Key Clinical Topics in Ophthalmology Parham Azarbod, Professor Sir Peng Tee Khaw
INDEX
Note: Page numbers in bold or italic refer to tables or figures, respectively.
A
Ab interno canaloplasty 209
Abducens nerve palsy 98, 109
Aberrant regeneration 11
Aberrations 263
Abscess 111
ACAID see Anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (ACAID)
Acanthamoeba 76, 183
infection 181, 183
keratitis 76, 77, 182
Accommodative esotropia 137, 139
Acephalgic migraine 173
Acetazolamide 7, 8, 51, 163 see also Diamox
Acetylcholine receptors 212
antibodies 213
Achromatopsia 274
Acid burn 67
Acne rosacea 63
Acoustic neuroma 107
Acquired cataract
clinical evaluation of 46
risk factors for 43
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome 325
Acquired myogenic ptosis, causes of 36
Acquired nystagmus 223
etiological classification of 222
Acrochordon 19
Acrylic intraocular lenses (IOLs) 188
Actinomyces israelii 198
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) 237
Acute hydrops, treatment of 87
Acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy (APMPPE) 261, 372, 373
ADEM see Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)
Adequate immunosuppression treatment 129
Adie's pupil 11, 13
Aflibercept 4, 5, 119, 193, 194, see also Eylea
Age-Related Eye Disease Study 4
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) 15, 59, 193, 195, 365
Agranulocytosis 163
AION see Anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy (AION)
Alcohol 223
Alió-Shabayek classification 86
Alkali burn 67
Alkali burns 307
Allergic eye disease 134
Allergic keratitis 78
Allogeneic haemopoietic stem cell transplant surgery 122
Alpha agonists 163
Alphagan 163
Amblyopia 46, 139, 145, 314
risk of 18
Amelanotic iris naevus 341
Amelanotic lacunae 347
American Academy of Ophthalmology 117
Amikacin 52, 195
Amitriptyline 174
Amniotic membrane transplant 70
Amphetamines 6
Amphotericin B 195
Amsler sign 159
Amsler-Krumeich classification 86
Amsler-Krumeich keratoconus grading 86
Anaemia 219
Anaesthesia 312
Ancillary tests 106
Aneurysms 101
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 186, 373
Angle closure glaucoma 69, 58
acute 8, 10, 11, 43
angle imaging 7
medical treatment 8
Angle grading, shaffer system of 8
Aniridia 10
Anisocoria 1013
Anisometropia 205
Anterior capsular
contraction 53
Anterior cerebellar vermis, lesions of 223
Anterior chamber cells, sun classification for grading 15
Anterior chamber intraocular lens 188, 363
Anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (ACAID) 91
Anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy (AION) 156
Anterior subcapsular cataracts, causes of 45
Anterior synechiae 91
peripheral 161
Anterior uveitis 1416, 52, 135, 286 see also Anterior vitritis
Anticonvulsants 174, 223
Antihistamines 6
Antihypertensives 8
Antimicrobial therapies 196
Anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies 236
Anti-tumour necrosis factor 304
Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (ANTI-VEGF) 1, 193, 216, 333
Anti-VEGF see Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (Anti-VEGF)
Anxiety 163
Aphakia 169
Aphakic eyes 160
Aphakic glaucoma, postoperative 57
Aplastic anaemia 163
Apocrine glands 63 see also Moll glands
Apocrine hidrocystoma 19
Aponeurotic ptosis 35
Apraclonidine 13, 163
Aqueous shunt surgery 160
Aqueous-deficient dry eye 123
Arcuate fibres 251
Arcuate keratotomy 265
Arcuate superior defect 249
Argyll Robertson pupil 11
Arterial hypertension 290
Arteries 14, 288 see also Arthritis
Arthritis 14, 288
Artificial tear drops 123
A-scan technique 23, 24
Asthenopia 142 see also Reported diplopia
symptoms 138
Astigmatism 97, 190, 263
Atherosclerosis 109
Atopic dermatitis 43, 45
Atrophic round hole 254, 351
Autoantibodies 213
Autofluorescence 332
imaging 280
Autologous serum drops 123
Autosomal dominant
drusen 275
dystrophy 81
Avastin 4, 119, 194
Avellino dystrophy 81
Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome 10
Azathioprine 157
B
Background diabetic retinopathy (BDR) 117
Background retinopathy 118
Bacterial conjunctivitis 73
chronic 73
pathogens 73
Bacterial endophthalmitis 195
Bacterial infection, chronic low-grade 32
Bacterial keratitis 181, 182, 183
Barbiturate intoxication 223
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) 323
Basal epithelial cells 79
BDR see Background diabetic retinopathy (BDR)
Bear track peripheral degeneration 348
Behçet's disease 14, 261, 286, 288, 365
Bell's palsy 102
Bell's phenomenon 37, 111
Benedikt's syndrome 109
Benign episodic unilateral mydriasis (BEUM) 10, 11
Benign lid lesions 1721, 19
Benign tumours 17
Benzalkonium chloride 162
Berry aneurysms 11
Best disease 275, 275
Beta-blockers 160, 162, 174 see also Propranolol
Betaxolol 163
Bevacizumab 4, 19, 194 see also Avastin
Bietti crystalline chorioretinal dystrophy 273
Bilateral congenital cataract 55
Bilateral orbital venous drainage 40
Bilateral sticky eyelids 73
Bimatoprost 162
Binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy score 185
Binocular vision 140
loss of 137
Biometry
advance of 22
and lens implant power calculation 2228
Birdshot chorioretinopathy 2931, 261
Birdshot, indocyanine green of 30
Blepharitis 17, 3234, 33, 63, 128, 131 see also Rosacea
Blepharophimosis-ptosis-epicanthus-inversus syndrome 36
Blepharoptosis 3538
Blood dyscrasia 163
Blood testing 186, 243
Blowout fracture 108
B-mode
technique 24
ultrasonography 332
Bony facial canal 102
Botulinum toxin 139, 174
injection 35, 103, 139
Bowman's layer 80, 82
corneal dystrophies of 80
Bradycardia 163
Brain, computed tomography of 174
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor 298
Branch retinal artery occlusions (BRAO) 267
Branch retinal vein 193
occlusion (BRVO) 195, 287, 290
Branch vein occlusion study 291
BRAO see Branch retinal artery occlusions (BRAO)
Brimonidine 170
tartrate 163 see also Alphagan
Brinzolamide 163
British Society of Rheumatology (BSR) 157
Bronchospasm 163
Bruch's membrane 234, 331
Bruckner test 206
Brun's nystagmus 223
Brunescent cataract 45
BRVO see Branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO)
B-scan ultrasound 217
Bulbar conjunctiva 128
superior 77
Buphthalmos 169
Busacca's nodules 15
B-wave amplitude 30
C
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) 172
Calcium channel blockers 174 see also Flunarizine
Canalicular excision 201
Canaliculitis 198, 199, 199
Candesartan 174
Capillary bed 288
Capillary haemangioma 17, 19, 36, 345, 347, 348, see also Strawberry naevus
peripheral 346, 346
superficial 18, 18
Capsulorhexis 149
Capsulotomy 151
Carbachol 164
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors 160, 163
Carcinoma in situ 337
Cardiac arrhythmias 219
Cardiovascular dysregulation 219
Caroticocavernous fistula (CCF) 179
endovascular treatment of 179
Carotid arteries 39
Carotid cavernous fistulas
barrow classification of 39
incidence of 39
Carotid Doppler ultrasound 217
Carotid occlusion 41
Carotid stenosis 218
Carotid-cavernous fistula (CCF) 3942, 107, 306
high-flow 40
low-flow 40
trauma 39
Cataract 45, 46, 155, 158, 195, 205
acquired 4349
congenital 5558
early detection of 56
early postoperative complications 51
late postoperative complications 52
treatment 48
Cataract surgery 43, 57, 58, 90, 145, 169, 188, 273
management of complications of 360
Cataractous lens, large 46
Cavernous haemangiomas 346, 348
Cavernous portion 110, 113
Cavernous sinus 39, 106, 110, 177
meningioma 177
thrombosis 306
CCFs see Carotid cavernous fistulas (CCFs)
Ceftazidime 52, 195
Central anterior chamber depth measurement 7
Central corneal thickness (CCT) 166, 226, 227
Central keratin horn 17 see also Plaque
Central linear B-scans 25
Central nervous system (CNS) 163, 219
Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) 195, 216, 267, 287
Central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) 193, 195, 290
Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) 5962, 60, 279
chronic 59
Central vein occlusion study 292
Central vestibular nystagmus 223
Cerebellopontine angle syndrome 107
Cerebral ptosis 35
Cerebrospinal fluid 245, 308
Cervical artery dissection 172
Cervicogenic headache 172
CGRP see Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)
Chalazion 19, 6366
chronic 65
Chemical burns 91
Chemical conjunctivitis 230
Chemical injuries 6771
medical treatment 70
surgical treatment 70
Chemical ocular injury, clinical course of 69
Chemotherapy 297
Chiasmal visual field defects 251
Childhood glaucoma 170
Childhood onset cataracts 56
Chin depression 114
Chlamydia 73
disease, prevalence of 229
infection 229
trachomatis 73
Chloramphenicol ointment 146
Chorioretinal coloboma 205
Chorioretinitis 261
Choroidal amelanotic
lesions 330
naevus 330
Choroidal detachment 330
Choroidal granuloma 330
Choroidal haemangioma 329, 330, 331 see also Osteoma
circumscribed 329
prognosis for 335
Choroidal inflammation 260, 261 see also Choroiditis
Choroidal mass lesions 52, 53, 195, 205, 217, 270, 330, 350, 351, 352 see also Retinal detachment
Choroidal melanoma 216, 329, 330, 348
large 331
prognosis for 334
survival rates for 334
Choroidal melanotic lesions 330
Choroidal metastases 329, 330, 331
prognosis for 334
Choroidal naevus 329, 330, 330, 348
prognosis for 333
Choroidal neovascular (CNV) membrane 1, 2, 2, 59, 193, 365
Choroidal osteoma 329, 330
pathogenesis of 329
prognosis for 335
white yellow mass 332
Choroidal polyps 365
Choroidal rupture 365
Choroidal tumours 331
Choroiditis 260, 261
Chronic inflammation 69
Chronic relapsing inflammatory optic neuropathy (CRION) 240
CHRPE see Congenital hypertrophy of retinal pigment epithelium (CHRPE)
Churg-Strauss syndrome 288
Cicatricial ectropion 125, 126
Ciliary body 216, 340
adenocarcinoma of 342
adenoma 342
lesions 342, 342
medulloepithelioma of 340, 342
melanoma 341, 341, 342, 342
metastases 341
Ciliary muscles 109
Citalopram 6
Citric acid 70
Classical diabetic cataract 45
Clindamycin 195
Clinically significant macular oedema (CSMO) 117, 120
Clomipramine 6
Cluster headache 172, 174
CMO see Cystoid macular oedema (CMO)
CNV see Choroidal neovascular membrane (CNV)
CO see Corneal opacity (CO)
Coats’ disease 205207, 348
Cogan's microcystic epithelial dystrophy 79
Cogan's twitch 37
Collaborative Normal Tension Glaucoma Study 219
Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study 334
Collamer 189
Coloboma 10
Colour Doppler ultrasonography, role of 157
Colour vision, abnormal 220
Common eyelid lumps 63
Common visual symptoms 156
Complete ophthalmic assessment 37
Computed tomography scanning 320
Confocal microscopy 183
Confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy 232
Congenital cranial disinnervation disorders 113, 137 see also Duane syndrome
Congenital defects 235
Congenital ectropion 125, 128
Congenital entropion require surgery 129
Congenital hypertrophy of retinal pigment epithelium (CHRPE) 253, 330, 345, 348, 349
Conjunctiva 33, 47, 76
redness of 317
Conjunctival burns 67
Conjunctival chemosis 73
Conjunctival closure 314
Conjunctival goblet cells 122
Conjunctival incision 313
Conjunctival injection 40, 77, 105, 173
Conjunctival level 307
Conjunctival lymphoma 338, 338
Conjunctival melanoma 338, 338
Conjunctival naevus 337, 338
Conjunctival oedema 317
Conjunctival scarring 129, 160
Conjunctival squamous carcinoma 336, 337
Conjunctival tumours 336
Conjunctivitis 15, 7274
acute 72
bacterial 73
bilateral 73
ocular signs in 73
Conjunctivochalasis 131
Connective tissue pulleys 138
Consecutive exotropia 142
correction of 145
Contact lens 75, 77, 78, 86
mechanical complications 76
wear 75, 122
Contralateral fourth nerve palsy 115
Contralateral hemiplegia 109
Conventional phacoemulsification 151
Convergence insufficiency 143
Cornea 33, 47, 75, 81, 95, 149, 170
anterior 94
cross-linking of 87
reaction of 76
superior 77, 122
tear film 94
Corneal abrasion 195
Corneal addition procedures 265
Corneal anaesthesia 22
Corneal crystals 81
Corneal cysts 77
Corneal damage, severe 70
Corneal decompensation 51
Corneal distortion 85
Corneal dystrophies 7983
gelatinous drop-like 80
honeycomb-shaped 80
Corneal ectasia 8489
Corneal elevation 95
Corneal epithelium 75, 77, 122
Corneal erosion, recurrent 131
Corneal exposure 5
Corneal gluing 70
Corneal graft 22, 9093
surgery 92
survival of 91
thickness 91
type of 91, 92
Corneal hydration 51
Corneal hypoxia, acute 76
Corneal infections 75
Corneal infiltration 76
Corneal intraepithelial neoplasia 336, 337
Corneal metabolic changes 77
Corneal oedema 76, 217
Corneal opacification 90
Corneal opacity (CO) 73
Corneal pannus 128
Corneal pathologies 46
Corneal power 22
Corneal punctate lesions, superficial 91
Corneal refractive
procedures 265
Corneal scrape 93, 183
Corneal sutures entail 92
Corneal thickness 167
Corneal tissue 90, 181
photoablation of 264
Corneal topography 26, 9497
Corneal transplantation 70, 87, 191
Corneal ulceration 42, 70
Corneal vertex 24
Cortical cataracts 45
Cortical venous drainage 40, 41
Cortical visual impairment 298
Corticosteroids 33, 187, 194, 196
Corynebacterium 72
Cover test 48
Cranial nerve palsy 98, 101, 104, 109, 113, 178
abducens nerve palsy 98100
facial nerve palsy 101103
multiple 104, 106, 107
multiple cranial nerves palsies 104108
oculomotor (third) nerve palsy 109112
third 11, 12
trochlear nerve palsy 113115
Cranial neuropathies, painful 172
Craniopharyngioma 110
CRAO see Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO)
C-reactive protein (CRP) 157, 186, 268
Creating subconjunctival filtration pathway 210
CRION see Chronic relapsing inflammatory optic neuropathy (CRION)
CRVO see Central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO)
Cryotherapy 297, 352
Crystalline lens surface, anterior 22
Crystallins 44
CSCR see Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR)
CSMO see Clinically significant macular oedema (CSMO)
Cyclodiode laser 8, 218
Cycloplegia 16, 78
Cycloplegic agents 16
Cycloplegic refraction 144
Cyclosporine 33
Cyst of Moll glands 19
Cystoid macular oedema (CMO) 30, 52, 185, 187, 290
D
Dacrocystography 176, 198, 199
Dacryoadenitis 131, 242
Dacryocystitis 132, 198, 201, 242
acute 198, 198, 199
chronic 198, 199
Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) 201
external 203
DALK see Deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK)
Dark sub-retinal pigment epithelium haemorrhage 366
DCR see Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR)
Deep anterior chamber following globe rupture 320
Deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) 82, 87, 90, 90
Demodex infestation 32
Dendritic ulcer 159
Deoxyribonucleic acid 323
Depression 163
Dermoid cyst 36
Descemet's membrane 51, 81, 169
endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) 82, 90
Descemet's stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) 82, 90
Dexamethasone 16, 120, 160
implant 194, 196 see also Ozurdex
Diabetes 109, 114, 158
mellitus 43, 45, 290
retinopathy 45
type 2 118
uncontrolled 45
Diabetic eye disease 116121
classification 116
management 118
Diabetic macular oedema (DMO) 116, 119, 193, 195
Diabetic maculopathy 193, 196, 241
classification of 117
Diabetic premacular haemorrhage 355
Diamox 7, 8, 51, 163
Diffuse choroidal haemangioma 329, 332
Digital subtraction
angiogram 179
angiography 111
Dilated pupil 11, 13 see also Tonic pupil
Diode laser 282
Diplopia 10, 14, 40, 115, 143
Disc angle, gonioscopy of 167
Discharging eye 125
Disease-modifying drugs 238
Dissociated optic nerve fibre layer (DONFL) 155
DMEK see Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK)
DMO see Diabetic macular oedema (DMO)
Dominant optic atrophy (DOA) 239
DONFL see Dissociated optic nerve fibre layer (DONFL)
Donor tissue 91
Dorzolamide 163
Down syndrome 169
Doxycycline 70
Dresden protocol 87
Dropped nucleus 360 see also Nuclear fragments
DRSS see Diabetic retinopathy severity score (DRSS)
Drusen, peripheral 253, 254
Dry eye syndrome 122124
DSAEK see Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK)
Duane syndrome 137, 140
Dural sinus thrombosis 246
Dysgenesis, anterior segment 57
Dysphasia 173
Dysthyroid optic neuropathy 316
Dystrophies 272
E
Eales disease 365
Early manifest glaucoma trial (EMGT) 167, 221
Early treatment diabetic retinopathy study (ETDRS) 116, 117, 278, 291
ECCE see Extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE)
Eccentric disciform scar 330, 348
Eccrine hidrocystoma 19
Echothiophate iodide 164
Ectasia 22 see also Keratoconus
Ectatic disorders 88
Ectopia lentis et pupillae 10
Ectropion 125127
cicatricial 125, 126
congenital 126
involutional 125, 126
mechanical 125
neurogenic 125
paralytic 125, 126
severe 127
Edinger-Westphal nucleus 109
Edrophonium 213
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome 39
Elevated intraocular pressure 219
Embolic retinal artery occlusion 268
EMGT see Early manifest glaucoma trial (EMGT)
Emmetropic eye 44
Encephalitis 223
Endocyclophotocoagulation 210
Endogenous endophthalmitis 205
Endolaser retinopexy 352
Endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy 203
Endophthalmitis 16, 52, 195, 242
postoperative 361
acute 51
chronic 52
vitrectomy study 364
Endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy 198
Endothelial dystrophies 81
Endothelial failure 160
Endothelial function 91
Endothelial keratoplasty (EK) 90
Endothelial rejection 91
Entropion 128130
cicatricial 128, 129
congenital 129
involutional 128, 129
spastic 128, 129
surgical correction of 129
Epiblepharon 129
Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC) 73
Epidermal tumours 324
Epidermoid cyst 19
EPI-LASIK see Epithelial laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (EPI-LASIK)
Epiphora 131133, 201
functional 132
medical treatment 132
surgical treatment 133
Epiretinal membrane 22, 357, 358
Episclera 134, 135
vessels 308
Episcleritis 15, 134136, 307
nodular 135
simple 134, 134
Epistaxis, severe 42
Epithelial basement membrane dystrophy (EBMD) 79
Epithelial defect 92, 182
Epithelial dystrophies 79
Epithelial laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (EPI-LASIK) 265
ERD see Exudative retinal detachment (ERD)
Erythema 243
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) 157, 268
Escherichia coli 183
Escitalopram 7
Esophoria 137
decompensating 138
Esotropia 137141
causes of 137, 137, 138
constant 140
cyclical 138
infantile 137, 139
minimal 138
surgery for 142
ESR see Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
ETDRS see Early treatment diabetic retinopathy study (ETDRS)
Ethnicity 43
European Medicines Agency (EMA) 193
Evaporative dry eye 123
Examination under anaesthesia (EUA) 170
Excyclotorsional deviations, large 115
Exophoria 142
decompensating 142, 143, 145
Exotropia 142145, 144
secondary 142
Exposure keratitis 102
Extensive panretinal photocoagulation 119
Extensive suprachoroidal haemorrhage 365
Extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE) 48
Extraocular muscles 212
Exudative retinal detachment (ERD) 271
Eyelid trauma 146148
Eyelid tumours
aetiology of 323
types of premalignant and malignant 324
F
Facial dysesthesia 102
Facial nerve 101
Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR) 205, 206, 348
Fat adherence syndrome 314
Fatigue 163
Fat-saturated sequences 178
Femtosecond laser 149, 264
Femtosecond laser-assisted
cataract surgery (FLACS) 149
phacoemulsification 149151
FEVR see Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR)
FFA see Fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA)
Fibroepithelial polyp 19
Fibromuscular dysplasia 39
FLACS see Femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery (FLACS)
Fleischer ring 84
Floppy eyelids, treatment of 127
Fluorometholone (FML) 136
Focimetry, pre-operative 48
Folate deficiency 239
Forced duction tests 313
Forme Fruste keratoconus 86
Foville's syndrome 98, 107 see also Medial inferior pontine syndrome
François central cloudy dystrophy 81
Frontalis muscle immobilised 36
FTMH see Full-thickness macular hole (FTMH)
Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) 79, 81, 82, 90, 92
Fuchs heterochromic
cyclitis 14, 187, 306, 307
uveitis 159
Fuchs uveitis syndrome 159
Full-thickness macular hole (FTMH) 152155, 358
Fundus 48
autofluorescence (FAF) 2, 60, 60
Fundus fluorescein
angiogram (FFA) 3, 4, 277, 288
Fungal endophthalmitis 195
Fungal infections 242
Fungal keratitis 76, 182
Fusion maldevelopment nystagmus syndrome 223
G
Galactosaemia 56
Gass classification 152
Gaze palsy 178
GCA see Giant cell arteritis (GCA)
Ghost cell 307
glaucoma 306
Giant cell arteritis (GCA) 114, 156158, 172, 173, 269
non-ocular complications of 158
Giant papillary conjunctivitis (GPC) 78
Giant retinal tear 351
Glands of Zeis 326
Glaucoma 6, 16, 18, 46, 57, 58, 91, 158, 166, 169, 227, 232, 249, 306
eye drop combination preparations 164
hemifield test 250
inflammatory 159161
medical management 162164
necessitates treatment 58
phacolytic 46
phacomorphic 46
potential causes of secondary 220
primary childhood 169
primary open angle 165168
secondary 42, 52
childhood 169
surgical management 160
with acquired condition 169
with non-acquired
ocular anomalies 169
systemic disease or syndrome 169
Glaucoma in children 169171
Glaucoma surgery 170, 218
incisional 216
Glaucomatous optic neuropathy 7, 161
Glaucomatous visual field loss 252
Glaucomflecken 7, 43
Glial tumours 346, 348
Globe rupture 321
Goldmann applanation tonometry 226, 227
Goldman-type bowl perimeter 248
Gonioscopy 7, 159, 167, 170
Goniotomy 170 see also Trabeculotomy
GPC see Giant papillary conjunctivitis (GPC)
Gradenigo syndrome 107
Graft failure 92
risk of 127, 130
Graft material depends 129
Graft rejection
risk factors for 91
Granular corneal dystrophy 80, 81, 81
Granular-lattice dystrophy 81
Granuloma 348
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) 288
Granulomatous panarteritis 157
Graves’ disease 316
Guillain-Barré syndrome 35
H
Haab's striae 169
Haemoglobin 283
Haemophilus 72
influenza 181, 198, 242, 364
Haemorrhage
subconjunctival 5, 72, 195
submacular 365, 368
subretinal 330
suprachoroidal 51, 368
Haemorrhagic chemosis 320
Haptic vaulting 26
Harada-Ito procedure, modified 115
Head injury 98
Headache 172175
Heidelberg retinal tomography (HRT) 160, 227
Hemiretinal vein occlusions (HRVO) 290
Hereditary endothelial dystrophy, congenital 82
Hereditary retinoblastoma 295
Herpes simplex 229
keratitis 160
keratouveitis 159
virus 159, 261
Herpes zoster virus 261
Herpetic disease 230
Heterochromia, congenital 342
Histiocytosis X 243
Hordeola 63, 64 see also Chalazion
external 65
Horner's syndrome 1013, 3537, 98, 104, 110, 174
Horseshoe tears 351, 253 see also U-tears
Hotz procedure 129
House-Brackmann score 102
HRVO see Hemiretinal vein occlusions (HRVO)
Human crystalline lens 44
Humphrey visual field analyser 226, 249
Hydrus 209, 209
Hyperacusis 102
Hypercholesterolaemia 114
Hyperglycaemia 45, 116
Hyperhomocysteinaemia 290
Hyperlipidaemia 20, 118, 290
Hyperlipidaemic states 63
Hypermetropia 137, 263
Hypermetropic eye 44
Hyperosmotic agents 164
Hypertension 109, 118, 158
malignant 246
Hyphaema 307
Hypocalcaemia 43
Hypochromia 159
Hypokalaemia 163
Hypoplastic abducens nucleus 138
Hypotony 195
Hypoxia 216
acute 78
Hypoxic complications 76
I
Iatrogenic ectasia 88
Iatrogenic pressure 159
Ice test 213
ICRS see Intrastromal corneal ring segments (ICRS)
Idiopathic intracranial hypertenion (IIH) 245, 246
Idiopathic polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (IPCV) 193
Idiopathic retinal vasculitis 196, 288
IIH see Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH)
ILM see Internal limiting membrane (ILM)
Imipramine 6
Immunosuppression 106
In vivo confocal microscopy 33, 77
Incontinentia pigmenti 205
Indocyanine green 343
angiogram 277, 279
angiography 3, 60
Infantile nystagmus syndrome (INS) 222, 223
Infarctions 111
Infection
risk of 146
sources of 242
Infectious endophthalmitis 155
Infectious keratitis 78, 181184
Inferior oblique
muscles 110
weakening 314
Inferotemporal disc haemorrhage 165
Infiltrative disease 37
Inflamed lacrimal sac 132
Inflammation, adequate control of 160
Inflammatory bowel disease 14
Inflammatory cells 159, 307
Inflammatory choroidal neovascular membranes 31
Inflammatory disease 37 see also Infiltrative disease
Inflammatory episodes 159
Inherited retinal disorders 272
examples of 272
Inkblot’ pattern 60
Insulin-derived growth factor 298
Intermediate uveitis 185187, 288
prognosis 187
Intermittent exotropia 142, 143
management of 144
Internal carotid artery 109
aneurysm 110
Internal hordeolum 64
Internal limiting membrane (ILM) 152, 358
International vitreomacular traction study (IVTS) 153, 358
Internuclear ophthalmoplegia 223
Intracameral tissue plasminogen activator 161
Intracapsular cataract extraction (ICCE) 48
Intracorneal ring segments 265
Intracranial haemorrhage, high risk of 41
Intracranial hypertension 98
Intracranial level 308
Intraocular gas tamponades, characteristics of 354
Intraocular haemorrhage 365
management of 365
Intraocular inflammation 132, 161, 195, 259
Intraocular lens (IOL) 57, 188, 190, 307, 362
malposition 53, 160
material 188
subluxed 160
trans-scleral fixation of 363
Intraocular pressure (IOP) 7, 47, 67, 92, 150, 159, 162, 166, 169, 208, 217, 219, 226, 305
control of 218
temporary raised 195
Intraocular tamponading agents 354
Intraoperative optical coherence tomography imaging 150
Intraretinal haemorrhages 40
Intraretinal microvascular abnormality (IRMA) 117
Intrastromal corneal ring segments (ICRS) 86
Intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injections 61
Intravitreal injection therapies 193197
Intravitreal procedures 195
Intravitreal steroid 120
therapies 196
Intravitreal tissue plasminogen activator injection 368
IOL see Intraocular lens (IOL)
Iopidine 13
IPCV see Idiopathic polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (IPCV)
Ipsilateral eyelid 12
Iridectomy, primary peripheral 57
Iridex oculight 210
Iridocorneal endothelial (ICE) syndrome 10, 11, 305, 306
Iridoplasty 8, 9
selective 308
Iridotomy 308
Iris 9, 149, 340, 341
abscess 342
atrophy 10
bombe 161
clip 363
coloboma 11
constrictor pupillae of 109
crowding, peripheral 6
cyst 342
differential diagnoses of 342
haemangioma 342, 342
hooks 10
implants 10
inflammation 10
melanocytic
lesions 342
tumours of 340
melanocytoma 342
melanoma 341, 342
metastases 342
naevus 342
neovascularisation of 216
prolapse 10, 51
stromal cyst 342
surface 159
transillumination defects, mid-peripheral 256
trauma 10
tumours of 216, 340
vascular tumours of 340342
IRMA see Intraretinal microvascular abnormality (IRMA)
Irvine-Gass syndrome 196
Ischaemia, anterior segment 157, 314
Ischaemic optic neuropathy 42, 156
posterior 239
Ischaemic retinopathy 196
Ischaemic third nerve palsies 111
IVTS see International vitreomacular traction study (IVTS)
J
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis 14, 159, 161
Juvenile open-angle glaucoma (JOAG) 169
K
Keratectomy, superficial 80
Keratic precipitates (KPs) 14, 307
Keratitis 15
marginal 76
Keratoacanthoma 17, 18
Keratoconic anterior corneal shape 85
Keratoconus 22, 84, 94
associations 84
clinical signs of 86
grading 85
Keratoepithelin 79
Keratoglobus 88
Keratometry 26
Keratopathy, risk of exposure 42
Keratoplasty, during 82
Keratoprosthesis 70
Khodadoust line 91
Kissing lesion 17
Koeppe's nodules 15
KPs see Keratic precipitates (KPs)
Krachmer's spots 91
Krukenberg's spindle 16, 256, 257
L
Lacrimal duct scintigraphy 132
Lacrimal gland 122
hypersecretion 131
infiltrative disorders of 123
lesions 201
Lacrimal infections 198200
Lacrimal pump failure 125
Lacrimal sac
excision of 198
infection 198, 201 see also Dacryocystitis
Lacrimal scintigraphy 202, 202
Lacrimal surgery 201204
Lagophthalmos 126
LASEK see Laser-assisted subepithelial keratomileusis (LASEK)
Laser
clinical application of 282
delivery, incorrect 149
iridotomy 8, 256, 258
lenses 284
photocoagulation 61, 353
refractive surgery 263
retinopexy 283
tissue interactions 149
Laser-assisted stromal in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) 264
surgery 89
Laser-assisted subepithelial keratomileusis (LASEK) 265
LASIK see Laser-assisted stromal in situ keratomileusis (LASIK)
Latanoprost (xalatan) 162
Lateral canthopexy 103
Lateral medullary syndrome 107
Lattice corneal dystrophy 80
Lattice degeneration 254
Leber congenital amaurosis 273
Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) 239, 240
Lens capsule opacification 205
cataract surgery 206
Leptomeningeal angioma 18, 20
Lester-Jones tube 133
Leucocoria 55, 205207, 206, 294, 294
causes of 205
Leukaemia 107, 243
Levator function 36
Lid
hygiene 32
malpositions 131
mass 36
retraction 111
traumas 146
Lid laxity 129
horizontal 127
Lid margin 64, 125, 128
disease 123
eversion of 129
Limbal cell transplantation 70
Limbal hyperaemia 76
Limbal ischaemia 68
Limbal relaxing incisions 265
Limbic keratoconjunctivitis 77
Lincoff's rules 270
Lowe's syndrome 56
Lower lid 125, 130
cicatricial ectropion 126, 129
ectropion 125
involutional 127
entropion 128
involutional 128, 130
orbicular muscle 129
punctum, abnormal 131
stages of repair of 147
Lumbar puncture 111, 237
Lyme disease 14, 186, 240, 261
Lymphadenopathy 72
Lymphoid hyperplasia, benign 338
Lymphoid tumours 338
Lymphoma, secondary 179
M
Macula 234
OCT of 120
Macular corneal dystrophy (MCD) 81
Macular laser 283
Macular oedema 151, 158, 193
Macular photocoagulation 120
Macular retinal thickness analysis 234
Maddox rods 114
Malyugin ring 10
Manual kinetic perimetry 248
Map-dot-fingerprint dsytrophy 80
Marcus-Gunn jaw winking syndrome 35
Marcus-Gunn pupil 12
Marfan's syndrome 50
Margin-reflex distance 36
Masquerade syndrome 66
Mechanical ptosis 36
Medial inferior pontine syndrome 107
Medial orbital fracture 137
Medial rectus, recession of 313
Medication intoxication 223
Medulloepithelioma 205
Meesmann corneal dystrophy 79
Megalocornea 25
Meibomian gland 33, 122, 326
chalazion 64
dysfunction 32, 134
Melanin 283
Melanocytic iris freckle 341
Melanocytic lesions 337
Melanomas 329
Meningioma 110
Meningitis 223
headache 172
Meretoja syndrome 80
Metabolic disorders 223
Metaherpetic ulcer 159
Metastases 340
from cutaneous melanoma 348
Metastatic carcinoma 243
Metastatic potential, tumour size for 334
Microbial keratitis 7577
Microbial orbital cellulitis 242
Microcornea 206
Microhyphaema 159
Microphthalmia 206 see also Microcornea
Microphthalmic eyes 57
Microtropia 137, 138
Mid-peripheral bone-spicule retinal pigmentation 273
Migraine 172, 173, 174, 219
Millard-Gubler syndrome 107 see Ventral pontine syndrome
Minimally invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS) 208211
Mitochondrial optic neuropathy 239
Mittendorf's dot 56
Modern cataract surgery 50
Moebius syndrome 107
Mohs micrographic surgery 327
Moll glands 63
Molluscum contagiosum 19
Monoclonal antibody inhibits 119
Monovision 266
Motor nucleus supplies 109
Muir-Torre syndrome 336
Multifocal choroiditis 261
Multifocal intraocular lens 190, 266
Multiple sclerosis 223, 235, 288
Muscle specific kinase 212
Myasthenia gravis 3537, 108, 114, 138, 142, 212215
Myasthenic crisis 214
Myasthenic muscles 213
Myasthenic signs 37
Mydriasis, congenital 10
Myelinated retinal nerve fibre layer 205
Myopathic ptosis 36
congenital 36
Myopia 43, 219, 263
high 53, 138
pathological 193
N
Naevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome 323
Naevus flammeus 18
NAION see Non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy (NAION)
Nasolacrimal duct
obstruction (NLDO) 33, 131, 198
system 131
Nasolacrimal system 146
Necrotising scleritis 303
Neisseria gonorrhoea 73, 181, 229
Neoplastic cells 307
Neovascular glaucoma (NVG) 196, 216218, 305
Nephropathy 118
Nerve palsies
congenital fourth 113
congenital third 35
incomplete third 111
seventh 103
third 35, 37, 110
Nerve stimulation
repetitive 214
tests 214
Neurofibroma 330
Neurogenic ptosis 35
Neuromuscular ptosis 35
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disease 237
Neuro-ophthalmic problems 109
Neuro-ophthalmology 104
Night blindness, congenital stationary 274
Non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy (NAION) 239
Non-axial flash photography 205
Non-contact tonometer (NCT) 227
Non-giant cell arteritis 239
Nonglaucomatous optic neuropathy 220
Non-infectious systemic disease 261
Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NDPR) 117
Non-Sjögren's syndrome dry eye 123
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 52, 111
Normal tension glaucoma (NTG) 166, 219221
prognosis 221
risk factors for 219
Norrie's disease 205, 206
NPDR see Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NDPR)
NSC see National screening committee (NSC)
Nuclear cataract 44, 56
Nutritional deficit optic neuropathy 239
Nystagmus 222225
asymmetric dissociated 223
classification 222
downbeat 223
infantile 222
manifest latent 57
rebound 223
upbeat 223
O
Obstructive sleep apnoea 219
Occipital neuralgia 172
Occulomotor palsy, painful 41, 172
Ocriplasmin 195
Ocular bruit 105
Ocular cicatricial pemphigoid (OCP) 128, 132
Ocular herpetic disease 159
Ocular hypertension 159, 226228
treatment study (OHTS) 166
Ocular ischaemic syndrome 157, 196, 216
Ocular lymphoma 216
Ocular malignancies, radiation of 216
Ocular myasthenia 212
Ocular surface 126, 128, 132
burns 68
inflammation 32
irritation 131
squamous neoplasia (OSSN) 336
Ocular toxoplasmosis 195
Ocular trauma 319, 319, 365
score 320
Ocular tumours 179
Oculomasticatory myorhythmia 223
Oculomotor nerve 35, 109
palsy 109, 143
supplies 109
Oculomotor palsies, management of 111
Olivary nucleus, degeneration of 223
Olsen's formula 24
Ophthalmia neonatorum 229231
Ophthalmic lasers 284
Optic disc 205, 246
assessment 170
haemorrhage 219
neuroretinal rim pallor 220
optical coherence tomography 165
pallor 273
Optic disc imaging 232235
Optic neuritis 172, 236238, 348
treatment trial (ONTT) 236
Optic neuropathy 178, 239241 246
compressive 240
infectious 240
infiltrative 240
inflammatory 240
post-radiation 240
post-traumatic 241
post-vaccination 241
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) 30, 176, 186, 206, 232, 233, 237, 268, 277, 279, 348, 373
anterior segment 92, 308
Orbital apex syndrome 107
Orbital cellulitis 242244
anatomy 242
Orbital infection 178
Orbital metastases 179
Orbital proptosis 40
Orbital trauma 178
Orbital tumours 179
Ozurdex 31, 194
P
Pachymetry 91, 95
Panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) 118, 196, 216, 283, 284
Panuveitis 16, 259
Papillary conjunctivitis 125
degree of 126
Papilloedema 235, 245247, 348
acute 245
Paralytic ectropion 131
causes of 125
Paraneoplastic optic neuropathy 241
Parotid gland 101
Pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) 152, 352, 353, 353, 355, 361
Pavingstone degeneration 253, 254
PCV see Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV)
PDR see Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR)
Pellucid marginal degeneration (PMD) 88
Pendular nystagmus 223
Penetrating keratoplasty (PKP) 82, 87, 90, 90 92
Perilimbal hyperaemia 122
Perimetry 248252
Periodic alternating nystagmus 223
Peripheral vestibular nystagmus 223
Persistant hyperplastic primary vitreous 57
Persistent foetal vasculature (PFV) 205
Persistent pupillary membrane 10
Phacoemulsification 360
Phakic (piggyback) IOL 191
surgery 265
Pharmacologic vitreolysis 358
with ocriplasmin 153
Photophobia 14, 32, 52, 72, 76, 84, 129, 173
Photopsia 30, 154
Photorefractive keratectomy 265
Phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK) 82
Phthisis 52
Pigment dispersion syndrome 256, 256
prevalence of 256
Pigment epithelial detachment (PED) 2, 5, 59
Pigmentary glaucoma 220, 256258, 342 see also Uveitis
Pigmented chorioretinal scars 260
Pigmented epithelium, tumours of 348
Pituitary tumours 110
Plateau iris syndrome 6
Platelet-derived growth factor 316
Plexiform neurofibroma 36
Pneumatic retinopexy 353, 353
POHS see Presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome (POHS)
Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) 288
Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) 156
Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) 279
Poor glycaemic control 116
Port-Wine stain 18
Posner-Schlossman syndrome 160, 307
Posterior capsular complications 50
Posterior capsular rupture, management of 50
Posterior capsule opacification (PCO) 53, 188
Posterior communicating artery (PCA) 11, 109, 111
Posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy (PPCD) 79, 81
Posterior uveitis 259262
examination 260
Posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) 152, 153, 270, 352
Postrefractive corneal surgery 26
Presbyopia 263
refractive surgery in 266
Preseptal cellulitis 242
Presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome (POHS) 195
Pre-trabecular meshwork level 305
Primary acquired melanosis 337, 337
Primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) 6, 7, 9
Primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) 169
Primary headache syndromes 174
Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) 165, 165
Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) 118, 195, 196, 356
Proliferative retinopathy 42
Proliferative sickle cell retinopathy 310, 355
Proliferative sickle retinopathy (PSR) 309
Prophylactic retinopexy 254
Propranolol 174
Proptosis 105, 179, 243
Prostaglandin analogues 160, 162
Proton-beam radiotherapy 333
Pseudoesotropia 137
Pseudoexfoliation syndrome 50
Pseudoexotropia 142
Pseudomacular hole 357
Pseudopapilloedema 246
Pseudotumour cerebri 245
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum 39
Ptosis 10, 35, 36, 173
chronic 36
involutional 35
partial 110
simple 36
surgery, type of 37
Punctal occlusion 201
Punctate epithelial erosions 123
Punctate erosions 122
Punctate inner choroidopathy 261, 374
Punctum ectropion 127
Purulent discharge, severe 72
Pyogenic granuloma 19, 64, 65
R
Racemose haemangiomas 346
Radial keratotomy 265
Ranibizumab (lucentis) 4, 5, 119, 193, 194, 196
Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator 367
Red reflex, loss of 55
Refraction 170
pre-operative 48
Refractive error 137, 263 see also Hypermetropia
correction of 263
Refractive lens surgery 265
Refractive lenticule extraction 265
Refractive pentacam corneal tomography scan, four-map 95
Refractive surgery 122, 263266, 264
clinical assessment for 263
lasers in 264
Refractive surprise 53
postoperative 26
Reis-Bücklers corneal dystrophy 80
Relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) 12, 220, 236, 239
Reticular degeneration 253, 254
Retina
capillary haemangioma of 345
congenital hamartoma of 347
glial tumours of 348, 349
opaque whitening of 287
tumours 345
ultrasound of 280
vascular tumours of 345
Retinal ablation 300
Retinal angiomatous proliferation (RAP) 1, 193
Retinal arterial occlusion 267269
Retinal astrocytic hamartoma 205
Retinal breaks 350, 351
multiple 352
Retinal degenerations
inner 253
peripheral 253255, 254
Retinal detachment 52, 53, 195, 205, 217, 270271, 330, 350, 351, 352
pathogenesis of 351
risk factors 53
surgery for 352, 354
Retinal dysplasia 205
Retinal dystrophies 43, 272276
Retinal haemorrhage 366
Retinal imaging 277281
Retinal inflammation 260 see also Retinitis
Retinal laser 282285
types of 282
Retinal lesions 283
differential diagnosis of 348
Retinal macroaneurysms 365
Retinal necrosis
acute 288
peripheral 287
Retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) 160, 232, 233, 233, 245
Retinal pigment
absorption spectra of 283
epithelial cells 305
epithelium (RPE) 119, 153, 348, 352, 358, 366
Retinal surfaces, apposition of 51
Retinal tufts 254
Retinal vascular disease 119, 150
Retinal vasculitis 260, 286289, 365
Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) 193, 195, 196, 290293, 365
Retinal vein, cuffing of 287
Retinal-choroidal interface 1
Retinitis 260
and retinal vasculitis 261
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) 43, 272
arteriolar attenuation of 273
Retinoblastoma (RB) 205, 216, 294297, 342, 348
genetics 295
Retinochoroidal biopsy 364
Retinopathy
progression of 118
risk factors for developing 116
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) 142, 196, 205, 298301
Retinoschisis 205, 252254
Retrolental fibrosis 205
Rhabdomyosarcoma 243
Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment 270, 350, 355
differential diagnoses of 352
Rheumatoid arthritis 123
Rhinorrhoea 173
Rigid gas-permeable contact lenses 86
Roper-Hall classification 68
Rosacea 17, 64
RPE see Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)
Rubeotic glaucoma 119
RVO see Retinal vein occlusion (RVO)
S
Salmon-patch haemorrhages 310
Sarcoid 288
Sarcoidosis 14, 160, 216, 261, 288, 342
Scanning slit Scheimpflug principle 95
Scheie classification 8, 8
Scheimpflug-based systems 85
Schirmer's test 102, 122
Schlemm canal outflow 208
Schnyder corneal dystrophy 81
Schnyder crystalline corneal dystrophy 81
Schwartz-Matsuo syndrome 307
Scleral buckling 353, 353
Scleral perforation 314
Scleritis 15, 135, 136, 286, 302304, 307
posterior 330
Sclerochoroidal calcification 330
Scleroderma 132
Sclerotomy incision 369
Sebaceous gland 63
carcinoma 33, 323, 326 see also Nasolacrimal duct obstruction
lesions 18
Seborrheic dermatitis 63
Seborrhoeic keratoses 17, 18, 20
Seclusio pupillae 159, 161
Secondary open angle glaucoma 305308
prognosis 308
Sectoral iris atrophy 159 see-saw nystagmus 223
Selective transmission laser 168
Senile’ retinoschisis 253
Sensory esotropia 137
Sensory exotropia 142, 143
Sentinel episcleral vessels 341
Serous retinal detachment (SRD) 59
Sickle cell retinopathy 309311, 348
Single fibre electromyography 214
Sinus histiocytosis 132
Sinusitis 242
Sinus-related headache 172
Sixth nerve palsy, investigations for 99
Sjögren's syndrome 122, 123 see also Ocular graft vs host disease
primary 123
Sleep apnoea 59, 125
Small choroidal melanoma 331
Small incision cataract surgery (SICS) 48
Small stellate keratitic precipitates 159
Snailtrack degeneration 254
Solid state laser 282
Space-occupying lesions (SOL) 246
Spaeth system of angle grading 8
Spasmus nutans syndrome 223
Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) 153, 153, 291
Spheno-cavernous syndrome 107
Spherical aberration 190
Spine pathologies 46
Spontaneous retrobulbar pain 316
Squamous cell
carcinoma (SCC) 323, 336
papilloma 336, 336
Squamous papilloma 18, 19 see also Fibroepithelial polyp
Squint 294
convergent 137
Standard automated perimetry 248
Staphylococcus 58, 72, 198
aureus 17, 72, 198, 229, 242, 364
epidermidis 34, 52, 72, 75, 242
Stargardt disease 274
Static perimetry 248
Stereopsis 145
Stereotactic radiosurgery 41
Sterile peripheral corneal infiltrates 78
Steven-Johnson syndrome 128, 129, 163
Strabismus 46, 138, 144, 205
amblyopia 55
divergent 143
esotropia 137
management of adult 145
type of 142
Strabismus surgery 139, 144, 312315
early 139
indications 312
postoperative care 314
techniques 312
Strawberry naevus 17, 19
Sturge–Weber syndrome 18, 169, 307
Stye 64
Subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) 42, 246
Subcapsular cataract 45
Subepithelial corneal infiltrates 72
Subepithelial dystrophies 79
Submacular haemorrhage, treatment of 368
Subretinal fluid 352
Sub-retinal heavy liquid 370
Subretinal pigment epithelium (RPE) 59
Subtarsal foreign bodies 131
Superficial keratopathy, corneal ulceration 34
Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis (SLK) 77
Superior oblique
muscles 114
surgery 314
tendons 115
Suprachoroidal haemorrhage, acute 369
Susac syndrome 288
Suture granuloma 314
Swedish interactive thresholding algorithm 248
Swelling of arcuate nerve fibre layer (SANFL) 155
Symblepharon formation 70
Sympathetic ophthalmia 216
Synechiae, posterior 10, 15, 161
Synkinetic ptosis 35
Synthetic materials 126
Syphilis 14, 288
infection 91
Syringoma 19
Systemic antibiotics 33
Systemic chemotherapy 106, 132
Systemic disease 72, 288
secondary to 43
Systemic hypertension 219
Systemic hypotension 219
Systemic immunosuppression 31
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) 288
Systemic steroids 57
Systemic vasculitides 288
T
T sign 303
Tarsal fracture 129
Tear
film 33, 63, 122
outflow 131
production, imbalance of 131
U-shaped 253, 351
Temporal artery biopsy (TAB) 156
Tenonplasty 70
Thiel–Behnke corneal dystrophy 80
Thyroid
disorders 316
orbitopathy 137
Thyroid eye disease 108, 114, 138, 140, 178, 307, 316318, 317
severity classification in 318
Tolosa-Hunt syndrome 41, 107
Tonic pupil 11, 13
Toric lens
calculation 26
Torsional nystagmus, pure 223
Toxocara 261
Toxocariasis 205
Toxoplasma 240, 261
Trabectome 209
Trabeculectomy 160
Trabeculitis 159, 307
Trabeculotomy 170
Trachoma 73, 128, 129
Tractional retinal detachment (TRD) 271, 354
Transient ischaemic attack (TIA) 268
Transpupillary thermotherapy 333
Traumatic mydriasis 10
Travoprost (travatan) 162
Triamcinolone 31, 194, 196
Trichiasis 128, 131
Trigeminal nerve 40
Trigeminal neuralgia 172
Trochlear nerve 113
Trochlear nerve palsy 113
Trochlear palsy
congenital 113
T-sign 303
Tumours of choroid 329335
prognosis 333
Tumours of retina 345349
differential diagnosis 347
pigment epithelium 345
Tumours of uvea 340343
pathogenesis 340
prognosis 343
U
Ulcer, geographic 182
Ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) 256
Ultra-Widefield imaging 280
Upper lid 125, 127
cicatricial entropion 128
ectropion 125
entropion 129
Urrets-Zavalia syndrome 10, 11
Uveitic glaucoma 160
management of 160
Uveitis 14, 30, 43, 131, 220, 307
active 159
herpetic 159
idiopathic posterior 29
non-infectious posterior 196
phacoanaphylactic 46
severe anterior 186
trauma 46
Uveitis-glaucoma-hyphaema syndrome 307
Uveoscleral outflow, increasing 209
V
Valve of Hasner 132
Varicella zoster virus (VZV) 159
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) 4, 116, 290, 305
Vasoproliferative tumours 348
Vena cava syndrome, superior 307
Venous stasis retinopathy 42
Ventral Pontine syndrome 107
Viral conjunctivitis 63, 73
Viral keratitis 181
Viral retinitis 195, 288
Visual field 237, 248, 308
Visual impairment, causes of 116
Visual loss 157, 161, 267, 292
irreversible 50
pathogenesis of 366
progressive 41
unexplained 220
Visual rehabilitation 48
Visual-evoked potentials 237
Vitamin supplementation 4
Vitelliform macular dystrophy, adult 275
Vitrectomy
and drainage 367
and macular peeling 358
irradiation 43
surgery 371
Vitreolytic agents 195
Vitreomacular adhesion (VMA) 153, 153, 358
classification system of 358
Vitreomacular interface disorders 350, 356
Vitreomacular traction (VMT) 153, 195, 356, 357, 358
Vitreoretinal complications 370
Vitreoretinal interface 24
disorders 357
Vitreoretinal lymphoma, primary 187
Vitreoretinal surgery 119, 350361
Vitreous 48, 364
detachment 187 see also Vitreous haemorrhage
floaters 154, 195
haemorrhage 42, 57, 116, 187, 195, 365
loss 51
Vitritis 185
anterior 52
VMA see Vitreomacular adhesion (VMA)
VMT see Vitreomacular traction (VMT)
Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome 160, 216, 260, 352
W
Wallenberg syndrome 107
Watery eye 125, 131, 132, 201 see also Epiphora
Weber's syndrome 109
Wegener's disease 303
Wernicke's encephalopathy 223
Whipple disease 223
White cataracts 45, 50 see also Intumescent cataract
White dot syndrome 29, 372374
multiple evanescent 261, 373
White pupil 205
White without pressure (WWP) 253, 254
White-dot syndrome 261
Wide-field angiography 31
X
Xanthelasma 19
Xen gel stent 210
Xeroderma pigmentosum 336 see also Muir–Torre syndrome
Y
Yamane's technique 363
Z
Zentmayer ring 257
Zonular dehiscence 50
Z-plasty procedure 126
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