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Advances in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
Manoop S Bhutani, Rakesh K Tandon
SECTION I: UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL ENDOSCOPY
1:
Endoscopic Management of Bleeding Esophageal Varices
INTRODUCTION
SCLEROTHERAPY
TECHNIQUE
RESULTS
ENDOSCOPIC LIGATION THERAPY
TECHNIQUE
RESULTS
COMBINED LIGATION AND SCLEROTHERAPY
PROPHYLACTIC LIGATION THERAPY
CYANOACRYLATE TREATMENT
TECHNIQUE
RESULTS
CONCLUSION
2:
Endoscopic Management of Gastric Varices
3:
Management of Non-variceal Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
INTRODUCTION
ENDOSCOPY
ENDOSCOPIC INJECTION
EPINEPHRINE (Table 3.1)
SCLEROSING AGENTS (Table 3.2)
ALCOHOL (Table 3.3)
THROMBOGENIC AGENTS
THERMAL DEVICE (Table 3.4)
INJECTION VS THERMAL DEVICE (Table 3.5)
MISCELLANEOUS METHODS
AFTERCARE
MEDICAL THERAPY
SURGERY
CONCLUSION
4:
Endoscopic Therapy for Achalasia
INTRODUCTION
TRADITIONAL PHARMACOLOGICAL THERAPY
ENDOSCOPIC THERAPY
FORCEFUL DILATION
RESULTS
COMPLICATIONS OF PNEUMATIC DILATION
NEWER THERAPIES
ENDOSCOPIC MYOTOMY
ENDOSCOPIC SCLERODESTRUCTION
BOTULINUM TOXIN THERAPY
SUBSEQUENT OUTCOME AND PREDICTORS OF RESPONSE
PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS ABOUT THE ROLE OF BoTx IN THE TREATMENT OF ACHALASIA
SURGICAL MYOTOMY
MINIMALLY INVASIVE (VIDEOSCOPIC) MYOTOMY
COMPARISON OF TREATMENTS
SURGERY VERSUS PNEUMATIC DILATION
BoTx VERSUS PNEUMATIC DILATION
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5:
Endoscopic Therapy of Benign Esophageal Strictures
INTRODUCTION
ETIOLOGY
ANATOMICAL PERSPECTIVE
INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
ASSESSMENT OF STRICTURE
ASSESSMENT AND PREPARATION OF THE PATIENT PRIOR TO DILATATION
SET-UP
GUIDEWIRES
PREPARATION OF INSTRUMENTS
ASSISTANT'S TRAINING
PRINCIPLES OF DILATATION
BOUGIE DILATORS
NON-WIRE-GUIDED DILATORS
WIRE-GUIDED DILATORS
PROCEDURE (WIRE-GUIDED DILATORS)
BALLOON DILATORS AND THEIR APPLICATION
WHY AND WHEN TO USE BALLOON DILATORS
COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT DILATORS
CONTROVERSIAL ISSUES
USE OF FLUOROSCOPY FOR ESOPHAGEAL DILATATION
HOW MUCH TO DILATE
FREQUENCY OF DILATATION
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
PROXIMAL STRICTURES
STRICTURES IN CHILDREN (Fig. 5.10)
OTHER TREATMENT MODALITIES
PROSTHESIS FOR BENIGN ESOPHAGEAL STRICTURES
BOTULINUM TOXIN INJECTION
ENDOSCOPIC INCISION
INTRALESIONAL STEROID INJECTIONS
LASER FOR BENIGN ESOPHAGEAL STRICTURES
MISCELLANEOUS STRICTURES
SURGERY
RESULTS OF ENDOSCOPIC DILATATION
PEPTIC STRICTURES
CORROSIVE STRICTURES
Radiation-Induced Strictures
SCLEROTHERAPY-INDUCED STRICTURES
POSTOPERATIVE STRICTURES
COMPLICATIONS OF DILATATION
SUMMARY
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
6:
Expandable Metal Stents and other Palliative Techniques for Esophageal Malignancies
INTRODUCTION
ESOPHAGEAL CANCER
TECHNIQUES AND TRICKS
EXPANDABLE METALLIC STENTS
ND-YAG LASER
INJECTION THERAPY
RESULTS OF ENDOSCOPIC THERAPY
EXPANDABLE METALLIC STENTS
ND-YAG LASER
INJECTION THERAPY
ESOPHAGORESPIRATORY FISTULA
CONCLUSIONS
7:
Photodynamic Therapy in Gastrointestinal Tract
INTRODUCTION
LIGHT SOURCES
LIGHT DOSIMETRY
CELLULAR DAMAGE
PDT IN ESOPHAGEAL DISEASES
GASTRIC CANCERS AND PDT
ROLE OF PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY IN PANCREATIC CANCER
PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY IN COLORECTAL LESIONS
PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY AND CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA
THE FUTURE OF PDT
8:
Endoscopic Treatment of Early Gastric Cancer
INTRODUCTION
DIAGNOSTIC PREREQUISITES FOR ENDOSCOPIC TREATMENT
ENDOSCOPIC INTERVENTIONAL TECHNIQUES
TISSUE ABLATIVE PROCEDURES
ENDOSCOPIC MUCOSAL RESECTION
EMR: RESULTS
CONCLUSION
9:
Endoscopic Techniques for Detection and Treatment of Barrett's Esophagus
INTRODUCTION
BARRETT'S ESOPHAGUS: DEFINITION AND TERMINOLOGY
ENDOSCOPY IN BARRETT'S ESOPHAGUS
ENDOSCOPIC CRITERIA
SPECIAL ENDOSCOPIC TECHNIQUES
HISTOLOGIC CRITERIA
TREATMENT OF BARRETT'S ESOPHAGUS
GOALS OF THERAPY
ACID REDUCING THERAPY
COMBINATION THERAPY
ENDOSCOPIC ABLATION TECHNIQUES
NEODYMIUM -YTTRIUM-ALUMINUM-GARNET (ND-YAG) LASER
ARGON LASER
PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY
MULTIPOLAR ELECTROCOAGULATION
ARGON PLASMA COAGULATION (APC)
ENDOSCOPIC CRYOTHERAPY
ENDPOINT OF ENDOSCOPIC ABLATION
ABLATION THERAPY: THE FUTURE
10:
Sewing and Stitching during Flexible Endoscopy
INTRODUCTION
SEWING MACHINES
CHAIN-STITCH SEWING MACHINES USING THREAD
SINGLE-STITCH HOLLOW-NEEDLE SEWING MACHINES
SINGLE-STITCH SEWING MACHINE USING THREAD
STAPLING MACHINE
KNOT TYING AND THREAD CUTTING
APPLICATIONS IN MAN
ANTIREFLUX PROCEDURES
RADIOTELEMETRY
SECURING FEEDING TUBES AND PROSTHESES
SEALING PERFORATION
SUMMARY
11:
Endoscopic Approach to Gastrointestinal Disease in AIDS
INTRODUCTION
GENERAL PRINCIPLES
ESOPHAGUS
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
ENDOSCOPY AND DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
STOMACH
SMALL INTESTINE
COLON
Clinical Presentation
EVALUATION
ENDOSCOPY AND DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
BILIARY TRACT
ENDOSCOPY (CHOLANGIOGRAPHIC PATTERNS)
TREATMENT
SECTION II: ENTEROSCOPY
12:
Sonde Enteroscopy
INTRODUCTION
DEVELOPMENT OF SONDE ENTEROSCOPES
TECHNIQUE OF SONDE ENTEROSCOPY
PREPARATION
INTUBATION
Stomach
Duodenum
Jejunum/Ileum
EXAMINATION
INDICATIONS AND YIELD
LIMITATIONS AND COMPLICATIONS
THE FUTURE ROLE OF SONDE ENTEROSCOPY
CONCLUSION
13:
Push Enteroscopy
INTRODUCTION
TECHNIQUE
INDICATIONS
OCCULT GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING
MALABSORPTION
ENTEROCLYSIS AND ENTEROSCOPY
SCREENING AND REMOVAL OF POLYPS IN POLYPOSIS SYNDROMES
GASTROJEJUNOSTOMY AND PLACEMENT OF JEJUNOSTOMIES
Access to the Common Bile Duct after Roux -en-Y Anastomosis
COMPLICATIONS
CONCLUSION
SECTION III: PANCREATOBILIARY ENDOSCOPY
14:
The Difficult Bile Duct Cannulation
INTRODUCTION
MANEUVERS FACILITATING BILIARY CANNULATION
SPECIAL CATHETERS
CANNULATION BY A SPHINCTEROTOME
GUIDEWIRE CANNULATIONS
NEEDLE KNIFE PAPILLOTOMY
OTHER TECHNIQUES FOR NEEDLE KNIFE PAPILLOTOMY
RESULTS
MISCELLANEOUS METHODS FOR DIFFICULT CANNULATION
PERIAMPULLARY DIVERTICULA
POSTSURGICAL ALTERED ANATOMY
ERCP IN LONG LIMB SURGICAL BYPASS PATIENTS
SECOND ATTEMPT ERCP
THE FUTURE
CONCLUSION
15:
Endoscopic Therapy for Benign Biliary Strictures
INTRODUCTION
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
DIAGNOSIS
ENDOBILIARY BRUSH CYTOLOGY: TECHNIQUE
NEEDLE ASPIRATION CYTOLOGY
BIOPSY
APPROACH TO TISSUE DIAGNOSIS AT ERCP
ENDOSCOPIC THERAPY
ENDOSCOPIC SPHINCTEROTOMY
CATHETER DILATORS
Catheter Dilation Technique
BALLOON CATHETER
Balloon Dilation Technique
Technical Problems during Balloon Dilation
ROTARY DILATION
COMPLICATIONS
ENDOPROSTHESIS
Polyethylene Stents
Complications
METAL STENTS
Complications
BENIGN BILE DUCT STRICTURES: SPECIFIC CAUSES AND MANAGEMENT
POSTOPERATIVE STRICTURES
Results of Endoscopic Therapy
SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS
Radiographic Findings
Endoscopic Therapy
Oriental Cholangiohepatitis or Recurrent Pyogenic Cholangitis
Cholangiographic Findings
Management
Biliary Strictures Following Orthotopic Liver Transplantation
Anastomotic Strictures
Nonanastomotic Major Duct Strictures
Sphincter of Oddi Dysfunction
Intrahepatic Bile Duct Stricture
Endoscopic Therapy
AIDS CHOLANGIOPATHY
Diagnosis and Management
CHRONIC PANCREATITIS
Clinical Features
Endoscopic Therapy
MIRIZZI SYNDROME
MISCELLANEOUS CAUSES OF BENIGN STRICTURES
SUMMARY
16:
Endoscopic Drainage of Malignant Biliary Obstruction
INDICATIONS
ENDOSCOPIC BILIARY DRAINAGE
PREPROCEDURE PREPARATION OF THE PATIENTS
EQUIPMENT
Endoscope
Cannula
Guidewires
Sphincterotome
Guide Catheter
Stent (= Prosthesis)
Stent Clogging (Blockage)
Dilators
TECHNIQUE
Postprocedure Care
RESULTS
COMPLICATIONS
COST ANALYSIS
CONTROVERSIES
Drain All Patients with Inoperable Malignant Biliary Obstruction?
Regular Exchange versus on Demand Exchange of the Stent
Single versus Double Duct Stenting
Plastic versus Metal Stent
Preoperative Drainage versus no Drainage
Endoscopic versus Percutaneous versus Surgical Palliation
17:
Endotherapy for Biliary Calculi
INTRODUCTION
TECHNIQUE
RESULTS
EARLY RESULTS
LONG-TERM RESULTS MORE THAN 10 YEARS AFTER ENDOSCOPIC SPHINCTEROTOMY
DISCUSSION
PRESENT STUDY AND LITERATURE REVIEW
ROLE OF ENDOSCOPIC SPHINCTEROTOMY IN THE ERA OF LAPAROSCOPIC CHOLECYSTECTOMY
18:
Endoscopic Treatment of Pancreatitis
ENDOSCOPIC MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE BILIARY PANCREATITIS
CONCLUSION
ENDOSCOPIC MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC PANCREATITIS
ENDOSCOPIC PANCREATIC SPHINCTEROTOMY
ENDOSCOPIC MANAGEMENT OF PANCREATIC PSEUDOCYSTS
CASE SELECTION
Transpapillary Cyst Drainage
Transmural Pseudocyst Drainage
ROLE OF ENDOSCOPIC ULTRASOUND (EUS)
ENDOTHERAPY OF CHRONIC PANCREATITIS
ENDOTHERAPY OF PANCREATIC STONES
ENDOTHERAPY OF PANCREAS DIVISUM
WHEN TO ATTEMPT MINOR PAPILLA CANNULATION?
ENDOTHERAPY OF CHRONIC PANCREATITIS INDUCED CBD STRICTURES
CONCLUSION
19:
Sphincter of Oddi Dysfunction: Diagnosis and Management
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITIONS
ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
CLINICAL EVALUATION
GENERAL INITIAL EVALUATION
DIAGNOSTIC METHODS (NONINVASIVE)
MORPHINE-PROSTIGMIN PROVOCATIVE TEST (NARDI TEST)
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT OF EXTRAHEPATIC BILE DUCT AND MAIN PANCREATIC DUCT DIAMETER AFTER SECRETORY STIMULATION
QUANTITATIVE HEPATOBILIARY SCINTIGRAPHY
DIAGNOSTIC METHODS (INVASIVE)
CHOLANGIOGRAPHY
SPHINCTER OF ODDI MANOMETRY
SOM Technique, Complications, and Indications
STENT TRIAL AS DIAGNOSTIC TEST
THERAPY FOR SOD
MEDICAL THERAPY
SURGICAL THERAPY
ENDOSCOPY THERAPY
Endoscopic Sphincterotomy
Balloon Dilation and Stenting
Botulinum Toxin Injection
SOD IN RECURRENT PANCREATITIS
FAILURE TO ACHIEVE SYMPTOMATIC IMPROVEMENT AFTER BILIARY SPHINCTEROTOMY
SUMMARY
20:
Cholangioscopy and Pancreatoscopy
INTRODUCTION
TECHNIQUE OF PERORAL CHOLEDOCHOSCOPY
INDICATIONS/RESULTS
CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS
LASER LITHOTRIPSY
OTHER THERAPEUTIC INDICATIONS
DIAGNOSTIC INDICATIONS
PANCREATOSCOPY
SUMMARY
21:
Combined Percutaneous and Endoscopic Procedures in the Biliopancreatic Tree
INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS COMBINED PROCEDURE (CP)?
WHY CP?
WHEN CP?
INDICATIONS FOR THE COMBINED PROCEDURE (Table 21.1)
Endoscopist's own Combined Procedure
TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS DURING CP
TIMING OF CP
Procedure of CP
Variations of CP
RESULTS OF CP
COMPLICATIONS OF CP
MINIMIZING COMPLICATIONS
COMBINED PROCEDURES IN THE PANCREATIC DUCT
PANCREAS DIVISUM
CONCLUSION
SECTION IV: ENDOSCOPIC ULTRASONOGRAPHY
22:
Radial Endosonography
INTRODUCTION
TECHNICAL ASPECTS
INSTRUMENTS
TECHNIQUE
INDICATIONS AND RESULTS
ESOPHAGEAL CARCINOMA
GASTRIC CARCINOMA
GASTRIC NON-HODGKIN LYMPHOMA (NHL)
LARGE GASTRIC FOLDS
SUBMUCOSAL TUMORS
AMPULLARY TUMORS
GALL STONES
CHRONIC PANCREATITIS
PANCREATIC CARCINOMA
FINE-NEEDLE ASPIRATION
CONCLUSION
23:
Interventional Endoscopic Ultrasound
INTRODUCTION
INSTRUMENTS FOR INTERVENTIONAL ENDOSCOPIC ULTRASOUND
LINEAR ARRAY ECHOENDOSCOPES
MECHANICAL SECTOR SCANNING ECHOENDOSCOPE
NEEDLES FOR EUS-GUIDED INTERVENTION
EUS-GUIDED FINE-NEEDLE ASPIRATION
EUS-GUIDED PANCREATIC FNA
EUS-GUIDED FNA OF SUBMUCOSAL LESIONS
EUS-GUIDED FNA OF OTHER LESIONS
EUS-GUIDED PANCREATIC PSEUDOCYST DRAINAGE
EUS-GUIDED CELIAC PLEXUS BLOCK AND NEUROLYSIS
EUS-GUIDED BOTULINUM TOXIN INJECTION FOR ACHALASIA
EUS-GUIDED CHOLANGIOPANCREATOGRAPHY
EMERGING INDICATIONS AND FUTURE
24:
Endoscopic Ultrasound Miniprobes for Benign Gastrointestinal Disorders
CATHETER-BASED PROBES
IN VITRO STUDIES
IN VIVO STUDIES
CLINICAL STUDIES
Scleroderma
Achalasia
HRES EVALUATION OF SWALLOWING FUNCTION
ESOPHAGITIS AND BARRETT'S ESOPHAGUS
VARICES
SUBMUCOSAL LESIONS
ANAL SPHINCTER
PANCREAS AND BILIARY TREE
CONCLUSION
25:
Endoscopic Ultrasound Miniprobes for Gastrointestinal Cancer Staging
INTRODUCTION
ULTRASOUND MINIPROBES
IMAGE INTERPRETATION
CLINICAL IMPACT OF EUS MINIPROBES IN CANCER STAGING
ESOPHAGEAL CANCER
GASTRIC CANCER
LIVER, BILE DUCTS, GALLBLADDER AND PANCREAS CANCER
COLON AND RECTUM
OTHER GI TUMORS
THREE-DIMENSIONAL EUS
INTERVENTIONAL ULTRASOUND
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION
26:
Clinical Outcomes and Endoscopic Ultrasonography
INTRODUCTION
THE IMPACT OF EUS IN CLINICAL PRACTICE
FUTURE QUESTIONS FOR EUS
ESOPHAGOGASTRIC CANCER
PANCREATICOBILIARY DISEASE
NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER (NSCLC)
CONCLUSION
SECTION V: COLONOSCOPY AND RELATED TECHNIQUES
27:
Endoscopic Resection for Difficult Colorectal Polyps
INTRODUCTION
PREPARATION FOR POLYPECTOMY
POLYPECTOMY METHODS
MONOPOLAR CAUTERY
ADJUNCTS TO POLYPECTOMY
EPINEPHRINE INJECTION
BIPOLAR DEVICES
SUBMUCOSAL SALINE INJECTION
ASPIRATION MUCOSECTOMY/LUMPECTOMY
NEODYMIUM: YTTRIUM-ALUMINUM-GARNET (ND: YAG) LASER
RETRIEVAL BASKETS AND SNARES
ENDOLOOP
ARGON-PLASMA COAGULATOR
CHROMOENDOSCOPY
28:
Chromoendoscopy
INTRODUCTION
CONTRAST METHOD
INDICATION AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CONTRAST METHOD IN SCREENING ENDOSCOPY
INDICATION AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CONTRAST METHOD AS SCRUTINY
PRACTICAL TECHNIQUES
Premedication-Removal of the Gastric Mucus
Methods to Obtain Better Contrast Images
ENDOSCOPIC FINDINGS OBTAINED BY THE CONTRAST METHOD
Gastric Mucosal Images
Early Gastric Cancer
Evaluation for Cure of Gastric Ulcer
EFFECTS OF IMAGE PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS
CONCLUSION
29:
Accuracy of Measurement of the Size of Polyps and other Lesions during Endoscopy
INTRODUCTION
IN-VITRO STUDIES
IN-VIVO STUDIES
DISPARITY BETWEEN IN-VITRO VERSUS IN-VIVO MEASUREMENTS
PROBLEMS WITH LESION MEASUREMENT AT ENDOSCOPY
CONCLUSION
30:
Magnetic Imaging of Colonoscopy
INTRODUCTION
THE NEED FOR IMAGING
3-D MAGNETIC IMAGING
SAFETY ASPECTS
IMPACT OF THE MAGNETIC IMAGER ON COLONOSCOPY PERFORMANCE
HAND PRESSURE
SIGMOID LOOPING
OTHER LOOPS
ADVANCES IN INSTRUMENTATION
RESEARCH APPLICATIONS
TEACHING
CONCLUSION
SECTION VI: LAPAROSCOPY
31:
Diagnostic Laparoscopy
INTRODUCTION
CONTRAINDICATIONS TO DIAGNOSTIC LAPAROSCOPY
TECHNIQUE OF DIAGNOSTIC LAPAROSCOPY
NEWER INSTRUMENTATION
ANESTHESIA
PNEUMOPERITONEUM
MAIN TROCAR INSERTION
EXAMINATION
THE SECOND PUNCTURE
EXIT
CLINICAL VALUE OF DIAGNOSTIC LAPAROSCOPY
DIAGNOSTIC LAPAROSCOPY AND THE LIVER
JAUNDICE
CIRRHOSIS AND PORTAL HYPERTENSION
ASCITES
ABDOMINAL TUBERCULOSIS
MALIGNANT
Primary Intraabdominal Tumors
Primary Extraabdominal Tumors
Role of Laparoscopy in Systemic Tumors
Second Look
EMERGENCY LAPAROSCOPY
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA
ACUTE ABDOMEN
DIAGNOSTIC LAPAROSCOPY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
32:
Laparoscopic Ultrasonography
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
EQUIPMENT
EXAMINATION PROCEDURE
LAPAROSCOPIC ULTRASOUND (LUS) INDICATIONS
COMMON BILE DUCT EVALUATION DURING LAPAROSCOPIC CHOLECYSTECTOMY
Assessment of Resectability
Hepatic Neoplasm
Esophageal Cancer
Gastric Cancer
Pancreatic Cancer
CONCLUSION
33:
Laparoscopic Gastrointestinal Surgery*
INTRODUCTION
LAPAROSCOPIC CHOLECYSTECTOMY
LAPAROSCOPIC COMMON BILE DUCT EXPLORATION
LAPAROSCOPIC BILIARY BYPASS
LAPAROSCOPIC ANTIREFLUX FUNDOPLICATION
LAPAROSCOPIC ESOPHAGEAL MYOTOMY
LAPAROSCOPIC HIGHLY SELECTIVE VAGOTOMY
PERFORATED PEPTIC ULCER
LAPAROSCOPIC GASTRIC RESECTION
LAPAROSCOPIC GASTRIC BANDING
LAPAROSCOPIC SMALL BOWEL PROCEDURES
LAPAROSCOPIC APPENDECTOMY
LAPAROSCOPIC COLORECTAL SURGERY
LAPAROSCOPIC SPLENECTOMY
LAPAROSCOPIC OPERATIONS ON THE LIVER
LAPAROSCOPIC OPERATIONS ON THE PANCREAS
LAPAROSCOPIC STAGING
COMMENT
SECTION VII: DEVELOPING IMAGING MODALITIES
34:
Endoscopic Magnetic Resonance Imaging
INTRODUCTION
PRINCIPLES OF MR IMAGING
MR IMAGING USING ENDOCAVITARY SURFACE COILS
DEVELOPMENT OF THE MR ENDOSCOPE
METHODS
SCANNING WITH THE MR ENDOSCOPE
RESULTS
EX-VIVO IMAGING USING THE MR ENDOSCOPE
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF EMR
EMR of Esophageal and Gastric Lesions
EMR of Pancreatic and Gallbladder Lesions
EMR of Anal and Distal Colorectal Lesions
DISCUSSION
ADVANTAGES OF EMR
CURRENT LIMITATIONS OF EMR
SAFETY OF EMR
POTENTIAL FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS OF EMR
Interventional MR
MR Endoscope Design
CONCLUSION
35:
Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP): A Clinical Perspective
INTRODUCTION
TECHNIQUE
ACCURACY
INDICATIONS AND POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS
LIMITATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
FUTURE CLINICAL IMPACT
36:
Virtual Colonoscopy
INTRODUCTION
EPIDEMIOLOGY
NATURAL HISTORY
SCREENING TECHNIQUES
VIRTUAL COLONOSCOPY
LIMITATIONS OF VIRTUAL COLONOSCOPY
OVERVIEW
37:
Spectral Endoscopy and Optical Coherence Tomography
INTRODUCTION
TYPES OF SPECTROSCOPY
LASER-INDUCED FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY
REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY
ELASTIC SCATTERING (MIE SCATTERING)
RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY
A PRIMER ON THE MECHANICS AND EQUIPMENT OF SPECTROSCOPY
Light Sources
Optical Fibers
Detection Devices
LASER-INDUCED FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY: THE COLON POLYP AS A MODEL OF DYSPLASIA
APPLICATION OF LIF SPECTROSCOPY IN POLYPOID DYSPLASIA:IN VITRO STUDIES
APPLICATION OF LIF SECTROSCOPY IN POLYPOID DYSPLASIA:IN VIVO STUDIES
FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY STUDIES
SPECTRAL ENDOSCOPY
LASER-INDUCED FLUORESCENCE OF BARRETT'S ESOPHAGUS AND ESOPHAGEAL CANCER
LIF FOR THE DETECTION OF ABNORMAL BLOOD FLOW IN GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE
RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY IN GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE
OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY IMAGING OF THE GI TRACT
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
38:
Advances in Endoscope Disinfection and Accessory Reprocessing
INTRODUCTION
ADVANCES IN ENDOSCOPE DESIGNING
DISPOSABLE COMPONENT ENDOSCOPE SYSTEMS
NEW HIGH LEVEL DISINFECTANTS
PERACETIC ACID
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
SUPEROXIDIZED WATER
ACIDIC ELECTROLYTIC WATER (AEW)
CHLORINE DIOXIDE
PERACETIC ACID AND HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
ORTHOPHTHALALDEHYDE
AUTOMATIC REPROCESSORS
ADVANTAGES OF AERs
LIMITATIONS
REUSE OF ENDOSCOPIC ACCESSORIES
THIRD PARTY REPROCESSING INDUSTRY
THE FUTURE
39:
The Erlangen “EASIE” Model for a Close-to-reality Team-training of Doctors and Nurses in Interventional Endoscopy
INTRODUCTION
SIMULATOR AND TRAINING ENVIRONMENT
INITIAL EXPERIENCE GAINED IN TRAINING WORKSHOPS
DISCUSSION
INDEX
TOC
Index
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