Recent Advances in Obstetrics & Gynaecology 25 William Ledger, Justin Clark
INDEX
ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVW
Note: Page numbers in bold or italic refer to tables or figures, respectively.
A
Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) 20
Acupuncture, as adjuvant to ART 134–135
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) 69–71, 70, 71
Adenomyosis 4
and chronic pelvic pain 2
laparoscopy in, role of 2, 4
Adhesions
and chronic pelvic pain 2
laparoscopy in, role of 2, 4
Adjuvants, use of, in ART 131–135
acupuncture and herbal medicine 134–135
androgens and androgen modulating agents 132
corticosteroids 133–134
endometrial biopsy 133
growth hormone 131–132
intralipid 134
intravenous immunoglobulin 134
low-molecular-weight heparin 132–133
psychological intervention 135
vasodilators and muscle relaxants 133
Amenorrhoea, hypothalamic 142
AMI see Acute myocardial infarction (AMI)
Anastrozole 132
Androgen-modulating agents 132
Androgens 132
APTIMA HPV assay 105, 106
ART see Assisted reproductive technology (ART)
Aspirin 93
Assisted reproductive technology (ART) 87, 131 see also In vitro fertilisation (IVF)
adjuvant treatment with 131–135
Atypical squamous cells of unknown significance (ASCUS) 101
B
β-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG)
ectopic pregnancy and 30, 32–33, 33, 34, 37–38, 39
Beta-blockers 71, 73
Bethesda classification, of cervical cytology 100, 101
Bipolar resectoscopes 25
Bladder pain syndrome (BPS) 4–5
American Association of Urology (AUA) on 5
classification of 5, 5
cystoscopy in, role of 5, 5–6
International Society for the Study of 5
prevalence of 5
BPS see Bladder pain syndrome (BPS)
BRCA1 77, 78
BRCA2 77, 78
BRCA testing, in cancer patients 79
Breast cancer 77 see also Breast cancer susceptibility genes
asymptomatic carriers in, management of 82
BRCA mutation and 78–79
BRCA-related 79
genes with risk of 77–78
hormone replacement treatment in 84
mammographic screening for 82
MRI as screening tool for 82
predictive testing 82
pregnancy and 84
risk reducing surgery in carriers with 84
Breast cancer susceptibility genes
BRCA1 77, 78
BRCA2 77, 78
and endometrial cancer 86
mutations in 77–79
predictive testing 82
preimplantation genetic diagnosis 85–86
testing in cancer patients 79
Bromocriptine 72
C
Cardiac disease, in pregnancy 65
acute myocardial infarction 69–71, 70, 71
cardiovascular changes and 66
congenital heart disease 66–69, 68
maternal death rates 65, 66
peripartum cardiomyopathy 71–73, 72
pre-pregnancy counselling 66
Cardiac enzymes 69
Cardiac output (CO) 66
Cervarix 112
Cervical cancer 99
cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 100, 101, 102
cytology in, use of 99–100, 100
human papillomavirus and (see Human papillomavirus (HPV))
screening for 102–103
squamous intraepithelial lesion 101
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 100
CIN1 101
CIN2 101
CIN3 102
Cervista HPV HR 105
Cervista HPV 16/18 test 105
Child health and nutrition research initiative (CHNRI) 58
Chronic pelvic pain (CPP) 1
definition of 1
gynaecological causes of 2, 2
laparoscopy in, role of 2, 2–4
non-gynaecological causes of 2
prevalence of 1–2
Chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS) 4
CIN see Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)
Clopidogrel 71
Cobas 4800 HPV 105, 106
Colposcopy 102–103
Combined oral contraceptive pill (COC) 84
Congenital heart disease (CHD), in pregnancy 66–69, 68
Corticosteroids, use of, during ART 133–134
CPP see Chronic pelvic pain (CPP)
Cyanosis 66
Cystoscopy
in bladder pain syndrome 5, 5–6
uncertainties of 6
D
Digene Hybrid Capture 2 (HC2) 105
Digital analysis of selected regions (DANSR) technique 46–47
Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) 20, 22
Dyskaryosis 100
E
ECLIPSE study 24
Ectopic pregnancy 29–30
biochemistry in diagnosis of 32–33, 33, 34
clinical diagnosis of 30
definition of 29
expectant management of 36–38, 37
in fallopian tube 29
incidence of 29
management of, overview of 39
medical treatment for 35–36
operative procedure for diagnosis of 33–34
surgical treatment for 34–35
ultrasound diagnosis of 30–32, 31
Egg donation (ED) 87, 88 see also In vitro fertilisation with egg donation
Eicosanoids 117, 118
arachidonic acid-derived 117, 118
biological functionality 121
biosynthesis and regulation 117–121
diagnostic ability of 123–125, 124, 125
endocannabinoid converter 117–120, 118, 119
in labour onset 122–123
low/no FAAH and 122
miscarriage and 121
and preterm labour 127
Electrocardiogram (ECG) 69, 70
Endometrial ablation, in heavy menstrual bleeding 25
Endometrial biopsy (EB) 20, 21, 133
Endometrial cancer 85
and heavy menstrual bleeding 20
Endometrial hyperplasia, and heavy menstrual bleeding 20
Endometrial polyps, and heavy menstrual bleeding 20
Endometriosis 3
and chronic pelvic pain 2
laparoscopy in, role of 2, 3
Enhanced recovery (ER) 9
discharge criteria 13
elements of 11
evidence to benefits of 14
future developments 14
and gynaecology 10
implementation of 14
non-surgical intervention in 11
patient feedback on 13
postoperative 13
primary care in 10
principles of 10–13
quality and cost of 13
secondary care in 10–11
surgical and anaesthetic intervention in 11–12
Enhanced recovery partnership programme 9
ER see Enhanced recovery (ER)
F
FAAH see Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH)
Familial breast/ovarian cancer syndrome 77–79, 78
Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) 117, 122, 126
Fetal aneuploidy, non-invasive prenatal testing for 44–48, 45
clinical use of 47–48
fetal cfDNA enrichment 44–45
and intellectual property issues 47
massively parallel sequencing 45
shotgun MPS approach 45–46
targeted MPS approach 46, 46–47
Fetal cell-free DNA (cfDNA) 42 see also Prenatal testing, non-invasive
Fetal growth restriction (FGR), and stillbirth 56, 59, 60, 61
Fetal sex determination 42–43
Fibroids 2
G
Gardasil 112
GnRH see Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Goal directed fluid therapy (GDFT) 12
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) 132
kisspeptins and 140–145 (see also Kisspeptins)
Growth hormone (GH), use of, on IVF patients 131–132
H
Heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) 19
causes of 20, 20
cost-effectiveness of diagnosis in 22–24
definition of 19–20
endometrial ablation 25
hysterectomy for 25–26
hysteroscopic surgery for 24–25
medical treatment of 24
tests for diagnosis of 20–22, 21
training programmes and 24
Heparin, use of, in ART patients 132–133
HMB see Heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB)
Hormone replacement treatment (HRT) 84
HPV see Human papillomavirus (HPV)
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) 147
Human papillomavirus (HPV) 103
aetiological factors associated with 104–105, 105
ARTISTIC trial 109
ASCUS/LSIL triage study 106–107
and cervical cancer, development of 104, 104
emerging markers for 111
genotyping 111
and glandular abnormalities 110–111
and men 105
prevalence of 103, 103
as primary screening test for cervical cancer 106, 107
in resolution of uncertainties 110
self-sampling testing 111
sentinel site project 109–110
subtypes and pathogenesis 103
techniques for detection of 105–106
as test of cure post treatment 110
therapeutic vaccination 112
triage 106–110, 108
vaccination 112
Hunner's ulcers 5
Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism 143
Hysterectomy 10
in heavy menstrual bleeding 25–26
Hysteroscopic myomectomy 25
Hysteroscopic surgery, in heavy menstrual bleeding 24–25
I
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) 88, 94
Intralipid, in ART patients 134
Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), in ART patients 134
In vitro fertilisation (IVF) 69, 87
with egg donation (ED) 87–96 (see also In vitro fertilisation with egg donation)
In vitro fertilisation with egg donation 87–88
early pregnancy in 93
ethical issues in 96
first trimester in 93–94
indications for 88–90, 89
maternal age and 90
postnatal thromboprophylaxis 95–96
pregnancy outcomes in 91–92
pregnancy with, considerations in 90–91
pre-pregnancy counselling and medical evaluation 88, 92–93
screening prior to 90
second trimester in 94
single embryo transfer 93
technique of 88
third trimester in 95
women with Turner's syndrome and 90–91
IVF see In vitro fertilisation (IVF)
K
Kick-counting, use of 59
KISS1 (kisspeptin gene) 139 see also Kisspeptins
Kisspeptin neurones 140
Kisspeptin receptor (KISS1R) 139
Kisspeptin receptor antagonist 147
Kisspeptins 139–140
adulthood and 141–143
clinical uses of 145, 147
and gonadotrophin-releasing hormone 140–145
hyperprolactinaemia and 143
lactation and 143
pituitary gonadotrophs, hormonal regulation of 145, 146
postmenopausal women and 144–145
puberty and 140–141
undernutrition and overnutrition and 143–144
Kleihauer test 57
L
Laparoscopy, for ectopic pregnancy 34–35
Laparoscopy, in chronic pelvic pain 2, 2–4 see also Chronic pelvic pain (CPP)
benefits of 2, 2–3
uncertainties of 4
Leptin 143–144
Letrozole 132
Levonorgesterol-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) 21, 22, 24
Liquid based cytology (LBC) 99–100
Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) 93
use of, in ART patients 132–133
M
Marfan syndrome (MFS), in pregnancy 73
Massively parallel sequencing (MPS) approaches 45–47
Metal stents 71
Methotrexate, for ectopic pregnancy 35–36
MI see Myocardial infarction (MI)
Morcellators 25
Mothers and babies: reducing risk through audits and confidential enquiries (MBRRACE) collaboration 56, 61
Myocardial infarction (MI) 69–71, 70, 71
N
Nucleic acid amplification techniques (NATs) 105
O
Olaparib 81–82
Outpatient hysteroscopy (OPH), for uterine pathology 21
Ovarian cancer 77 see also Breast cancer; Breast cancer susceptibility genes
BRCA1/2-deficient 80
BRCA mutation and 80
chemotherapy for 80
combined oral contraceptive pill and 84
poly ADP-ribose polymerase inhibitors for 80–82, 81
pregnancy and 84
risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy in 83
risk reducing surgery in carriers with 84
screening for 83
Ovarian cancer cluster region (OCCR) 78
Ovarian cysts 2
Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) 147
P
PAH see Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)
Papanicolaou (Pap) smear 99
Pelvic congestion syndrome 2
Pelvic inflammatory disease 2
Pelvic pain, chronic see Chronic pelvic pain (CPP)
Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) 71
Perinatal audit
definition of 56
role of, in stillbirth prevention 56–57
Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) 71–73, 72
PGD see Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)
PGs see Prostaglandins (PGs)
Physiological cardiac hypertrophy 66
Pituitary gonadotrophs, hormonal regulation of 145, 146
Placental mosaicism 47
Platinum-based chemotherapy
for BRCA-mutant breast cancer 79
for epithelial ovarian cancer 80
Poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors 80–82, 81
PPCM see Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM)
Pre-eclampsia, risk of, in IVF-ED pregnancies 92, 93, 95
Pregnancy of unknown location (PUL) 32–33, 33, 34, 36
Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) 84–85
Prenatal testing, non-invasive 41–42
aneuploidy detection 44–48
ethical considerations in 49
fetal cell-free DNA (cfDNA) and 42
fetal sex determination 42–43
rhesus determination 43–44
of single gene disorders 48
Progesterone 33
16 kDa prolactin (16-kDa PRL) 71–72
Prolactin and kisspeptin, relationship between 143
Prostacyclin synthase (PGES) 119
and cyclo-oxygenase-2 120
and thromboxane synthase (TXAS) 120–121
Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) 121
Prostaglandin F2 alpha synthase (PGFS) 120
Prostaglandin H synthase (PGHS) 117, 118, 127
Prostaglandin I2 (PGI2) 120–121
Prostaglandins (PGs) 119, 122–123, 126 see also Eicosanoids
Puberty, kisspeptins and 140–141
PUL see Pregnancy of unknown location (PUL)
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)
causes of 74
definition of 73
management of 74
in pregnancy 73–74
Q
Qiagen hybrid capture II 105
R
Raloxifene 83
Rectus sheath catheters 13
Reduced fetal movements (RFM), and stillbirth 58, 61
Relative mutation dosage (RMD) 48
Rhesus determination 43–44
Risk reducing bilateral mastectomy (RRBM) 83–84
Risk-reducting salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO) 83
RRBM see Risk reducing bilateral mastectomy (RRBM)
RRSO see Risk-reducting salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO)
S
Saline infusion ultrasound, for uterine pathology 21
Salpingectomy, for tubal ectopic pregnancy 35
Salpingotomy, for ectopic pregnancy 35
Selective oestrogen receptor modulators (SERM) 83
Sildafenil 74
Single embryo transfer (SET) 93
Single gene disorders, non-invasive prenatal diagnosis for 48
Stillbirth 53
antenatal care and 60–61
causes of 53
challenges in prevention of 55–59
definition of 53
fetal growth restriction and 61
impact of 54–55
perinatal audit in, role of 56–57
preconception care and 60
prevention of 55, 59–61, 60
rate of 53–54, 54
reduced fetal movements and 61
research on, role of 57–59
science of implementing change and 59
smoking and 61
SurePath 100
T
TAK-448 (kisspeptin receptor analogue) 147
Tamoxifen 83
ThinPrep 100
Thrombolytic therapy 71
Total vascular resistance (TVR) 66
Transvaginal ultrasound (TVS)
for ectopic pregnancy 29, 30
for uterine pathology 21
‘Trial embryo transfer’ 133
Triple negative tumours 78
TS see Turner's syndrome (TS)
Turner's syndrome (TS) 90–91
TVS see Transvaginal ultrasound (TVS)
U
Ulipristal acetate 24
Ultrasound, for ectopic pregnancy 30–32, 31
Uterine fibroids, and heavy menstrual bleeding 20
Uterine relaxing agents 133
V
Valvular egurgitation 66
Vasodilators, use of 133
Venous thromboembolism (VTE), risk of, in ART 93–94
W
Warfarin 96
×
Chapter Notes

Save Clear