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Color Doppler and 3D Ultrasound in Gynecology, Infertility and Obstetrics
Asim Kurjak, Sanja Kupesic
CHAPTER 1:
Physical Principles of the Doppler Effect and Its Application in Medicine
INTRODUCTION
THE DOPPLER EFFECT
DOPPLER INDICES
INSTRUMENTATION FOR DOPPLER MEASUREMENTS
DATA ACQUISITION
SIGNAL PROCESSING
FLOW VS VELOCITY
TWO-DIMENSIONAL FLOW MEASUREMENT
2D COLOR DOPPLER DISPLAY
POWER DOPPLER ULTRASOUND
BASIC LIMITATIONS OF DOPPLER EXAMINATIONS
ACCURACY
PRECISION
CONTRAST MEDIA
ARTIFACTS
ALIASING
HOW TO REDUCE PROBLEMS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
CHAPTER 2:
Normal Gynecological Anatomy (Uterus, Fallopian Tubes, Ovaries) Assessed by 2D, 3D Ultrasound and Color Doppler
INTRODUCTION
UTERUS
ADULT
Phases of Menstrual Cycle
POSTMENOPAUSAL STATE
CERVIX
UTERINE PERFUSION
UTERUS IN NEWBORN AND PREPUBERTY
VAGINA
FALLOPIAN TUBE
OVARIES
ADOLESCENCE AND ADULTHOOD
Ovarian Circulation Presented by Color Doppler
NEWBORN
CHILDHOOD
PERIMENOPAUSAL AND POSTMENOPAUSAL STATE
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 3:
Color Doppler and Three-Dimensional Ultrasound of the Uterine Lesions
INTRODUCTION
NORMAL UTERUS
ENDOMETRIAL POLYPS
INTRAUTERINE SYNECHIAE (ADHESIONS)
ADENOMYOSIS
ENDOMETRIAL HYPERPLASIA
ENDOMETRIAL CARCINOMA
LEIOMYOMA
LEIOMYOSARCOMA
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 4:
Adnexal Masses
INTRODUCTION
THE MAIN BASIS OF ANGIOGENESIS
TUMOR NEOVASCULARIZATION—CURRENT CONCEPTS
EVOLUTION OF 2D CONVENTIONAL AND COLOR DOPPLER ULTRASOUND IN IMAGING OF ADNEXAL TUMOR ANGIOGENESIS
THREE-DIMENSIONAL ULTRASOUND AND POWER DOPPLER IMAGING OF BENIGN AND MALIGNANT ADNEXAL MASSES
FURTHER POSSIBILITIES IN THE EVALUATION OF TUMOR ANGIOGENESIS
ZAGREB EXPERIENCE
FUTURE CHALLeNGES
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 5:
Possibilities of 3D Ultrasound and 3D Power Doppler Imaging in Ovarian Cancer Screening Tests
WHY TO SCREEN FOR OVARIAN CANCER?
DIFFICULTIES IN OVARIAN CANCER SCREENING
ATTEMPTS TO SCREEN—SOME LESSONS LEARNED
SCREENING TESTS
SERUM TUMOR MARKERS
TRANSVAGINAL ULTRASOUND
TARGET POPULATIONS
GENERAL POPULATION
Age and Menopausal Status
HIGH-RISK POPULATION
Family History and/or Genetic Predisposition
OVARIAN CANCER SCREENING TRIALS
GENERAL POPULATION
Ultrasound Screening
Multimodal Screening
HIGH RISK POPULATION
OVARIAN CANCER—THE ROLE OF 3D ULTRASOUND AND 3D POWER DOPPLER IMAGING
WHAT DOES 3D ULTRASOUND ADD?
ADVANTAGES OF 3D POWER DOPPLER IMAGING
More Accurate Visualization of Ovarian Tumor Neovascularization
Detection of Stage I Disease
ZAGREB OVARIAN CANCER SCREENING TRIAL
SUBJECTS AND METHODS
ILLUSTRATIVE CASE NO. 1—MORE ACCURATE DIAGNOSIS OF OVARIAN CANCER
ILLUSTRATIVE CASE NO. 2— THE DETECTION OF STAGE I DISEASE
AIMS
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 6:
Ovarian Endometriosis
INTRODUCTION
SYMPTOMS
ENDOMETRIOSIS IN INFERTILE PATIENTS
ULTRASOUND DIAGNOSIS
COMBINED STUDIES BY DOPPLER ULTRASOUND AND CA 125 VALUES
OVARIAN ENDOMETRIOMA ASSESSED BY 3D ULTRASOUND
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 7:
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
TRANSVAGINAL ULTRASOUND AND COLOR DOPPLER ASSESSMENT OF PID
TUBO-OVARIAN ABSCESS
CHRONIC PID
THREE-DIMENSIONAL ULTRASOUND
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 8:
Minimally Invasive Surgery and Adnexal Lesions
INTRODUCTION
LAPAROSCOPY AND ADNEXAL LESIONS
OVARIAN CYSTS AND SOLID TUMORS
ECTOPIC PREGNANCY
STERILIZATION
SALPINGOOVARIOLYSIS AND NEOSALPINGOSTOMY
ENDOMETRIOSIS
POLYCYSTIC OVARIES (PCO)
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 9:
Color Doppler and Three-Dimensional Sonographic Imaging in Infertility
UTERINE CAUSES OF INFERTILITY
PERFUSION IN INFERTILE PATIENTS
ENDOMETRIAL THICKNESS, ENDOMETRIAL VOLUME AND VASCULARITY
CONGENITAL ANOMALIES
ENDOMETRIAL POLYP
SUBMUCOUS LEIOMYOMAS
ADENOMYOSIS
ENDOMETRITIS
ASHERMAN'S SYNDROME
OVARIAN CAUSES OF INFERTILITY
POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME
LUTEINIZED UNRUPTURED FOLLICLE SYNDROME
LUTEAL PHASE DEFECT
TUBAL CAUSES OF INFERTILITY
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 10:
Color Doppler and 3D Power Doppler Hysterosalpingography (Sonohysterosalpingography)
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE ULTRASONIC ASSESSMENT OF THE FALLOPIAN TUBE
ULTRASOUND CONTRAST AGENTS
TECHNIQUE OF Hy-Co-Sy
REQUIREMENTS
Procedure
GRAY-SCALE Hy-Co-Sy (B-MODE)
PULSED DOPPLER ANALYSIS OF TUBAL PATENCY
COLOR DOPPLER HYSTEROSALPINGOGRAPHY
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
THREE-DIMENSIONAL HYSTEROSONOSALPINGOGRAPHY
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 11:
Color Doppler and 3D Ultrasound Imaging in Normal and Abnormal Early Pregnancy
INTRODUCTION
ULTRASOUND STUDIES FROM OVULATION TO IMPLANTATION
UTERUS
ULTRASOUND FINDINGS
OVARIES
EVENTS AFTER IMPLANTATION
MATERNAL PORTION
Doppler Findings
Uterine Artery Blood Flow in Non-pregnant and Pregnant Patients
Arcuate and Radial Arteries Blood Flow in Non-pregnant and Pregnant Patients
Normal Finding of Spiral Arteries in Pregnant Patients
PLACENTA
Development and the Ultrasound Imaging
2D Ultrasound Features of the Placenta
Intervillous Circulation: Doppler Studies
FETAL PORTION
The 5th Week
The 6th Week
The 7th Week
The 8th Week
The 9th-10th Weeks
The 11th Week
The 12th Week
YOLK SAC
3D ULTRASOUND AS A TOOL FOR MEASUREMENT OF THE FETAL OF THE NUCHAL TRANSLUCENCY
ULTRASOUND AND DOPPLER ASSESSMENT OF DUCTUS VENOSUS AND HEART FAILURE
NEW OBJECTS IN FIRST TRIMESTER SCREENING FOR CHROMOSOMOPATHIES: NASAL BONE AND FETAL HEART
NASAL BONE
HEART ANALYSIS
PATHOLOGY OF EARLY PREGNANCY
THREATENED ABORTION (ABNORMAL VAGINAL BLEEDING)
INTRAUTERINE HEMATOMAS
MISSED ABORTION
BLIGHTED OVUM
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12:
Tubal Ectobic Pregnancy
THE ROLE OF BIOCHEMICAL MARKERS IN ECTOPIC PREGNANCY
THE ROLE OF ULTRASOUND IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF TUBAL ECTOPIC PREGNANCY
TRANSABDOMINAL ULTRASOUND
TRANSVAGINAL ULTRASOUND
UTERINE FINDINGS
ADNEXAL FINDINGS
CUL-DE-SAC FINDINGS
COLOR DOPPLER IN EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF TUBAL ECTOPIC PREGNANCY
3D ULTRASOUND IN THE ASSESSMENT OF TUBAL ECTOPIC PREGNANCY
OTHER SITES OF IMPLANTATION
CORNUAL/INTERSTITIAL PREGNANCY
CERVICAL PREGNANCY
OVARIAN PREGNANCY
ABDOMINAL PREGNANCY
THERAPY
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 13:
The Assessment of Normal Fetal Anatomy
INTRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGICAL IMPROVEMENTS IN PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS
3D MULTIPLANAR IMAGING
3D SPATIAL RECONSTRUCTION
3D ANGIO MODE
VOLUMETRIC CALCULATIONS
VISUALIZATION OF NORMAL ANATOMY
FETAL HEAD AND FACE
FETAL THORAX AND ABDOMEN
SPINE AND EXTREMITIES
VOLUMETRY—ORGAN VOLUME MEASUREMENTS
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 14:
The Assessment of Abnormal Fetal Anatomy
INTRODUCTION
HEAD AND NECK
ABDOMEN AND THORAX
HEART
SKELETON AND EXTREMITIES
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 15:
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease
HYDATIDIFORM MOLE
INVASIVE MOLE (CHORIOADENOMA DESTRUENS)
CHORIOCARCINOMA
PLACENTAL SITE TROPHOBLASTIC TUMOR
ZAGREB EXPERIENCE
THREE-DIMENSIONAL POWER DOPPLER (3D PD)
CONCLUSION
INDEX
TOC
Index
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