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Practical Clinical Biochemistry Methods and Interpretations
Ranjna Chawla
CHAPTER 1:
Hazards in the Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory
CHAPTER 2:
Specimen Collection and Preservation
CHAPTER 3:
Quality Control in Clinical Laboratory
TYPE OF MATERIAL USED FOR QUALITY CONTROL
TARGET AVERAGE VALUE OF QUALITY CONTROL POOL
Temporary Target Average and Final Target Average
Usual Standard Deviation (USD)
Control Limit for Quality Control Pool
FREQUENCY OF ANALYSIS OF QUALITY CONTROL SAMPLE
CALIBRATION AND CALIBRATION MATERIALS
Evaluation of Daily, Weekly, Monthly Results to Maintain Accuracy and Precision
Daily Decisions
Weekly Review of Values
Monthly Review of Values
Internal Quality Control Programme
External Quality Control Programme
CHAPTER 4:
Units and Reference Values
CHAPTER 5:
Review of Analytical Chemistry
CONCENTRATION
Percent
Molarity
Normality
Example
Molality
DILUTION PROBLEMS
To Prepare Normal Solution
CHAPTER 6:
Determination of pH
CHAPTER 7:
Tests for Carbohydrates
SCHEME FOR IDENTIFICATION OF UNKNOWN CARBOHYDRATES
CHAPTER 8:
Precipitation Reactions for Proteins
CHAPTER 9:
Colour Reactions for Proteins
CHAPTER 10:
Tests for Lipids
CHAPTER 11:
Gastric Juice Analysis
CHAPTER 12:
Physical Examination of Urine
CHAPTER 13:
Chemistry of Normal Urine
CHAPTER 14:
Abnormal Constituents of Urine
CHAPTER 15:
Urinary Ascorbic Acid
CHAPTER 16:
Urinary Reducing Sugars
CHAPTER 17:
Haemoglobin and its Derivatives
CHAPTER 18:
Spectral Techniques
CHAPTER 19:
Automation
CHAPTER 20:
Liver Function Tests
CHAPTER 21:
Cardiac Function Tests
CHAPTER 22:
Kidney Function Tests
CHAPTER 23:
Pancreatic Function Tests
TESTS IN PANCREATIC DISEASES
A. Direct Study Methods for Pancreas
I. Stimulation using Exogenous Hormones
Determination of trypsin
II. Indirect Stimulation of the Pancreas
B. Indirect Study Methods for Pancreas
I. Tests Based on Determination of Enzymes in Serum and Urine
II. Tests Based on Impaired Digestion
III. Test Based on Disordered Carbohydrate Metabolism
IV. Other Laboratory Tests in Acute Pancreatitis
V. Visual Procedures
CHAPTER 24:
Thyroid Function Tests
CHAPTER 25:
Tumour Markers
METHODOLOGY USED FOR TUMOUR MARKERS
CHAPTER 26:
Serum Total Proteins and Albumin-Globulin Ratio
CHAPTER 27:
Serum Alkaline and Acid Phosphatase
ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE
Procedure
Use of Standard and/or a Calibration Curve
Interpretation
Acid Phosphatase
Reagents
Procedure
Use of Standard and/or a Calibration Curve
Calibration Curve
Interpretation
CHAPTER 28:
Serum Aminotransferases (Transaminases)
CHAPTER 29:
Serum Amylase
CHAPTER 30:
Serum Bilirubin
CHAPTER 31:
Blood Urea and Urea Clearance
DETERMINATION OF BLOOD UREA
I. Enzymatic Method
Enzymatic Colorimetric Method
Enzymatic Spectrophotometric Method or Glutamate Dehydrogenase Method (GLDH Kinetic Method)
II. Non-enzymatic Method (Diacetyl Monoxime Method, DAM Method)
Reagents
Procedure
Use of Standards and/or a Calibration Curve
Calibration Curve
Interfering Substances for Serum Urea Estimation
Interpretation
URINARY UREA
Other Relevant Case Reports
CHAPTER 32:
Serum Creatinine and Creatinine Clearance
CHAPTER 33:
Serum Uric Acid
CHAPTER 34:
Blood Sugar
CHAPTER 35:
Glucose Tolerance Test
CHAPTER 36:
Blood Lipids
CHAPTER 37:
Serum Inorganic Phosphorus
PHOSPHATE EXCRETION
Determination of Inorganic Phosphate in Urine
Interpretation
Case Report
CHAPTER 38:
Serum Calcium
CHAPTER 39:
Serum Chloride
CHAPTER 40:
Cerebrospinal Fluid
CHAPTER 41:
Analysis of Foodstuffs
ANIMAL PRODUCTS
Milk Analysis
Proteins
Lipids
Lactose
Minerals/Inorganic Constituents
Physical Examination of Milk
I. Analysis of Precipitate
II. Analysis of Filtrate
Egg Analysis
Analysis of Egg White
Analysis of Egg Yolk
VEGETABLE PRODUCTS
Bread
Bread Analysis
Potato
Potato Analysis
CHAPTER 42:
Chromatography
CHAPTER 43:
Electrophoresis
TYPES OF ELECTROPHORESIS
Free or Moving Boundary Electrophoresis
Zone Electrophoresis
Factors Influencing the Rate of Migration
Disc Electrophoresis
Technique
Precautions
Normal Values
Clinical Significance
CHAPTER 44:
Flame Photometer
SAMPLE DILUTION
Care and Maintenance of Flame Photometers
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
Interpretation of Changes in Sodium and Potassium
Changes of Plasma Sodium Concentration
Changes in Plasma Potassium Concentration
Therapeutic Monitoring of Lithium
Collection of Blood for Lithium Estimation
Interpretation
Case Report
CHAPTER 45:
Blood Gas Analyser
CHAPTER 46:
Body Fluids and their Composition
CHAPTER 47:
Immunology
CHAPTER 48:
Isotopes in Clinical Chemistry
CHAPTER 49:
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immuno-deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
CHAPTER 50:
Different Panels for Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods
INDEX
TOC
Index
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