissing contusions 129
Tibial spines 123, 125, 133
Tibialis anterior tendon 141, 143
Tibialis posterior tendon 141, 143, 1568
Tibiofemoral joint 123
Tibiofibular syndesmosis 145, 1467
Tibiotalar joint 141, 142
Tillaux fracture 147, 148
Too-many-toes sign 157
Torus (buckle) fracture 78, 79
Tracers, nuclear medicine 14, 16
Trapezium 73, 75, 85
Trapezoid 73, 75
Triangular fibrocartilage complex injuries 8991
Triplane fracture 148, 149
Triquetrum 73, 80, 82, 83
Trochanter, greater/lesser 97, 98, 100, 108
Trochlea of the humerus 61, 62
fracture 64
MRI 63
ossification centre 63
Tuberculous arthritis 231
U
Ulna
coronoid process 63, 64, 65
distal forearm fractures 769
elbow anatomy 61
elbow fractures/dislocations 64, 65
triangular fibrocartilage complex injuries 89
wrist anatomy 73, 74
Ulnar canal 75
Ulnar collateral ligament injuries 85, 86, 913
Ulnar nerve 61, 63, 64, 75
Ultrasound 47
Achilles tendon 154, 155
anisotropy 6, 7, 28
arthritides 220
assessment principles 7
Baker’s cysts 139, 140
bone tumours 205
De Quervain’s disease 88, 89
elbow 68, 70, 71
indications 4, 17
Morton’s neuroma 159, 160
muscle injuries 32
Osgood–Schlatter disease 138
pelvic girdle and hip 106, 109, 110
quadriceps tendon injuries 30, 1367
shoulder 44, 55
soft tissue abnormalities 348
tendons 5, 6, 7, 28, 2930, 154, 157
tibialis posterior 157
tissue echogenicity 4, 57
wrist and hand 29, 74, 88, 89, 92
V
Vastus medialis 33
Vertebral bodies
anatomy 165, 166, 167, 169
discitis 189, 192, 193
metastases 215
Paget’s disease 233, 237
spondylolisthesis 183, 184, 185, 186
Vertebral fractures 16976, 1924
Vitamin D deficiency 247, 248
W
Weber injuries, ankle 145, 1489
Wedge fractures, vertebrae 173, 174, 175, 1924
Wrist and hand
anatomy 735
arthritis mutilans 225
cancer risk per examination 2
carpal injuries 7984
De Quervain’s disease 879
dislocations 80, 82, 84
distal forearm fractures 19, 769
enchondroma 210
hand injuries 22, 29, 847
imaging points 74, 75
MRI of fractures 24, 80, 81
osteoarthritis 222, 228
osteochondrosis diseases 138
psoriatic arthritis 228, 229
rheumatoid arthritis 2245
triangular fibrocartilage complex injuries 8991
ulnar collateral ligament injuries 85, 86, 913
X
X-rays 1, 3, 8
×
Chapter Notes

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