A
advanced trauma life support (ATLS) system 63
haemorrhage control, techniques of 64
haemostatic resuscitation 64
National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death (NCEPOD) report 63
Abdominal tourniquets 315
CT scan 2
damage control laparotomy 4
diagnostic laparoscopy 4
diaphragmatic injuries 1
focus abdominal sonography for trauma (FAST) scan 2
hollow viscus injury 1
plain radiographs 2
solid organ injury 1
Achilles tendon rupture 78
Acinetobacter baumannii 27
alveolar damage and 9
Berlin criteria 9
nonpulmonary risk factors 10
nonventilatory strategies 11
pulmonary infiltrates in 9
pulmonary risk factors 10
rescue therapies 11
sepsis-related 9
trauma-related 9
ventilatory strategies 10
Aeromonas hydrophila 26
Aldosterone 183
Amitriptyline 240
Anaesthesia 16
environmental factors 16
induction 17
maintenance 18
patient factors 16
rapid sequence induction (RSI) of 16
spinal and epidural anaesthesia 20
ankle joint anatomy 22
eponymous fracture types 24
nonoperative management 24
operative management 24
Salter–Harris classification 22
Ankle sprains 25
anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) and 25
calcaneofibular ligament (CFL) and 25
Ottawa rules 25
Anterior cruciate ligament rupture 78
Antimicrobial prophylaxis 186
Aspirin 30
Avulsed teeth 181
B
Ballistic injuries 1 see also Abdominal trauma
injury pattern of obese patients 35
insulin resistance in obese patients 35
practicalities of management 36
surgical considerations 36
thromboelastography/rotation thromboelastometry (TEG/ROTEM) 35
Beck's triad 261
β-haemolytic streptococci 26
Birth-related bony injuries 202
Bisphosphonates 112
Bladder and urethra injury see Genitourinary trauma
fixation of fractures 41
infection, prevention of 41
lung protective ventilation 41
secondary blast injuries 39
tertiary blast injuries 39
tympanic membrane rupture 39
Bony injuries 75
Bosworth fracture 24
Boxer's fracture 123
axonal cell death 50
chest radiograph 51
CT scan 51
lower brachial plexus (infraclavicular) 50
MRI of cervical spine and brachial plexus 51
nerve compression 50
nerve exploration and decompression 52
nerve grafting 52
nerve laceration 50
nerve transfer surgery 52
neurological examination 51
neurophysiological tests 51
traction injury 50
upper brachial plexus (supraclavicular) 50
Bupivacaine 20
burn depth, assessment of 60
burn shock 58
burn wound and systemic effects 58
chemical burns 61
deep partial-thickness burns 60
dressings 61
electrical burns 61
fluid requirements 60
full-thickness burns 60
Lund and Browder chart 60
monitoring 61
primary survey 59
superficial partial-thickness burns 60
total body surface area (TBSA) 58
C
complications 101
extra-articular fractures 101
intra-articular fractures 101
percutaneous fixation with screws 101
X-ray 100
Caloric reflex test 56
Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae 27
haemorrhagic shock 45
operative repair 47
pericardial tamponade 45
portable chest radiograph (CXR) 46
postpericardiotomy syndrome 47
sudden cardiovascular collapse 46
ultrasound and CT scanning 46
Carpal dislocation 325, 326
Catecholamines 183
Central cord syndrome 274
Central slip injury 123
autonomic function, loss of 67
complete and incomplete lesions 67
computerised tomography 69
conscious patient 66
Glasgow coma score (GCS) and 66
MRI 69
neurogenic shock 67
neurological damage 66
NEXUS (National Emergency X-ray Utilization Study) 68
paediatric considerations 69
plain radiographs 69
proprioception 67
spinal immobilisation 66
spinal shock 67
unconscious patient 66
biological agents 71
casualty management, principles of 72
chemical agents 71
clean (cold) zone 73
combined injuries, management of 73
exclusion zone 72
hot zone 72
nuclear weapons 71
radiological agents 71
triage categories 73
warm zone 72
Chen test 77
Circumferential binders 315
Clavicular fractures 202
Clindamycin 28
Clonidine 184
Clopidogrel 30
Clostridium tetani 26
Codeine 19
crystalloids and 157
current position of 157
ideal resuscitation fluid 158
natural 157
semisynthetic 157
delta-P and 81
endogenous causes 80
exogenous causes 80
irreversible changes in muscle 80
measurements of compartment pressure 81
muscle ischaemia in 80
split skin grafting 81
intracranial haemorrhage 136
liver and kidney trauma 136
pelvic trauma 135
soft tissue trauma 136
vascular trauma 136
whole-body CT (WBCT) 136
Contusions 191
Cortisol 183
Cushing's reflex 193
Cytokines 58
D
Damage-associated molecular patterns (DMAPs) 279
Damage control laparotomy (DCL) 4
indications for surgery 84
intensive care management 84
return to theatre 85
stages of damage control 83
Damage control surgery (DCS) 170
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) 30
Delphi Medical Tourniquet 308
Desmopressin acetate (DDAVP) 56
Diabetes insipidus (DI) 55
Diffuse axonal injury 191
Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACS) 29
Distal humerus, fractures of 88
Distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ) 123
Donation after cardiac death (DCD) 54
Donation after circulatory determination of death (DCDD) 54
Dressings, haemorrhage control 64
Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan 112
E
ellaOne 258
Emergency Medical Tourniquet 308
Epidural anaesthesia 184
Epiphyseal injuries 325, 326
Erb's palsy 202
Escherichia coli 27
Etomidate 17
Extensor tendons 123
External genitalia, injuries to see Genitourinary trauma
Extracorporeal gas exchange devices 11
Extradural haemorrhage 191
F
arterial blood gas analysis 97
bronchoalveolar lavage 97
chest radiograph 97
CT of chest 97
mechanical theory 96
metabolic theory 96
minor features 97
MRI of brain 97
neurological features 97
petechial rash 97
prevention 97
ventilation/perfusion scans 97
Femoral diaphyseal fractures 203
Fentanyl 19
Fibrinogen 237
Flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) tendons 122
Flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) tendons 122
Flexor pollicis longus (FPL) tendon 123
biochemical markers 7
classification system 7
clinical examination 6
CT scan 7
delayed union 6
dietary insufficiency and 8
dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan 7
fracture nonunion 6
nailing for nonunion 8
smoking and 8
nutrition and bone loss 110
postmenopausal bone loss 110
prevention 112
risk assessment tool 112
vertebral fractures 112
Freeze dried plasma (FDP) 237 see also Lyophilised plasma
G
Gas gangrene 26
Gelfoam 140
Gentamicin 28
Glucagon 183
Glutamine 209
Growth hormone 183
extremity injuries 120
haemorrhagic shock 119
high-and low-energy gunshot wounds 120
neurovascular injury 120
penetrating abdominal injuries 120
surgical management 120
Gut organisms 26
H
Haemostatic packing-gauzes 64
Haemostatic resuscitation (HR) 64
cutaneous nerves in hand 124
dislocations 123
fight-bites 124
lacerations 122
nail bed injuries 123
replantation of digits 125
ultrasonography 122
volar plate injuries 123
Harris-Benedict equation 209
HemCon 64
clinical course after injury 127
digital amputation 128
injected substances 126
tissue dispersal 126
Hill–Sachs lesion 76
Horner's sign 51
Horner's syndrome 202
Hyperchloraemic acidosis 161
Hyperglycaemia 183
Hyphaema 212
I
Imaging, in trauma
Inferior vena cava (IVC) filters 30
International normalised ratio (INR) 29
Intracerebral haemorrhage 191
K
Kaolin 293
Kirschner (K) wire fixation, Colles’ fracture 323
Klebsiella spp. 27
Klumpke's paralysis 202
L
Lachman's test 78
Lactated Ringer's solution 161
clinical assessment and patient identification 169
damage control (DC) approach 170
hypothermia, acidosis and coagulopathy 168
Levonelle 258
Ligament of Treitz 1
Lignocaine 20
Limbal ischaemia 213
Liposomal amphotericin B 27
classification 104
CT scan and MRI 104
mechanisms of injury 103
post-traumatic arthrosis 104
radiological findings 104
aetiological classification 171
closed 171
configurations and directions of fracture fragments 171
displaced 171
fracture healing 172
maintenance of reduction 172
open 171
reduction of fracture 172
rehabilitation 172
undisplaced 171
Low-molecular weight heparin (LMWH) 30
Lung recruitment manoeuvres 56
Lyophilised/freeze-dried plasma 44
M
central nervous system, imaging of 142
image production 141
musculoskeletal imaging 142
safety during 141
severely injured patient, use in 142
Mallet deformity 123
cervical spine injury 180
frontal bone and base of skull 180
primary survey and 179
secondary survey and 179
zygoma and orbits, fracture of 180
Medial epicondylar fractures 87
cellular metabolism and systemic inflammatory response syndrome 183
fluid and electrolytes 183
lipolysis 183
proteolysis 183
response modification 184
Metacarpophalangeal joint (MCPJ) 123
Metatarsal fractures 105
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) 27
Methyl prednisolone 57
Metronidazole 28
Midtarsal joint (Chopart's joint) 105
Mirtazapine 240
CT head scan 193
extradural haematoma, craniotomy and evacuation for 193
goal-directed approach for 194
intra-axial primary brain injuries 191
intracranial haemorrhages 191
primary brain injury 191
subdural haematoma, craniotomy and evacuation for 193
tonsillar herniation 193
Trauma Audit and Research Network (TARN) data 191
Monroe-Kellie doctrine 192
Morphine 19
N
Navicular stress fractures 104
in compartment syndrome 200
Nitric oxide, inhaled 11
multidisciplinary team for 205
patterns of injury 206
physical examination signs 206
processes for raising concern 206
risk factors 206
Noncompressible torso haemorrhage (NCTH) 248
Nonunion of fracture see Fracture healing, abnormal
Normal saline (NS) 161
O
Oestrogen replacement therapy 110
acute visual loss 213
anterior chamber 212
bulging eye 212
chemical burns 213
conjunctiva 212
cornea, assessment of 212
eyelids 211
face examination 211
globe 212
lens 212
ocular blast injury 214
ocular burns 212
ocular/periocular foreign bodies 213
orbital blow-out fractures 213
pupils 212
retina 212
retrobulbar haemorrhage 214
sunken eye 212
symptoms 211
vitreous 212
Opiates, for pain relief 19
Osteogenesis imperfecta 221
Osteomyelitis, post-traumatic 26
Osteopenia of prematurity 203
P
Paget's disease 221
Panton-Valentine leukocidin MRSA 27
Paracetamol 19
Parkland Formula 209
Paroxetine 240
Pasteurella multocida 27
sites 219
acetabular fractures 224
emergency assessment and management 224
external fixation 225
open reduction and internal fixation 226
pelvic anatomy and pathology 222
percutaneous fixation 225
plain radiographs 225
trauma CT 225
conduction block 230
demyelination 230
electromyography 232
initial assessment 231
Medical Research Council (MRC) grading of muscle power 231
nerve conduction studies 231
nerve degeneration 230
pathological mechanisms 230
prognosis 232
related anatomy 230
repair and nerve grafting 232
Seddon and Sunderland classification 231
surgical exploration 232
Personal protective equipment (PPE) 72
Phalangeal fractures 105
Phenelzine 240
Pilon fracture 24
Plasma-Lyte solution (PL) 161
Posaconazole 27
Prasugrel 30
airway 233
chest/pelvic X-rays 234
circulation 234
external inspection 234
fetal assessment 234
fetal death 235
fetomaternal haemorrhage 235
Kleihauer test 234
penetrating injury to uterus 235
placental abruption 234
premature labour 235
resuscitative hysterectomy 234
cold whole blood (CWB) 237
dried blood products 237
remote damage control resuscitation (RDCR) 236
whole blood 237
Prilocaine 20
Propofol 17
Prothrombin time ratios (PTr) 318
Proximal humeral nails 266
Proximal interphalangeal joints (PIPJs) 122
Psychological first aid (PFA) 240
Pulmonary embolism (PE) 30
Pupillary red reflex 212
R
Radiological hazards 71
Raloxifene 112
core rehabilitation team 246
early trauma rehabilitation 246
outcome measurement 247
recovery, re-enablement and 245
rehabilitation medicine 244
Remifentanil 19
Renal injury see Genitourinary trauma
adverse consequences 249
aorta functional zones 249
to control haemorrhage 248
placement of REBOA device 249
plain X-ray 249
Resuscitative thoracotomy (RT) 248
Ringer lactate 60
Ropivacaine 20
S
Salter–Harris fractures 76
Seatbelt-induced abdominal injuries 1
assault by penetration 258
consent 258
genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinic 259
initial management 257
physical injuries after sexual assault 257
rape 258
sexual assault 258
arterial blood gas chemistry 261
cellular pathway in 260
CT scan 262
general findings 260
hypoxia, treatment of 262
physiological observations 261
primary survey 262
Slipped capital femoral epiphysis 78
0.9% Sodium chloride 42
Soft tissue injuries 78
approach to knee pain by location 270
American Spinal Injuries Association (ASIA) assessment tool 273
MRI in 274
neurological examination 273
spinal immobilisation 274
conservative therapy 152
CT and MRI 151
immobilisation of spinal column 150
neurological examination 151
signs of 151
Trauma Audit and Research Network (TARN) data 150
X-ray 151
airway maintenance with C-spine protection 147
ATMIST (mnemonic) 149
catastrophic haemorrhage control 147
circulation with haemorrhage control 148
emergency action planning 147
exposure and environment control 148
medical equipment 149
musculoskeletal trauma 149
neurological status, assessment of 148
resuscitation 148
secondary survey 148
spinal injuries 149
Stab wound 1 see also Abdominal trauma
Staphylococcus aureus 26
Stent grafting 140
Subconjunctival foreign bodies 213
Subdural haemorrhage 191
Super-obesity 36
pink pulseless hand, management of 87
Suxamethonium 17
T
avascular necrosis 100
Hawkins’ classification 99
malunion 100
talar dome fractures 100
talar head fractures 99
Tarsometatarsal joint injuries see Lisfranc injuries
Teicoplanin 28
Teriparatide 112
airway 283
breathing 283
circulation 283
controversies 282
disability 283
exposure 283
National Peer Review Programme for Trauma standard 282
psychological aspects 283
radiological 282
Tetanus prophylaxis, for bite wounds 132
Tetanus vaccine 26
major haemorrhage and 286
Thiopentone 17
Thompson calf squeeze test 78
alveoli rupture 288
and atelectasis 291
and bronchopleural fistula 291
chest X ray 289
and chylothorax 291
and empyema 291
Focused abdominal sonography for trauma (FAST) 289
nonoperative treatment 290
operative management 290
and pneumonia 291
pulmonary contusions 288
Chitosan-based dressings 293
clotting factor-based dressings 293
ideal haemostatic dressing 292
in surgery 293
Tramadol 19
Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) 177
Trauma Risk Management (TRiM) 240
M statistic 306
relationship between RTS and survival 304
revised trauma score (RTS) 304
trauma score ISS (TRISS) methodology 306
triage RTS (TRTS) 304
weighting coefficient 304
W statistic 307
Z statistic 306
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) 188
CT head scanning 189
educational support 189
MRI 189
neuropsychological assessment 189
pathophysiology 188
physical and cognitive rest 189
sequelae following 189
blood product resuscitation 302
emergency ultrasonography 302
horizontal resuscitation 301
irreversible causes 302
markers of low cardiac output state 302
postresuscitation care 302
prehospital management 301
reversible causes 302
Traumatic subarachnoid haemorrhage 191
British Association for Immediate Care (BASIC) card 314
Medical Emergency Triage Tag (METTAG) card 314
triage labelling 314
Triplane fracture 24
U
Ulnar collateral ligament rupture 78
Ureteric injury see Genitourinary trauma
V
Venous thromboembolism (VTE), after trauma 30
Ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) 10
Video-assisted thorascopic surgery (VATS) 290
Vitamin K 29