Jaypee Brothers
In Current Chapter
In All Chapters
X
Clear
X
GO
Normal
Sepia
Dark
Default Style
Font Style 1
Font Style 2
Font Style 3
Less
Normal
More
Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine
MC Gupta, BK Mahajan
PART 1: GENERAL
1:
Evolution of Preventive and Social Medicine
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
PUBLIC HEALTH, PREVENTIVE MEDICINE, SOCIAL MEDICINE AND COMMUNITY MEDICINE
PUBLIC HEALTH
PREVENTIVE MEDICINE
SOCIAL MEDICINE
PREVENTIVE AND SOCIAL MEDICINE
COMMUNITY MEDICINE
2:
Basic Concepts in Community Medicine
THE CONCEPT OF HEALTH
DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
INDICATORS OF HEALTH
CONCEPTS OF DISEASE
CONCEPTS OF PREVENTION
PART 2: EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TRIAD
3:
Epidemiological Approach in Preventive and Social Medicine
THE CONCEPT OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
DEFINITION OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
THE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TRIAD
THE AGENT
Biological Agents
Nutrient Agents
Chemical Agents
Physical Agents
THE HOST
Demographic Characteristics
Biological Characteristics
Socioeconomic Characteristics
Lifestyle
THE ENVIRONMENT
WEB OF CAUSATION
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL WHEEL
NATURAL HISTORY OF DISEASE
PREPATHOGENESIS
Agent Factors
Host Factors
Environmental Factors
PATHOGENESIS
Preclinical Phase
Clinical Phase
Infectious Disease Morbidity
Spectrum of Disease
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES
AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
CLINICAL VS EPIDEMIOLOGICAL APPROACH
APPLICATIONS AND USES OF EPIDEMIOLOGY15
METHODOLOGY OF EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES
4:
Physical Environment: Air
AIR
FACTORS AFFECTING ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT
Meteorological Variables
Geographical Conditions
Human Activities and Industries
PHYSICAL AGENTS IN ATMOSPHERE
ACCLIMATISATION TO PHYSICAL AGENTS IN THE AIR
High Temperature
Low Temperature or Cold Climate
Humidity
Movement of Air
Low Atmospheric Pressure
High Atmospheric Pressure
CHEMICAL AGENTS IN ATMOSPHERE
SOURCES OF POLLUTION
Industrial Processes in Different Industries
Combustion
Motor Vehicles
Miscellaneous
Reduction Vehicular Pollution
ASSESSMENT OF AIR POLLUTION7
Dustfall
Suspended Particles
Smoke Index
Sulphur Dioxide
TEMPERATURE INVERSION
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON HEALTH
PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION
General Principles
Practical Measures
BIOLOGICAL AGENTS IN ATMOSPHERE
VENTILATION
5:
Physical Environment: Water
SOURCES OF WATER
WATER SUPPLY AND QUANTITATIVE STANDARDS
WATER QUALITY AND QUALITATIVE STANDARDS8–9
STANDARDS OF QUALITY
Physical Standards
Colour
Odours
Taste
Reaction
Turbidity
Radiological Quality
Chemical Standards
Toxic Substances
Substances that may Affect Health
Substances that may Affect Water Acceptability
Microbiological Standards
Ammonia
Nitrites
Biological Oxygen Demand of Water
Dissolved Oxygen
COLLECTION OF WATER SAMPLES
PURIFICATION OF WATER
PURIFICATION ON LARGE SCALE
Storage
Filtration
Chlorination
Alternatives to Chlorination
Tests of Free Chlorine
PURIFICATION ON MEDIUM SCALE
Horrock's Test
PURIFICATION ON SMALL SCALE (DOMESTIC LEVEL)
Boiling
Distillation
Chemicals
Filtration
SPECIAL TREATMENTS IN WATER PURIFICATION
SWIMMING POOL HYGIENE
WATER PROBLEM IN INDIA
6:
Physical Environment: Housing
TYPES OF SOIL
SOIL AND HEALTH
HOUSING
RURAL HOUSING
Layout
Site
Building Plan
Cattle Shed
URBAN HOUSING
HARMFUL EFFECTS OF IMPROPER HOUSING
RECENT TRENDS IN HOUSING
7:
Physical Environment: Wastes and their Disposal
WASTES AND HEALTH
RECYCLING OF WASTES
REFUSE DISPOSAL
EXCRETA DISPOSAL
CONSERVANCY METHOD
SANITARY LATRINES
Pit Latrines
Handflush Water Seal Latrine (Pour Flush Latrine or PF Latrine)
Septic Tank
Aqua Privy
Sulabh Shauchalaya
SEWERAGE SYSTEM
HOUSE DRAINAGE
Water Closet (WC)
Bathroom
Washbasin
Sink
Rain Water Pipes System
DRAINS AND SEWERS
SEWAGE DISPOSAL
Raw Sewage Disposal
Sewage Disposal after Purification
Preliminary Treatment
Primary Treatment
Secondary Treatment
Final Treatment of Disinfection of Sewage
Other Methods of Sewage Disposal
SULLAGE DISPOSAL
8:
Physical Environment: Place of Work or Occupation (Occupational Health)
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AGENTS
PHYSICAL AGENTS
TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY
AIR PRESSURE
VIBRATIONS
NOISE
Effects on Health
Noise Control
RADIANT ENERGY
Long Wavelength Radio Waves
Microwaves
Infrared Radiation
Light Radiation
Ultraviolet Radiation
Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation
Ionising Radiation
Hazards of Ionising Radiations
FORCE AND FRICTION
CHEMICAL AGENTS
EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL AGENTS
Effects on Skin
Effects on Respiratory System
Effects on Gastrointestinal Tract
BIOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL FACTORS BIOLOGICAL AGENTS
SOCIAL FACTORS
OFFENSIVE TRADES AND OCCUPATIONS
OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES AND HAZARDS
LEAD POISONING
Preventive Measures
PNEUMOCONIOSIS
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Prevalence
Preventive Measures
OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS OF AGRICULTURAL WORKERS
OTHER OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS
PREVENTION OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH LEGISLATION
FACTORIES ACT, 1948
SCOPE AND DEFINITIONS (CHAPTER I)
HEALTH (CHAPTER III)
Cleanliness (Section 11)
Disposal of Wastes and Effluents (Section 12)
Ventilation and Temperature (Section 13)
Dust and Fumes (Section 14)
Artificial Humidification (Section 15)
Overcrowding (Section 16)
Lighting (Section 17)
Drinking Water (Section 18)
Latrines and Urinals (Section 19)
SAFETY (CHAPTER IV)
WELFARE (CHAPTER V)
Washing Facilities (Section 42)
Facilities for Sitting (Section 44)
First Aid Appliances (Section 45)
Canteens (Section 46)
Creches (Section 48)
Welfare Officer (Section 49)
WORKING HOURS FOR ADULTS (CHAPTER VI)
Adult Weekly Hours (Section 51)
Weekly Holidays (Section 52)
Daily Hours (Section 54)
Intervals for Rest (Section 55)
Women Workers (Section 66)
EMPLOYMENT OF YOUNG PERSONS (CHAPTER VII)
ANNUAL LEAVE WITH WAGES (CHAPTER VIII)
SPECIAL PROVISIONS (CHAPTER IX)
THE EMPLOYEES STATE INSURANCE ACT, 1948
Scope
Administration
Finance
Benefits
WORKER ABSENTEEISM
9:
Environmental Pollution
AIR POLLUTION
GASEOUS POLLUTANTS
PARTICULATE POLLUTANTS
SOURCE OF POLLUTION
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION
Effects on Man
Effects on Animals
Effects on Plants
Effects on Materials
Effects on Atmosphere
PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION
Motor Vehicle Emission Control
WATER POLLUTION
SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION
TYPES OF WATER POLLUTANTS
EFFECTS OF POLLUTION ON QUALITY OF WATER
SOIL AND LAND POLLUTION
TYPES OF SOIL POLLUTION
By Industrial and Urban Wastes
By Agricultural Practices
By Radioactive Materials
By Biological Agents
RADIOACTIVE POLLUTION
THERMAL POLLUTION
NOISE POLLUTION
10:
Biological Environment
RODENTS
REFERENCES
ARTHROPODS
MOSQUITOES
Life Cycle
Diseases Transmitted by Mosquitoes in India
Methods of Control
FLIES
Sandflies
Tsetse Flies
Black Fly
Deer Fly
Housefly
FLEAS
LICE
Control Measures
BUGS
SCORPIONS
TICKS
Life Cycle
Diseases Transmitted
Control Measures
MITES
Itch Mite (Sarcoptes scabiei)
Trombiculid Mite (Redbugs or Chiggers)
CYCLOPS
INSECT CONTROL
A. INSECTICIDES
Characteristics of a Suitable Insecticide
CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTICIDES
Contact Poisons2
Stomach Poisons
Fumigants
Repellents
Larvicides
SAFETY MEASURES WHILE USING INSECTICIDES
INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE
B. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF INSECTS
C. GENETIC CONTROL
11:
Social Environment
SOCIAL SCIENCES
SOCIOLOGY
Society
Origin of Society
Structural Aspects of Society
Functional Aspects of Society
CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
ECONOMICS
POLITICAL SCIENCE
RELATIONSHIP AMONGST SOCIAL SCIENCES
MEDICAL SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL MEDICINE
FAMILY
Fundamental Features of Family
Functions of Family
Types of Family
HOUSEHOLD
SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS
SOCIAL CAUSES OF DISEASE
SOCIAL ASPECTS OF TREATMENT
SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH
12:
Health and Law
LAWS RELATED TO HEALTH
LAW AND THE RURAL MASSES
LAW AS A TOOL TO IMPROVE PEOPLE'S HEALTH
MEDICAL NEGLIGENCE AND INEFFICACY OF INDIAN MEDICAL COUNCIL ACT, 1956
CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT, 1986
MRTP ACT, 1969
DRUGS AND COSMETICS ACT, 1940
LAW OF TORT
PUBLIC INTEREST LITIGATION (PIL)
13:
Host Factors and Health
AGE, SEX, MARITAL STATUS AND RACE
PHYSICAL STATE OF THE BODY
PSYCHOLOGICAL STATE AND PERSONALITY
GENETIC CONSTITUTION
DEFENCE MECHANISMS
Physical and Chemical Barriers
Innate Defence Mechanisms
Adaptive Immunity
Principles of Immunization
NUTRITIONAL STATUS
HABITS AND LIFESTYLE
Healthy Habits
Lifestyle
Smoking
Sexual Behavior
Physical Fitness and Exercise
Spirituality
14:
General Epidemiology of Communicable Diseases
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
A. COMMUNICABLE DISEASES IN GENERAL
Identification of Cases of Disease
Infectious Agent
Occurrence
Reservoir
Mode of Transmission and Spread
Incubation Period
Period of Communicability
Susceptibility and Resistance
Methods of Control
B. APPROACH TO ACUTE COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
Notification
Isolation
Quarantine
Diagnosis
Specific Treatment
Disinfection
Immunization
Investigation of Contacts and Source of Infection
Health Education
Legal and Administrative Measures
Long-term Measures
International Measures
DISINFECTION AND DISINFECTANTS
Physical Disinfectants
Chemical Disinfectants
Standardization of Disinfectants
Factors Affecting Disinfectant Action
CLASSIFICATION OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
AIRBORNE INFECTIONS
WATER AND FOOD-BORNE (INTESTINAL) INFECTIONS
CONTACT OR SURFACE INFECTIONS
ARTHROPOD-BORNE INFECTIONS
ZOONOSES
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL APPROACH TO COMMUNICABLE DISEASES AFTER NATURAL DISASTERS19
Increase in Transmission
Receptivity of the Population
Introduction of a New Pathogen
Disease Prevention and Control in Emergencies
15:
Respiratory Infections
NONSPECIFIC VIRAL INFECTIONS
COMMON COLD (Acute Coryza) (ICD-J00)
INFLUENZA (ICD-J 11.1)
Clinical Features
Epidemiology
Causative Agent
Host Factors
Methods of Control1
Influenza Vaccines
REFERENCES
SPECIFIC VIRAL INFECTIONS
SMALLPOX (Variola) (ICD-BO3)
Clinical Features
Laboratory Diagnosis
Epidemiological Basis for Smallpox Eradication
Vaccination—The Current Status
Current Status of Poxvirus Disease
REFERENCES
CHICKENPOX (VARICELLA) (ICD-B01.9)
REFERENCES
MEASLES (RUBEOLA; MORBILLI) (ICD-B05.9)
REFERENCES
MUMPS (ICD-B26.9)
REFERENCES
GERMAN MEASLES (RUBELLA) (ICD-B06.9)
REFERENCES
NONSPECIFIC BACTERIAL INFECTIONS
PNEUMONIAS (ICD-J18.9)
STREPTOCOCCAL SORE THROAT (ICD-J02.0)
SPECIFIC BACTERIAL INFECTIONS
DIPHTHERIA (ICD-A36)
Clinical Aspects
Complications
Diagnosis
Occurrence
Causative Agent
Source of Infection
Communicability Period
Modes of Transmission
Susceptibility
Incubation Period
REFERENCES
WHOOPING COUGH (Pertussis) (ICD-A37.9)
Identification
Diagnosis
Epidemiology
Source of Infection
Spread
Incubation Period
Methods of Control
REFERENCES
MENINGOCOCCAL MENINGITIS (ICD-A39.0)
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Occurrence
Causative Agent
Source of Infection
Susceptibility
Incubation Period
Prevention and Control
Treatment
REFERENCES
TUBERCULOSIS (ICD-A16.9)
Occurrence
Causative Agent
Source of Infection
Modes of Transmission
Susceptibility and Resistance
Incubation Period
Pathogenesis
Clinical Identification
Prevention and Control
Early Diagnosis and Prompt Treatment
Disability Limitation and Rehabilitation
NATIONAL TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL PROGRAM
Aim and Principles of National TB Program (NTP)
General Aspects
Infrastructure of the Program
Present Status of NTP and Problems in the Implementation of the Program
Requirements for Success in NTP
Present Trend of Tuberculosis in India
Epidemiological Indices
Tuberculosis and HIV
Diagnosis and Management of HIV-Associated Tuberculosis
REFERENCES
ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS ICD-J22
ARI COMPONENT OF RCH PROGRAMME2, 5
Classification and Treatment of Severe Pneumonia and Very Severe Disease
16:
Water and Food-borne (Alimentary) Infections
CHOLERA AND DIARRHOEA
CHOLERA (ICD A00.9)
History and Prevalence
Causative Agent
Viability
Source of Infection
Period of Communicability
Modes of Transmission
Susceptibility and Resistance
Incubation Period
Clinical Picture
Laboratory Diagnosis8
Measures of Prevention and Control
DIARRHOEA (ICD-A0.9)
CONTROL OF DIARRHOEAL DISEASES
Rationale
Goal
Coverage
Identification Guidelines
Strategy
Assessment of a Child with Diarrhoea
Management of a Child with Acute Diarrhoea
When There are No Signs of Dehydration (Treatment Plan A)
When There is Some Dehydration (Treatment Plan B)
To Prepare ORS Solution
When There is Severe Dehydration (Treatment Plan C)
Management of a Child with Dysentery
Management of a Child with Persistent Diarrhoea
REFERENCES
FOOD POISONING
REFERENCES
ENTERIC FEVERS
TYPHOID (ICD-A01.0)
Identification
History and Prevalence
Causative Agent
Source of Infection
Modes of Spread
Susceptibility and Resistance
Incubation Period
Prevention and Control
Immunisation
Treatment of Cases, Contacts and Carriers
PARATYPHOID FEVERS (ICD A01.4)
REFERENCES
BRUCELLOSIS (ICD-A23.9) (Undulent Fever, Malta Fever)
REFERENCES
BACILLARY DYSENTERY OR SHIGELLOSIS (ICD-A03.9)
REFERENCES
AMOEBIASIS (ICD-A06.9)
REFERENCES
GIARDIASIS (ICD-A07.1)
REFERENCES
BALANTIDIASIS (ICD-A07.0)
VIRAL HEPATITIS (ICD—B15-B-19)
HEPATITIS A
Identification
Infectious Agent
Reservoir
Occurrence
Mode of Transmission
Incubation Period
Period of Communicability
Susceptibility and Resistance
Prevention and Control
HEPATITIS B
Identification
Infectious Agent
Occurrence
Reservoir
Incubation Period
Period of Communicability
Susceptibility and Resistance
Preventive Measures
HEPATITIS C
Identification
Infectious Agent
Occurrence
Reservoir
Mode of Transmission
Incubation Period
Period of Communicability
Susceptibility and Resistance
Methods of Control
HEPATITIS D
Identification
Infectious Agent
Occurrence
Mode of Transmission and Methods of Control
Incubation Period
HEPATITIS E
Identification
Infectious Agent
Occurrence
Reservoir
Mode of Transmission
Incubation Period
Period of Communicability
Methods of Control
HEPATITIS G
REFERENCES
POLIOMYELITIS (ICD-A80.9)
REFERENCES
WORM INFECTIONS (HELMINTHIASIS)
SNAIL TRANSMITTED HELMINTHS
Life Cycle in General
Family Fascioloidae
Family Schistosomidae
Prevention and Control of Schistosomiasis
FOOD ANIMAL TRANSMITTED HELMINTHS
Cestodes or Tapeworms
Life Cycle in General
Taenia saginata (Beef Tapeworm) ICD-B 68.1
Taenia solium (Pork Tapeworm) ICD-B 68.0
Prevention and Control of T. saginata and T. solium
Echinococcus granulosus (Dog Tapeworm) ICD-B 67.4
Diphyllobothrium latum (Fish Tapeworm)
Trichinella spiralis
CONTAGIOUS OR FAECAL-BORNE HELMINTHS
Mode of Transmission
SOIL-TRANSMITTED HELMINTHS
Ascaris lumbricoides (ICD-B77.9)
Life Cycle
Clinical Features
Control Measures
Trichuris trichiura (Whipworm)
Hookworm (ICD-B76.9)
Occurrence
Life Cycle
Control Measures
Strongyloides stercoralis (ICD-B78.9)
ARTHROPOD TRANSMITTED HELMINTHS
Dracunculus Medinensis (Guinea Worm)
Life Cycle and Mode of Spread
Occurrence
17:
Contact Diseases
LEPROSY (ICD-A30.9)
HISTORY AND PREVALENCE
EPIDEMIOLOGY
I. Agent Factors
II. Host Factors
III. Environmental Factors
Pathogenesis and Classification
PREVENTION AND CONTROL
A. Medical Measures
B. Social Measures
C. Managerial Aspects
D. Evaluation
Leprosy Organisations in India
NATIONAL LEPROSY ERADICATION PROGRAMME
Strategies
Infrastructure
REFERENCES
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES OR VENEREAL DISEASES
SYPHILIS (ICD-A53.9)
Clinical Features
Causative Agent
Sources of Infection
Mode of Transmission
Period of Communicability
Susceptibility and Resistance
Incubation Period
Methods of Control
GONORRHEA (ICD-A54.9)
Clinical Features
Complications of Gonorrhea
Diagnosis
Causative Agent
Source of Infection and Period of Infectivity
Mode of Spread
Incubation Period
Methods of Control
Treatment
TRICHOMONAL VAGINITIS AND URETHRITIS (ICD-A 59.0)
Symptoms
Treatment
CHANCROID (SOFT SORE) (ICD-A 57)
Identification
Epidemiology
Incubation Period
Treatment
LYMPHOGRANULOMA VENEREUM (LGV) ICD-A55
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Epidemiology
Treatment
GRANULOMA INGUINALE (DONOVANOSIS) (ICD-A55)
Clinical Features
Epidemiology
Incubation Period
Specific Treatment
STD CONTROL ON A LARGE SCALE
Planning
Intervention Strategies
Health and Social Support
Monitoring and Evaluation
NATIONAL STD CONTROL PROGRAMME
REFERENCES
ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS) [ICD-B24]
AIDS
Methods of Control9
Economic Cost of AIDS14
HIV Vaccine
NATIONAL AIDS CONTROL PROGRAMME
SYNDROMIC APPROACH TO STD
Aetiological Diagnosis Approach
Clinical Diagnosis Approach
Syndromic Approach
Advantages of Syndromic Case Management
STD Syndromes
REFERENCES
TRACHOMA (ICD-A71.9)
REFERENCES
FUNGUS INFECTIONS
RINGWORM (TINEA) (ICD-B35.9)
Clinical Features
Causative Agent
Incubation Period
Prevention and Control
YAWS (ICD-A66.9)
Clinical Features
Agent
Host Factors
Environmental Factors
Transmission
Incubation Period
Methods of Control
Yaws Eradication Programme (YEP)
SCABIES
18:
Arthropod-borne Diseases
MALARIA (ICD-B54)
NATIONAL MALARIA ERADICATION PROGRAMME
Historical Background
National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP)
National Malaria Eradication Programme (NMEP)
Modified Plan of Operations (MPO)
Malaria Action Programme
Constraints in Antimalaria Efforts
Operational and Administrative Constraints
Surveillance in Malaria
Malaria in South East Asia Region12
Recent Malaria Scenario6
REFERENCES
FILARIASIS (ICP-B 74.9)
NATIONAL FILARIA CONTROL PROGRAMME (NFCP)
Organisational Aspects
REFERENCES
ARBOVIRUSES
YELLOW FEVER (ICD-A 95.9)
REFERENCES
DENGUE (ICD-A90)
REFERENCES
CHIKUNGUNYA FEVER (ICD-A92.0)
JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS (ICD-A83.0)
REFERENCES
SANDFLY FEVER (ICD-A93.1) (PAPPATACI FEVER)
Identification
Infectious Agent
Incubation Period
Susceptibility and Resistance
Methods of Control
REFERENCES
LEISHMANIASIS (ICD-B 55.9)
VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS (Kala-azar or Black Fever)
Identification
Infectious Agent
Occurrence
Reservoir
Mode of Transmission
Incubation Period
Period of Communicability
Susceptibility and Resistance
Methods of Control
LOCAL LEISHMANIASIS
Dermal Leishmaniasis
Tropical or Oriental Sore
Treatment
REFERENCES
PLAGUE (ICD-A20.9)
REFERENCES
KYASANUR FOREST DISEASE (ICD-A98.2)
REFERENCES
EPIDEMIC TYPHUS (LOUSE-BORNE TYPHUS) (ICD-A75.0)
REFERENCES
TRENCH FEVER (ICD-A79.0)
ENDEMIC TYPHUS (ICD-A75.2)
Infectious Agent
Occurrence
Reservoir
Mode of Transmission
Incubation Period
Methods of Control
SCRUB TYPHUS (TSUTSUGAMUSHI FEVER) (ICD-A75.3)
REFERENCES
TICK TYPHUS (ICD-A77.9) (ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER)
RELAPSING FEVER (ICD-A68.9)
19:
Miscellaneous Zoonoses, Other Infections and Emerging Infections
A. MISCELLANEOUS ZOONOSES
RABIES (ICD-A82.9)
Identification
Occurrence
Causative Agent
Reservoir
Mode of Transmission
Susceptibility
Period of Communicability
Incubation Period
Methods of Control
REFERENCES
RAT BITE FEVER (ICD-A25.0 and A25.1)
Identification
Causative Agent
Laboratory Diagnosis
Occurrence
Susceptibility and Resistance
Incubation Period
Methods of Control
LEPTOSPIROSIS (Weil's Disease) (ICD-A27.9)
Identification
Diagnosis
Occurrence
Infectious Agent
Incubation Period
Methods of Control
REFERENCES
ANTHRAX (ICD-A22.9)
Identification
Epidemiology
Incubation Period
Methods of Control
GLANDERS (ICD-A24.0)
B. OTHER INFECTIONS
TETANUS(ICD-A33, A34, A35)
Identification
Occurrence
Reservoir
Mode of Transmission
Methods of Control
Neonatal Tetanus
C. EMERGING INFECTIONS1
20:
Epidemiology of Noncommunicable Diseases
CANCER
REFERENCES
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
REFERENCES
DIABETES
REFERENCES
ACCIDENTS
REFERENCES
BLINDNESS
MAJOR BLINDING DISORDERS
1. Cataract
2. Nutritional Blindness
3. Glaucoma
4. Trachoma
5. Age-related Macular Degeneration (ARMD)
6. Onchocerciasis
7. Ocular Leprosy
8. Measles
CONTROL MEASURES FOR BLINDNESS
A. Primary Prevention
B. Secondary Prevention
C. Tertiary Prevention
NATIONAL PROGRAMME FOR CONTROL OF BLINDNESS
School Screening Programme
Vision 2020: The Right to Sight: Global Initiative for Elimination of Avoidable Blindness
21:
Food and Nutrition
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ASPECTS
NUTRIENTS AND PROXIMATE FOOD PRINCIPLES
PROTEINS
Recommended Intake
Sources of Protein in Diet
FATS
Vegetables vs Animal Fats
Essential Fatty Acids
Requirements
Vanaspati
CARBOHYDRATES
Starch vs Sucrose
Dietary Fibre
MINERALS
Iron
Iodine
Calcium
VITAMINS
FATS SOLUBLE VITAMINS
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS
Vitamin B Complex
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
FOOD AND FOOD GROUPS
MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS
Milk
Milk Products
EGGS AND MEAT
Eggs
Meat
CEREALS AND MILLETS
Wheat
Rice
Maize or Corn
PULSES, OILSEEDS AND NUTS
Pulses (Legumes)
Oilseeds and Nuts
VEGETABLES
Leafy Vegetables
Non-leafy Vegetables
Starchy vegetables
FRUITS
FATS AND OILS
Rancidity
SUGAR, JAGGERY AND HONEY
CONDIMENTS AND SPICES
BEVERAGES
Tea
Coffee
Cocoa
Alcoholic or Fermented Drinks
PRESERVATION OF FOODS AND CONSERVATION OF NUTRIENTS
FOOD PRESERVATION
Methods of Preservation
CONSERVATION OF NUTRIENTS
Guidelines for Preventing Nutrient Loss during Cooking
DIET STANDARDS AND DIET PLANNING
MALNUTRITION
ASSESSMENT OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS
Methods of Nutritional Assessment
Clinical Signs
Nutritional Anthropometry
Biochemical Tests
Biophysical Methods
Morbidity Data
Mortality Data
Food Consumption Data
Food Production Data
NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY STATES
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ASPECTS
Prevalence
Agent Factors
Host or Human Factors
Environmental Factors
PROTEIN ENERGY MALNUTRITION (PEM)
Classification of PEM
Clinical Fractures
IRON DEFICIENCY
VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY
IODINE DEFICIENCY
NATIONAL NUTRITION PROGRAMS
OBESITY
FOOD HYGIENE
FOOD BORNE OR FOOD RELATED DISEASES
Prevention and Control
NATIONAL NUTRITION POLICY
I. INTRODUCTION
II. NEED FOR A NUTRITION POLICY WITHIN THE DEVELOPMENT CONTEXT
III. THE NUTRITION STATUS OF INDIA
1. Undernutrition
2. Seasonal Dimensions of Nutrition
3. Natural Calamities and Nutrition
4. Effect of Market Distortion and Disinformation
5. Urbanization
6. Nutrition Problems of Special Groups
7. Overnutrition and Obesity
IV. THE EXISTING POLICY INSTRUMENTS FOR COMBATING MALNUTRITION
V. NUTRITION POLICY INSTRUMENTS
A. Direct Instruments: Short-term Interventions
B. Indirect Instruments: Long-term Institutional and Structural Changes
VI. ADMINISTRATION AND MONITORING
1. Implementation of National Nutrition Policy
2. Monitoring of Nutrition Situation
3. Role of State Governments
4. Community Mobilization
PART 3: HEALTH STATISTICS, RESEARCH AND DEMOGRAPHY
22:
Biostatistics
PRESENTATION OF STATISTICS
TABULATION
1. Master Table
2. Simple Table
3. Frequency Distribution Table
DRAWINGS
1. Histogram
2. Frequency Polygon
3. Frequency Curve
4. Line Chart or Graph
5. Bar Diagram
6. Scatter or Dot Diagram
7. Pie or Sector Diagram
8. Map Diagram or Spot Map
VARIABILITY AND ERROR
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
SAMPLING
SAMPLING VARIATIONS
TESTS OF SIGNIFICANCE
23:
Research Methodology
PURPOSE OF RESEARCH AND BROAD AREAS OF RESEARCH
RESEARCH APPROACHES IN PUBLIC HEALTH
CASE STUDIES
SURVEYS
DESIGNING RESEARCH PROTOCOL
ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN RESEARCH
24:
Demography and Vital Statistics
DEMOGRAPHY
USES AND APPLICATIONS OF VITAL STATISTICS
COLLECTION OF VITAL STATISTICS
COMPILATION, TABULATION AND PRESENTATION OF STATISTICS
ANALYSIS OF VITAL DATA
INTERPRETATION, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
VITAL STATISTICS AS INDICATORS OF HEALTH
PART 4: HEALTH CARE AND SERVICES
25:
Health Planning, Administration and Management
HEALTH PLANNING
LEVELS OF PLANNING
STEPS IN PLANNING
a. Making a Plan
b. Execution of the Plan
c. Control and Supervision
d. Evaluation
e. Operational Research
The Health Planning and Implementation Cycle
HEALTH PLANNING IN INDIA
A. PLANNING COMMISSION
B. NATIONAL HEALTH PLANNING
C. NINTH PLAN: HEALTH AND FAMILY WELFARE
1. Primary Health Facilities
2. Universalisation of Primary Education
3. Safe Drinking Water for All
4. Nutrition
5. Housing
Urban Health Care Services
Development of Human Resources for Health
Indian Systems of Medicine and Homoeopathy
OPERATIONAL STRATEGY FOR ISM AND H IN THE NINTH PLAN
A. PRIMARY HEALTH CARE
B. SECONDARY HEALTH CARE
C. TERTIARY HEALTH CARE
D. DRAFT APPROACH PAPER TO THE TENTH FIVE-YEAR PLAN (2002–2007)
E. NATIONAL HEALTH COMMITTEES
F. HEALTH MANPOWER PLANNING
Anomalies in Health Manpower Structure
HEALTH ADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMENT
GOVERNMENT HEALTH ORGANIZATION IN INDIA
NATIONAL HEALTH POLICY
COMMENTS ABOUT NATIONAL HEALTH POLICY
Revised Draft National Policy
DRAFT NATIONAL HEALTH POLICY-2001
1. INTRODUCTORY
2. CURRENT SCENARIO
2.1 Financial Resources
2.2 Equity
2.3 Delivery of National Public Health Programmes
2.4 The State of Public Health Infrastructure
2.5 Extending Public Health Services
2.6 Role of Local Self-Government Institutions
2.7 Medical Education
2.8 Need for Specialists in ‘Public Health’ and ‘Family Medicine’
2.9 Urban Health
2.10 Mental Health
2.11 Information, Education and Communication
2.12 Medical Research
2.13 Role of the Private Sector
2.14 Role of the Civil Society
2.15 National Disease Surveillance Network
2.16 Health Statistics
2.17 Women's Health
2.18 Medical Ethics
2.19 Enforcement of Quality Standards for Food and Drugs
2.20 Regulation of Standards in Paramedical Disciplines
2.21 Occupational Health
2.22 Providing Medical Facilities to Users from Overseas
2.23. Impact of Globalisation on the Health Sector
2.24 Non-health Determinants
2.25 Population Growth and Health Standards
2.26 Alternative Systems of Medicine
3. OBJECTIVES
4. NHP-2001—POLICY PRESCRIPTIONS
4.1 Financial Resources
4.2 Equity
4.3 Delivery of National Public Health Programmes
4.4 The State of Public Health Infrastructure
4.5 Extending Public Health Services
4.6 Role of Local Self-Government Institutions
4.7 Medical Education
4.8 Need for Specialists in ‘Public Health’ and ‘Family Medicine’
4.9 Urban Health
4.10 Mental Health
4.11 Information, Education and Communication
4.12 Medical Research
4.13 Role of the Private Sector
4.14 Role of the Civil Society
4.15 National Disease Surveillance Network
4.16 Health Statistics
4.17 Women's Health
4.18 Medical Ethics
4.19 Enforcement of Quality Standards for Food and Drugs
4.20 Regulation of Standards in Paramedical Disciplines
4.21 Occupational Health
4.22 Providing Medical Facilities to Users from Overseas
4.23 Impact of Globalisation on the Health Sector
SUMMATION
HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT
26:
Health Economics
BASIC CONCEPTS
SOME PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS
27:
Health Care of the Community
IMBALANCE IN HEALTH CARE AND ITS CAUSES
HEALTH PROBLEMS IN INDIA
HEALTH CARE
PRIMARY HEALTH CARE
Characteristics of Primary Health Care
Components of Primary Health Care
RURAL PRIMARY HEALTH CARE
URBAN PRIMARY HEALTH CARE
Urban Revamping Scheme
Urban Family Welfare Centres
NATIONAL HEALTH PROGRAMS
APPENDIX
Recommendations of Alma Ata Conference19
28:
Information, Education, Communication and Training in Health
DEFINITIONS AND CONCEPTS
ROLE AND NEED OF HEALTH EDUCATION AND PROMOTION
OBJECTIVES OF HEALTH EDUCATION AND PROMOTION
THE PROCESS OF CHANGE IN BEHAVIOR
PRINCIPLES OF HEALTH EDUCATION5
COMMUNICATION IN HEALTH EDUCATION AND TRAINING5
EDUCATION AND TRAINING METHODOLOGY
SYSTEMS APPROACH
1. Training Need Assessment (TNA)
2. Formulation of Objectives
3. Curriculum Designing and Implementation
Teaching Methods
Communications Skills
Educational Aids
Evaluation
PLANNING OF HEALTH EDUCATION
LEVELS OF HEALTH EDUCATION
EXPERIENCE AND EXAMPLES OF HEALTH EDUCATION
CHILD TO CHILD PROGRAM
EDUCATION AND TRAINING SYSTEM IN HEALTH AND FW INSTITUTIONS
IEC TRAINING SCHEME
SOCIAL MARKETING
29:
Maternal and Child Health
MATERNAL MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY
PEDIATRIC MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY
PEDIATRIC MORBIDITY
PEDIATRIC MORTALITY
Causes of Pediatric Mortality
Identification of Children “At Risk”
Low Birth Weight
Etiology of LBW
Prevention of LBW
MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH SERVICES
SERVICES FOR THE MOTHER
Preconceptional
Antenatal Care
Natal Care
Postnatal Care
Family Planning
SERVICES FOR THE CHILD
1. Health Promotion
2. Health Protection
3. Early Diagnosis and Prompt Treatment
4. Disability Limitation
5. Rehabilitation
Under-fives Clinic
Other Welfare Services Required for Children
NATIONAL PROGRAMS FOR MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH
REPRODUCTIVE AND CHILD HEALTH AND SAFE PROGRAM
NATIONAL IMMUNIZATION PROGRAM
INTEGRATED CHILD DEVELOPMENT SERVICES
30:
Family Planning and Population Policy
SCOPE OF FAMILY PLANNING SERVICES
DEMOGRAPHIC CONSIDERATIONS IN FAMILY PLANNING
QUALITIES OF A GOOD CONTRACEPTIVE
METHODS OF FAMILY PLANNING
NATIONAL FAMILY WELFARE PROGRAM
REPRODUCTIVE AND CHILD HEALTH PROGRAMME
PHN/Staff Nurses
Hiring of Private Anesthetist
24 Hours Delivery Services at PHCs/CHCs
Referral Transport to Indigent Families through Panchayats
Safe Motherhood Consultant
Dai Training
The RCH Outreach Services
CHILD HEALTH
Recanalisation Services (Centres of Excellence)
Supply of Laparoscopes and Tubal Rings
Testing Facility at IIT, New Delhi
NONSCALPEL VASECTOMY
INVOLVEMENT OF NGOs IN THE FAMILY WELFARE PROGRAMME
RCH-IEC Activities through Zila Saksharta Samitis
Village Health Guide Schemes
Postpartum Programme
Urban Revamping Scheme and Urban Family Welfare Centre
Sterilisation Bed Scheme
Community Needs Assessment Approach (CNAA)
Population Research Centres
Rapid Household (District Level) Survey
Facility Survey
National Family Health Survey
Pilot Project for Introduction of Hepatitis Vaccine in UIP
NATIONAL POPULATION POLICY
SOCIAL DIMENSIONS OF FAMILY PLANNING AND POPULATION CONTROL
THE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX (HDI)
The Human Poverty Index (HPI)
31:
School Health Services
SCHOOL HEALTH PROGRAM
32:
Geriatrics—Care and Welfare of the Aged
THE PROBLEMS OF THE OLD
ADMINISTRATIVE ASPECTS
33:
Mental Health
PREVALENCE OF MENTAL ILLNESS
ETIOLOGY
TYPES OF MENTAL DISORDERS
DRUG ADDICTION
MENTAL HEALTH CARE
PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF MENTAL ILLNESS
NATIONAL MENTAL HEALTH PROGRAM
34:
Health Services through General Practitioners
WHAT IS GENERAL PRACTICE?
COMPONENTS OF FAMILY MEDICINE OR GENERAL PRACTICE
1. PRIMARY CARE
A. Curative Aspects
B. Preventive Aspects
II. EMERGENCIES
A. Common Surgical Emergencies
B. Common Medical Emergencies
C. Common Obstetric Emergencies
D. Common Pediatric Emergencies
III. REFERRALS
COMMUNITY SKILLS NEEDED IN A GENERAL PRACTITIONER/FAMILY PHYSICIAN
35:
International Health
PRE-WHO EFFORTS
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
OTHER UN AGENCIES
1. UNICEF
2. FAO
3. UNDP
4. ILO
5. World Bank
6. UNFPA
7. UNESCO
8. UNHCR
9. UNIDO
10. UNAIDS
BILATERAL AGENCIES
2. USAID
3. DANIDA
4. DFID
NON-GOVERNMENT AGENCIES
36:
Epidemiology Study Design
GENERAL
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY DESIGNS (Fig. 36.1)
DESCRIPTIVE STUDIES
TYPES OF DESCRIPTIVE STUDIES
Case Reports and Case Series
Cross-sectional Studies
Correlational/Ecological Studies
ANALYTICAL EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES
OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES
Case-control Study
Cohort Studies
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES
Types of Experimental Studies
TYPES OF THERAPEUTIC OR CLINICAL TRIALS
37:
Biomedical Waste Management
CONCEPT AND DEFINITION
IMPORTANCE AND NATURE OF BIOMEDICAL WASTE
HEALTH HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH POOR HOSPITAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
DISPOSAL OF BIOMEDICAL WASTE
SEGREGATION
Advantages of Segregation
Categories for Segregation
Color Coding Scheme
STORAGE
TREATMENT
BIOMEDICAL WASTES (MANAGEMENT AND HANDLING) RULES, 1998
38:
Anthrax and Bioterrorism
ANTHRAX
BIOTERRORISM
39:
Nosocomial Infections*
40:
Oral Diseases
MAJOR STATEMENTS
ORAL CANCER
ORAL PRECANCER
ORAL MUCOSAL DISEASES
PERIODONTAL DISEASE
DENTAL CARIES
41:
Disaster Management
GENERAL CONCEPTS
DEFINITION OF DISASTER
CLASSIFICATION OF DISASTERS
Natural Disasters
Man-made Disasters
MEDICAL CARE AT THE DISASTER SITE
POTENTIAL RISKS AT THE DISASTER SITE
MANAGEMENT ASPECTS
Command Post
Function of the Command Post
Medical Coordinator at the Command Post
Triage
Mobilization Areas
Mobile Units
Medical Equipment and Supplies
NATURAL DISASTERS
GUIDING PRINCIPLES FOR HEALTH SECTOR FLOOD MANAGEMENT
Public Health Risks
List of Common Ailments/Diseases Found after Floods
Specific Public Health Activities for Flood
GUIDING PRINCIPLES FOR HEALTH SECTOR DROUGHT MANAGEMENT
Contingency Plan for Medical Care during Drought
BIOLOGICAL DISASTERS
GUIDING PRINCIPLES FOR PLANNING
Biological Disaster and Epidemic
Microorganisms Producing Crisis Situation
Sources
Introduction of New Form of Endemic Diseases
Spread of Diseases from Endemic to Non-endemic Region of the Country
NEW DISEASES
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR BIO-TOXINS
EMERGENCY IMMUNIZATION
Indications for Passive Immunization in Emergencies
Biological Weapons/Types
CHEMICAL DISASTERS
NATURAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN INDIA
STATEWISE ANALYSIS
NATIONAL POLICY
DISASTER MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE IN INDIA
STATE LEVEL
NATIONAL LEVEL
ROLE OF THE HEALTH SECTOR
Public Health Impact Following Disasters
DISASTER MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE IN HEALTH SECTOR
National Level
State Level
District/PHC Level
NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS
Indian Red Cross Society
INDEX
TOC
Index
×
Chapter Notes
Save
Clear