Recent Advances in Cardiology 17 Derek Rowlands, Bernard Clarke
INDEX
ABCDEFGHIJLMNOPQRSTUVW
Note: Page numbers in bold or italic refer to tables or figures, respectively.
A
Accucinch annuloplasty system 82, 84, 84
Acurate TA 77, 80
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI), diagnosis of 49 see also Cardiac biomarkers
AEDs see Automatic external defibrillators (AEDs)
Airway devices, supraglottic 38, 38
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) 49
Aminoglycosides 124
Amiodarone 41
Antiretroviral therapy and coronary heart disease risk 67–68, 68 see also HIV-associated coronary heart disease
Aortic regurgitation, transcatheter therapy for 80
Aortic stenosis (AS), in elderly patients 91, 91–93
CT calcium scoring of aortic valve 95
diastolic dysfunction and 96
left ventricular hypertrophy and 96
LV systolic dysfunction and 96
procedural risk 97–98
sAVR vs. TAVI 96–97
Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) score and 96–97
spiralling adverse effects of 95–96
subendocardial ischaemia and 96
and surgical aortic valve replacement (sAVR) 91–92, 92
and transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) 91–93 , 92, 93, 98
valve stress echo, role of 94–95
valvular assessment and echocardiographic
surveillance 93–95 , 94
valvular calcification and 96
Aortic stenosis, percutaneous valve interventions in 75–80 , 77
Acurate TA 80
CoreValve Evolut R 78, 78
Direct Flow valve 79
Engager 80
JenaValve 79
Lotus valve 78, 79
Sapien XT prosthesis 76–78 , 77
Arginine vasopressin (AVP) 59
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) 17
ECG in 18, 19
prevalence and genetics of 17
risk factor stratification in 18
sudden cardiac death in 18
Ataluren (PTC124) 124
Athletes, sudden cardiac death in 29 see also
Sudden/unexpected cardiac death, in young adults
ECG in athletes 30, 32
incidence and aetiology of 29–30
screening of athletes 30
Automatic external defibrillators (AEDs) 36, 36, 45
see also Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA)
Autophagy 125
B
Beta-blockers 41
in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction 106, 110
Bicycle exercise stress echocardiogram 95
Biomarkers see Cardiac biomarkers
BMPR-II see Bone morphogenetic protein type II
receptor (BMPR-II)
Bone morphogenetic protein type II receptor
(BMPR-II) 117–118 see also Pulmonary arterial
hypertension (PAH)
Brugada syndrome (BrS) 23
diagnosis of 23–24
ECG in 24, 24–25 , 25
prevalence and genetics of 23
risk stratification in 26
C
Cardiac biomarkers 49, 59–60
cardiac troponin assay, for acute myocardial infarction diagnosis 49–50
CK-MB and myoglobin 58–59
clinical decision rules 54–56 , 54–56
copeptin 59
future directions 60
heart-type fatty acid binding protein 59
high-sensitivity troponin assays 51–58
history of 49–50
limit of blank 52
limit of detection 52
limit of quantification 52
lower diagnostic cut-off for AMI 50–51
troponin blindness and early ‘rule out’ strategies 52–56
troponin elevation, causes of 57, 57–58
troponin invisibility and unstable angina 56
type 1 AMI and type 2 AMI 58
Cardiac resynchronisation therapy (CRT) 110–111
CardiAQ prosthesis 82, 85
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) 35 see also
Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA)
CARILLON mitral contour system 82, 83
Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular
tachycardia (CVPT) 26
ECG in 26, 27
prevalence and genetics of 26
risk stratification in 26
Caveolin-1 119
Cerebellin-2 119
Cerebral Performance Category (CPC) scale 43, 44
Chemical chaperones 123
Chloroquine 125
Clinical decision rules 54–56
Coefficient of variation (CV) 51
Computerised tomography (CT), of brain 43
Concanamycin A (Con-A) 125
Congenital coronary artery anomalies (CAAs) 15, 29
Copeptin 59
CoreValve Evolut R 77, 78, 78
Coronary disease, in South Asians 1
biological factors for 7–8
coronary mortality by ethnicity 1–2 , 2, 2, 3
incidence and prognosis, comparison of 4–7 , 5, 6
incidence of 3
inequality in coronary health, interventions for 3
mortality ratios by sex and country of birth, UK 1, 2
prognosis of 4
social factors for 8–10
and white populations, comparison of 4–7 , 5, 6
Coronary heart disease (CHD), in HIV-infected
patients 63 see also HIV-associated coronary heart disease
CPR see Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
Creatine kinase (CK) 49
MB fraction of CK (CK-MB) 49
CRT see Cardiac resynchronisation therapy (CRT)
CVPT see Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular
tachycardia (CVPT)
D
Diabetes, in South Asian populations 2, 7
Diastolic heart failure 101
Digoxin, in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction 106, 110
Dilated cardiomyopathy, sudden cardiac death in 29
Direct Flow valve 77, 79
Dobutamine 40, 105
Dobutamine stress echo 94–95
Double-orifice technique, for mitral valve repair 82
E
Edwards Lifesciences FORTIS valve 85
Edwards Lifescience transcatheter heart valves 76–78 , 77, 77
Electrical syndromes, sudden cardiac death in 18
Brugada syndrome (BrS) 23–26
catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) 26
inherited long QT syndromes (LQTS) 18, 20–23
short QT syndromes (SQTS) 23
Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome (WPW) 26–29
Electroencephalography (EEG) 43
Endothelin-1 117
Endothelin receptor antagonists 117
Engager 77, 80
Enoximone 40
F
Framingham risk score 68
G
Glycerol 123
H
HCM see Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) 101
clinical trials of pharmacotherapy for 107–109
device therapy and arrhythmias in 110–111
diagnosis of 105
diastolic dysfunction in 102–103
and diastolic heart failure 101
epidemiology of 101–102
hypertension and 102
mortality and outcomes of 104–105
in obese patients 102
pathophysiology of 102–104 , 103, 104
preserved ejection fraction, definition of 101
systolic dysfunction in 103
treatment of 106–110 , 107–109
in women 102
Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) 101
HEART score 55 , 55
Heart-type fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP) 59
Hereditary haemorrhagic telangectasia (HHT) 118–119
HFpEF see Heart failure with preserved ejection
fraction (HFpEF)
HHT see Hereditary haemorrhagic telangectasia (HHT)
HIV-associated coronary heart disease 63
antiretroviral therapy and 67–68 , 68, 69–70
arterial inflammation and 66
arterial stiffness and 67
CHD risk assessment 68–69
cholesterol and statin therapy in 70–71
coronary atherosclerosis and 66
endothelial dysfunction and 66–67
epidemiology of 63–65 , 64
evaluation and management of 68–71
HIV–hepatitis co-infection and 64
HIV replication and inflammation and 65
immune dysfunction and 65–66
pathophysiology of 65–68 , 69
platelet activity in patients 67
prevention of 69–71
in resource-limited settings 64–65
risk among women 64
risk factors for 65
Hydroxychloroquine 125–126
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) 16
ECG in 16, 17
prevalence and genetics 16
risk factor stratification in 17
sudden cardiac death in 16
I
ICD see Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)
iCoapsys system 82, 85
Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) 110–111
Inappropriate sinus tachycardia (IST) 131
autonomic denervation for 136–137
β-adrenergic blockade for 135
calcium channel blockade for 135
causes of 131
clinical presentation 132
conservative management 135
definition of 131
epidemiology of 132
evaluation of 134
ivabradine for 135–136
management of 134–138
mechanisms of 133, 133–134
sinus node catheter ablation for 137
sinus node surgical ablation for 138
Inotropes, in cardiogenic shock 40
Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation therapy (IABP) 40
Irbesartan 106
IST see Inappropriate sinus tachycardia (IST)
Ivabradine 110, 135–136
J
JenaValve 77, 79
Jervell and Lange–Nielsen syndrome 22–23
L
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) 49
Leaflet plication 82, 82–83 , 83
Leaflet space occupier 82, 83
Levosimendan 40
Long QT syndromes (LQTS) 18
ECG in 20, 21
normal limits for QTc21–22 , 22
prevalence and genetics of 20
QT interval measurement 20
rate correction of measured QT intervals 20
risk stratification in 22
syncope and sudden cardiac death in 20
Lotus valve 77, 78, 79
LQTS see Long QT syndromes (LQTS)
M
Manchester Acute Coronary Syndromes (MACS) rule
55–56 , 56
Melody transcatheter pulmonary valve 85 , 86
Midazolam 42 , 43
Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) 106
MitraClip 82, 82–83 , 83
MitraFlex 82, 84
Mitralign device 82, 84
Mitral regurgitation (MR), transcatheter techniques
for 81–82 , 82
chordal implantation 82, 84
direct annuloplasty 82, 84, 84
indirect annuloplasty 82, 83–84
leaflet plication 82, 82–83 , 83
leaflet space occupier 82, 83
left ventricular remodelling 82, 84–85
percutaneous mitral valve implantation 82, 85
Mitral stenosis, percutaneous treatment for 81
Mitra-Spacer device 82, 83
MONARC 82, 83
Myocardial strain 103
N
Nebivolol 135
NeoChord 82, 84
Nitric oxide (NO) 117
Norepinephrine 40
O
OHCA see Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA)
Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) 35–36
adrenaline, use of 39
automatic external defibrillators, use of 36, 36, 45
cardiac causes of 39
cardiac massage and respiratory support 38–39
cardiopulmonary resuscitation in 35–39
cardiovascular management in ICU 40–41
Cerebral Performance Category (CPC) scale, for
neurological recovery assessment 43, 44
chain of survival concept 37, 37
compressions/circulation, airway, breathing (CAB) in 39
guidelines for 36–39
hospital management of 39–44
immediate care in hospital 39
intermediate, long-term care and prognostication 42–44
International Liaison Committee On Resuscitation
(ILCOR) recommendations 37 , 39
mild hypothermia after, use of 41
neurological considerations in ICU 41–42
outcome of 44–45 , 45
postcardiac arrest syndrome 39
respiratory support in ICU 42
resuscitation, history of 35
return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) after 39, 41
sedation in ICU 42
seizure activity following 43
Utstein style for out-of-hospital resuscitation 37
Oxygen therapy 42
P
PAH see Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)
PCI see Primary percutaneous intervention (PCI)
Percutaneous valve intervention 75
aortic regurgitation 80
aortic stenosis 75–80
failing bioprosthetic aortic valves 80–81
future perspective 87 , 87–88
Heart Team, importance of 86–87
imaging technology, advances in 86
mitral regurgitation 81–85
mitral stenosis 81
pulmonary valve 85 , 86
tricuspid valve 85–86
Perindopril 106
Phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitors 106, 117
Phospholipase A2 125
Postcardiac arrest syndrome 39
Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) 132 , 134
Propofol 42–43
Prostacyclin 117
Prostanoids 117
Protease inhibitors (PIs) 67
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) 115 , 115–116
BMPR2 gene therapy 126
BMPR-II agonists in, administration of 119–122
BMPR-II expression, enhancing of 124–126
BMPR2 mutations in 117–118
chemical chaperones for 123
classification of 115 , 116
endothelial cell apoptosis and 116–117
genetic basis of 117–119
inflammatory cytokines in, elevation of 117
nonsense mutations, suppression of 124
pathology of 116–117
and plexiform lesions 116
prevalence of 115
rescuing mutant BMPR-II receptor function 122–124
strategies for targeting BMPR-II deficiency in 119, 120
treatments of 117, 118
Pulmonary valve disease, transcatheter treatment of 85, 86
Purse-string effect 84
Q
QuantumCor 82, 84
R
ReCor 82, 84
Remifentanil 42
S
Seizures, after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest 43
Short QT syndromes (SQTS) 23
Sildenafil 106
Sinus tachycardia 131
inappropriate (see Inappropriate sinus tachycardia (IST))
Sodium 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PBA) 123
Statin therapy, in HIV-associated coronary heart disease 70–71
Sudden/unexpected cardiac death, in young adults 13
athletes, SCD in 29–31
conditions predisposing to 15
congenital artery anomalies and 29
dilated cardiomyopathy and 29
electrical syndromes and 18–29
incidence of 14
inheritable cardiomyopathies and 16–18
population burden of 14–15
related definitions 13–14
sudden cardiac death (SCD) 13
sudden unexpected cardiac death (SUCD) 13–14
T
Tacrolimus (FK506) 121–122
TAVI see Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) Thapsigargin 123
The Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) risk score 54, 54–55
Tilt-table test 134
Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) 76–81 , 91, 98 see also Aortic stenosis (AS), in elderly patients
Transcatheter intervention, for structural heart disease 75 see also Percutaneous valve intervention
Transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) 40
Treadmill test 134
Tricuspid valve disease, transcatheter treatment of 85–86
Troponin 50 see also Cardiac biomarkers
U
Utstein survival 37
V
Valve stress echo 94–95
Valvular heart disease, in elderly patients 91, 91
VenTouch system 82, 85
Verapamil 135
VIACOR percutaneous transvenous mitral annuloplasty device 83
W
Wolff–Parkinson–White (WPW) syndrome 26–27
ECG findings in ventricular pre-excitation 27–28
prevalence and genetics of 27
risk stratification in 28, 28–29
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