Index

Key Clinical Topics in Anaesthesia Roger Langford, David Ashton-Cleary

Airway assessment
- Key points
- History
- Examination
- Specific airway examination
- Prediction tools
- Investigations
- Related topics of interest
Airway – difficult and failed intubation
- Key points
- Causes of difficult intubation
- Grading difficult laryngoscopy
- Management of difficult intubation
  - Alternative intubating devices
  - ‘Front of neck’ techniques
- Failed intubation
- Related topics of interest
Airway – the emergency airway
- Key points
- Problems
- Clinical features
- Investigations
- Anaesthetic management
- Related topics of interest
Airway – the shared airway
- Key points
- Problems
- Investigations
- Anaesthetic management
- Related topics of interest
Awake intubation
- Key points
- Indications
- Contraindications
- Anaesthetic management
  - Assessment and premedication
  - Conduct of anaesthesia
- Local anaesthetic techniques
- Related topics of interest
Awareness and depth of anaesthesia
- Key points
- Incidence
- Causes and risk factors
- Assessment and management
- Legal situation
- Related topics of interest
Blood physiology
- Key points
- Red blood cells and haemoglobin
  - Oxygen carriage
  - CO2 carriage
- Coagulation
  - Measurement of coagulation
  - Pharmacological haemostatic agents
- Immune function
  - Cell-mediated functions
  - Non-cell-mediated functions
- Related topics of interest
Blood transfusion and salvage
- Key points
- Types of blood transfusion
- Anaesthetic management in patients requiring blood transfusion
  - Preoperative measures
  - Intraoperative and postoperative measures
- Future trends
- Related topics of interest
Burns
- Key points
- Definition of a burn
- Initial assessment and resuscitation
- Secondary management
- Anaesthetic management
- Related topics of interest
Cardiac anaesthesia – congenital heart disease
- Key points
- Problems
- Classification
- Investigations
- Anaesthetic management
- Special considerations
- Related topics of interest
Cardiac anaesthesia – valvular heart disease
- Key points
- Problems
- Clinical features
- Investigations
- Anaesthetic management
- Related topics of interest
Cardiac dysrhythmia
- Key points
- Types of dysrhythmia
  - Preoperative causes
  - Perioperative causes
- Perioperative management
  - Postoperative care
- Cardioversion
  - Anaesthetic management for elective cardioversion
- Related topics of interest
Cardiac pacemakers
- Key points
- Problems
- Anaesthetic management
- Related topics of interest
Cardiac surgery
- Key points
- Problems
- Cardiopulmonary bypass
- Anaesthetic management
- Related topics of interest
Coronary artery disease
- Key points
- Pathology
- Problems
- Anaesthetic management
- Anaesthetic technique
  - Postoperative care
  - Treatment of myocardial ischaemia
- Related topics of interest
Day surgery
- Key points
- Definition
- National guidelines and targets
- Advantages of day surgery
- Controversies regarding day surgery
- Organisational issues
- Patient selection
- Principles of perioperative care
- Role of audit
- Related topics of interest
Dental anaesthesia
- Key points
- Problems
- Techniques
  - Local anaesthesia
  - Sedation
- General anaesthesia
  - Anaesthetic management
- Learning difficulties
- Extraction of impacted molars
- Related topics of interest
Diabetes
- Key points
- Problems
- Clinical features
- Investigations
- Treatment
- Anaesthetic management
- Related topics of interest
Drug allergy and adverse reactions
- Key points
- Adverse drug reaction (ADR)
- Clinical features
- Treatment
- Risk factors
- Investigations
- Related topics of interest
Elderly patients
- Key points
- Problems
- Anaesthetic management
- Related topics of interest
Electroconvulsive therapy
- Key points
- Problems
- Anaesthetic management
- Related topics of interest
Emergency anaesthesia
- Key points
- Problems
- Anaesthetic management
- Related topics of interest
Endocrine disease
- Key points
- Adrenal disease
- Pituitary disease – acromegaly
  - Problems
  - Anaesthetic management
- Carcinoid syndrome
- Related topics of interest
Ethics and consent
- Key points
- Approaches to medical ethics
- Discussing medical ethics
- Guidance and consensus
- Related topics of interest
Gas embolism
- Key points
- Predisposing factors
- Prevention
- Diagnosis
- Monitoring
- Treatment
- Related topics of interest
Gynaecology
- Key points
- Problems
- Anaesthetic management – minor procedures
- Anaesthetic management – moderate/major procedures
- Related topics of interest
Human factors in patient safety
- Key points
- Specific examples
- Related topics of interest
Hypertensive disease
- Key points
- Problems
- Causes of perioperative hypertension
- Hypertension and perioperative risk
- Perioperative management
- Related topics of interest
Infection prevention and control
- Key points
- Main aspects
  - Organisational
  - Individual
- Specific items
- Related topics of interest
Infectious diseases
- Key points
- Problems
- Specific disorders
- Management to reduce transmission
- Related topics of interest
Lasers in surgery
- Key points
- Problems
- Anaesthetic management
- Related topics of interest
Liver disease and anaesthesia
- Key points
- Problems
- Anaesthetic management
- Related topics of interest
Liver resection surgery
- Key points
- Problems
- Conduct of surgery
- Anaesthetic management
- Related topics of interest
Major abdominal surgery
- Key points
- Problems
- Anaesthetic management
- Related topics of interest
Malignant hyperpyrexia
- Key points
- Physiology
- Trigger agents
- Associated conditions
- Presentation
- Management
- Investigation
- Management of patients with known/suspected MH
- Related topics of interest
Minimally invasive surgery
- Key points
- Problems
- Equipment
- Physiological changes and other considerations
- Complications
- Related topics of interest
Muscular diseases
- Key points
- Dystrophies
- Problems
- Anaesthetic management
- Myotonias
- Problems
- Anaesthetic management
- Mitochondrial and metabolic myopathies
- Related topics of interest
Myasthenia gravis
- Key points
- Problems
- Clinical features
- Investigations
- Treatment
- Anaesthetic management
- Myaesthenic crisis
- Cholinergic crisis
- Related topics of interest
National audit
- Key points
- NCEPOD
- CMACE
- National audit projects
- ICNARC
- TARN
- Related topics of interest
Neuroanaesthesia – subarachnoid haemorrhage
- Key points
- Problems
  - Endovascular platinum coiling
  - Surgical clipping of aneurysm neck
- Clinical features
- Investigations
- Treatment
- Anaesthetic management
- Related topics of interest
Neuroanaesthesia – traumatic brain injury
- Key points
- Treatment
- Anaesthetic management
- Related topics of interest
Neuroanaesthesia – tumours
- Key points
- Clinical features
- Anaesthetic management
- Special circumstances
- Related topics of interest
Neurological disease – demyelinating and neurodegenerative diseases
- Key points
- Guillain–Barré syndrome
  - Anaesthetic management
- Multiple sclerosis
  - Problems
  - Anaesthetic management
- Motor neurone disease
  - Problems
  - Anaesthetic management
- Parkinson's disease
  - Problems
  - Anaesthetic management
- Related topics of interest
Neurological disease – epilepsy
- Key points
- Problems
- Anaesthetic management
- Seizures during anaesthesia
  - Causes
  - Management
- Status epilepticus
- Related topics of interest
Nutrition
- Key points
- Malnutrition
- Metabolic response to surgery and insulin resistance
- Carbohydrate loading
- The immunological role of the intestine
  - Immunonutrition
- Related topics of interest
Obesity – incidental surgery
- Key points
- Problems
- Investigations
- Anaesthetic management
- Related topics of interest
Obesity – surgery for weight reduction
- Key points
- Types of surgery
- Anaesthetic management
- Related topics of interest
Obstetrics – anaesthesia
- Key points
- Problems
  - Hypotension
  - Inadequate anaesthesia
- Anaesthetic management
- Related topics of interest
Obstetrics – analgesia
- Key points
- Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics
- In labour
  - Nonpharmacological pain relief
  - Pharmacological pain relief
- Regional techniques
- Related topics of interest
Obstetrics – emergencies
- Key points
- Major haemorrhage
- Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia
- Local anaesthetic toxicity
- Failed intubation
- Maternal sepsis
- Maternal cardiac arrest
- Magnesium toxicity
- High regional blockade
- Tocolysis
- Related topics of interest
Oesophagectomy
- Key points
- Surgical approach
- Anaesthetic management
- Related topics of interest
Ophthalmology
- Key points
- Problems
- Investigations
- Anaesthetic management
- Related topics of interest
Organ donation
- Key points
- Circumstances of donation
- Donor care
- Retrieval process
- Related topics of interest
Orthopaedics – elective
- Key points
- Lower limb prosthetic surgery
- Upper limb surgery
- Limb tourniquets
- Related topics of interest
Orthopaedics – emergency
- Key points
- Hip fracture surgery
- Open fractures
- Compartment syndrome
- Fat embolism
- Paediatric fractures
- Related topics of interest
Paediatric anaesthesia – basic concepts
- Key points
- Airway and respiratory management
- Mode of ventilation
- Prevention of hypoxia
- Fluid and electrolyte replacement therapy
- Blood glucose
- Temperature maintenance
- Drug dosing
- Related topics of interest
Paediatric anaesthesia – basic practical conduct
- Key points
- Safe provision of paediatric services
- Preoperative assessment
- Perioperative management
- Postoperative care
- Child protection
- Related topics of interest
Paediatric anaesthesia – neonatal surgery
- Key points
- Congenital diaphragmatic hernia
  - Perioperative considerations
- Inguinal hernia
  - Perioperative considerations
  - Postoperative care
- Intestinal obstruction
  - Perioperative considerations
- Abdominal wall defects
- Necrotising enterocolitis (NEC)
  - Preoperative considerations
  - Conduct of anaesthesia
- Tracheoesophageal fistula and oesophageal atresia
- Related topics of interest
Paediatric anaesthesia – pyloric stenosis
- Key points
- Disease summary
- Problems
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
  - Preoperative resuscitation
  - Surgical treatment
- Anaesthetic management
  - Postoperative care
- Related topics of interest
Paediatric emergency airways
- Key points
- Laryngospasm
  - Prevention
  - Treatment
- Inhaled foreign body
- Infectious causes
- Bleeding after adenotonsillectomy
- Burns
- Paediatric airway guidelines
- Related topics of interest
Pain – acute management
- Key points
- Assessment
- Anaesthetic management
- Atypical analgesia
- Related topics of interest
Pain – chronic management
- Key points
- Problems
- Clinical features
- Treatment
- Anaesthetic management
- Related topics of interest
Patient transfer and transport
- Key points
- Problems
- Generic concerns
- Journey-specific concerns
- Other issues
  - Preparedness
  - Personal safety and comfort
- Related topics of interest
Perioperative fluid management
- Key points
- Preoperative considerations
- Intraoperative considerations
  - Type of fluid administered
- Postoperative considerations
- Special cases
- Related topics of interest
Phaeochromocytoma
- Key points
- Problems
- Anaesthetic management
- Related topics of interest
Plastic surgery
- Key points
- Problems
- Investigations
- Anaesthetic management
- Related topics of interest
Polytrauma
- Key points
- Problems
- Anaesthetic management
- Coagulopathy in trauma
- Related topics of interest
Positioning for surgery
- Key points
- Patient injury
- Related topics of interest
Postoperative nausea and vomiting
- Key points
- Problems
- PONV physiology
- Risk stratification
- Treatment
- Anaesthetic management
- Related topics of interest
Preoperative assessment – risk evaluation
- Key points
- Problems
- Specific scores
- Related topics of interest
Preoperative assessment – risk modification
- Key points
- Problems
- Specific elements
- Related topics of interest
Procedural sedation
- Key points
- Problems
- Guidelines in sedation practice
- Anaesthetic management
  - Special circumstances
- Related topics of interest
Radiology – anaesthesia for imaging
- Key points
- MRI
- Problems
- Indications for general anaesthesia
- Anaesthetic management
- CT
  - Issues specific to CT scanning
- Related topics of interest
Radiology – interventional radiology
- Key points
- Vascular radiology
- Neuroradiology
- Cardiac IR
- Biliary tree and renal radiology
- Trauma and haemorrhage-control radiology
- Interventional MRI
- Related topics of interest
Regional anaesthesia – central neuraxial blockade
- Key points
- Potential benefits of CNBs
- Indications
- Contraindications
  - Absolute
  - Relative
- Complications
  - Very common (1 in 10) or common (1 in 100)
  - Rare (1 in 10,000) or very rare (1 in 100,000) complications
- Anaesthetic management
- Red flags
- Management of post dural puncture headache
- Related topics of interest
Regional anaesthesia – plexus and peripheral nerve blocks
- Key points
- Indications
- Contraindications
  - Absolute contraindications
  - Relative contraindications
- Continuous nerve infusion catheters
- Practical aspects of RA
- Local anaesthetic action
- Complications
  - Nerve injury
  - Local anaesthetic toxicity
    - Presentation
    - Management
- Related topics of interest
Renal disease – acute kidney injury
- Key points
- Problems
- Anaesthetic management
- Related topics of interest
Renal disease – chronic kidney disease
- Key points
- Problems
- Anaesthetic management
- Related topics of interest
Respiratory – acute respiratory distress syndrome
- Key points
- Anaesthetic management
- Related topics of interest
Respiratory – asthma
- Key points
  - Problems
- Surgery for patients with concurrent asthma
  - Preoperative assessment
- Anaesthetic management
- Management of acute severe asthma
- Related topics of interest
Respiratory – chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- Key points
- Problems
- Anaesthetic management
- Related topics of interest
Respiratory – invasive ventilation strategies
- Key points
- Principal modes of ventilation
  - Intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV)
- Other modes and strategies
- Consequences of mechanical ventilation
  - Protective ventilation
- Weaning strategies
- Related topics of interest
Rheumatoid arthritis
- Key points
- Problems
- Clinical features
- Investigations
- Treatment
- Anaesthetic management
  - Postoperative
- Related topics of interest
Sickle cell disease
- Key points
- Problems
- Anaesthetic management
- Related topics of interest
Sleep apnoea
- Key points
- Problems
- Anaesthetic management
- Related topics of interest
Smoking
- Key points
- Problems
- Carbon monoxide
- Investigations
- Smoking cessation
- Related topics of interest
Spinal cord injury
- Key points
- Problems
- Related topics of interest
Spinal surgery
- Key points
- Problems
- Anaesthetic management
- Related topics of interest
Substance abuse
- Key points
- Problems
- Clinical features
- Investigations
- Treatment
- Anaesthetic management
- Related topics of interest
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome and sepsis
- Key points
- Problems
- Related topics of interest
Thermoregulation
- Key points
- Temperature measurement
- Hypothermia
  - Effects of anaesthesia on temperature
  - Strategies for minimising heat loss
- Hyperthermia
- Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
- Related topics of interest
Thoracic surgery
- Key points
- Problems
- Investigations
- Anaesthetic management
- Related topics of interest
Thyroid and parathyroid surgery
- Key points
- Problems
- Clinical features
- Investigations
- Treatment
- Anaesthetic management
- Postoperative problems
- Related topics of interest
Total intravenous anaesthesia and target-controlled infusions
- Key points
  - Volume of distribution (Vd)
  - Clearance
- Infusion kinetics
  - Context-sensitive half-time
- Target-controlled infusions
  - TIVA and TCI
  - Infusion pumps
- Related topics of interest
Urology
- Key points
- Prostate and bladder surgery
- Problems
- Anaesthetic management
- Renal surgery
- Paediatric urology
- Related topics of interest
Vascular access
- Key points
- Peripheral
- Central
- Complications of central access
  - Early
  - Late
- Emergency access
- Related topics of interest
Vascular surgery – aortic aneurysmal disease
- Key points
- Problems
- Clinical features
- Investigations
- Treatment
- Anaesthetic management
  - EVAR
- Open repair
  - Postoperative
- Related topics of interest
Vascular surgery – occlusive disease
- Key points
- Problems
- Clinical features
- Investigations
- Treatment
- Anaesthetic management
  - Carotid surgery
  - PVD surgery
- Related topics of interest
Venous thromboembolism – prevention and treatment
- Key points
- Prevention
  - Preoperative
  - Peri- and postoperative
    - Mechanical
    - Pharmacological
- Diagnosis
- Therapeutic treatment of VTE
- Related topics of interest
Venous thromboembolism – risk
- Key points
- Anaesthetic factors
- Related topics of interest

INDEX

TOC
Index

Chapter Notes