Index

Haematology for Students and Practitioners (Including Practical Haematology) Ramnik Sood

1:History and Scope
2:Blood Formation
- SITES OF BLOOD FORMATION
  - Abnormal Sites
  - Examples
- DEVELOPMENT OF BLOOD CELLS
  - In an Adult
- ERYTHROPOIESIS
- STAGES OF NORMOBLASTIC DIFFERENTIATION
- LEUCOPOIESIS (Chart 2.1)
- MONOCYTIC SERIES (Fig. 2.8)
3:Red Blood Cells
- HISTORICAL ASPECTS
- STRUCTURE
  - Shape
  - Dimensions
- PHYSIOLOGY OF THE RED BLOOD CELLS
  - Red Cell Membrane (Fig. 3.1)
- RED CELL MEMBRANE LIPIDS
- HAEMOGLOBIN FUNCTION
- ACTIVE RED CELL METABOLIC PATHWAYS (MAINTENANCE OF HAEMOGLOBIN FUNCTION)
  - RBC Senescence/Aging
  - Nutritional and Other Requirements of a Red Cell
- NORMAL RED CELL VALUES
  - RBC Count:
    - Diurnal and Day-to-Day Variation
  - Red Cell Absolute Values
- ANAEMIA
- CLASSIFICATION
4:Basic Principles in Diagnosing and Treating Anaemias
- INVESTIGATIONS
- EXAMINATION OF BLOOD FILM
- TREATMENT
  - Treatment Includes
    - Treatment of Disorder Causing Anaemia
  - Administration of Haematinics
- GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
5:Iron Deficiency Hypochromic Anaemia
- RELEVANT NORMAL VALUES
- IRON DEFICIENCY ANAEMIA
  - Aetiology
  - Clinical Features
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- PLUMMER-VINSON SYNDROME (PATERSON KELLY SYNDROME)
- INVESTIGATIONS OF A PATIENT WITH IRON DEFICIENCY ANAEMIA
- IRON OVERLOAD
  - Haemosiderosis
  - Haemochromatosis
- SIDEROBLASTIC ANAEMIAS
- RADIOACTIVE 59Fe STUDIES
  - Bone Marrow Iron
  - Criteria for Grading Iron Stains in Bone Marrow Aspirated
6:Megaloblastic, Macrocytic Anaemias
- RELEVANT NORMAL VALUES
- VITAMIN B12 KINETICS
- FOLATE KINETICS
  - Function
- VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY
- FOLATE DEFICIENCY
- PERIPHERAL BLOOD FINDINGS IN VITAMIN B12 OR FOLIC ACID DEFICIENCY (Figs. 6.3 to 6.5)
- BONE MARROW (Fig. 6.4)
- MEGALOBLASTIC MACROCYTIC ANAEMIA
  - Biochemical Basis of Megaloblastic Anaemia
    - Vitamin B12 Deficiency Impairs Folate Availability
  - dU Suppression Test
- DIAGNOSIS OF PERNICIOUS ANAEMIA
- INHERITED DISORDERS ALTERING DNA SYNTHESIS
- DRUG INDUCED DISORDERS OF DNA SYNTHESIS
- CAUSES OF MACROCYTOSIS OTHER THAN MEGALOBLASTIC ANAEMIA
7:Symptomatic Anaemias
- ACUTE HAEMORRHAGIC ANAEMIA
- ANAEMIA OF INFECTION
- TUBERCULOSIS
- CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE
- MALIGNANCY
  - Mechanisms of Anaemia in Malignancy
  - Type of Anaemia
- ANAEMIA ASSOCIATED WITH SECONDARY CARCINOMA OF THE BONE MARROW
- LIVER DISEASE
- COLLAGEN DISEASE
  - Rheumatoid Arthritis
  - Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
    - LE Cell Phenomenon
- ENDOCRINE DISORDERS
- PROTEIN MALNUTRITION
- SCURVY
- PHYSIOLOGICAL ANAEMIA OF PREGNANCY
  - Pathogenesis
- NUTRITIONAL ANAEMIA OF PREGNANCY
- ANAEMIA OF CHRONIC DISORDERS
  - Conditions Associated with Anaemia of Chronic Disorders
  - Clinical and Laboratory Observations
- ANAEMIA: DEVELOPMENT AND SEVERITY
- NORMOCYTIC AND NORMOCHROMIC ANAEMIAS (CHART 7.1)
  - Aetiological Classification of Normocytic Anaemia
  - Summary of the Investigations of a Patient with Normocytic Anaemia
8:Haemolytic Anaemias
- DEFINITION
- CLASSIFICATION
  - Intracorpuscular
    - Hereditary or Congenital
    - Enzyme Defects
  - Extracorpuscular
    - Acquired
  - Aetiopathogenetic Calssification of Haemolytic Disorders
    - I Inherited Haemolytic Disease
    - II. Acquired Haemolytic Anaemias
  - Clinical Manifestations
  - Chronic Congenital Haemolytic Anaemia
  - Degree of Anaemia
  - Jaundice
  - Crises
  - Splenomegaly
  - Cholelithiasis
  - Leg Ulcers
  - Skeletal Abnormalities
- ACQUIRED HAEMOLYTIC ANAEMIA
- LABORATORY MANIFESTATIONS
  - Laboratory Sings of Accelerated Red Cell Destruction
  - Signs of Excessive Red Cell Destruction
    - Erythrocyte Survival
  - Catabolism of Haem
  - Rate of Haem Catabolism
  - Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)
  - Disappearance of Haptoglobin
  - Glycosylated Haemoglobin (Hb A1)
  - Signs of Intravascular Haemolysis
  - Haemoglobinemia
    - Haemoglobinuria
    - Urine Iron Excretion
    - Methemalbumin and Hemopexin
  - Signs of Accelerated Erythropoiesis
    - Laboratory Signs of Accelerated Erythropoiesis
    - Blood
    - Bone Marrow
    - Ferrokinetic
    - Biochemical
  - Reticulocytosis
  - Chemical Markers of Cell Age
  - Other Morphologic Findings in the Blood
  - Bone Marrow
  - Ferrokinetic Studies
  - Laboratory Tests–Findings Useful in Differential Diagnosis Specific Morphologic Abnormalities (Table 8.2)
  - Coombs Test (Antiglobulin Test)
  - Osmotic Fragility Test
  - Autohemolysis
  - Tests for Hemolytic Disorders Associated with Heinz Body Formation
- APPROACH TO DIAGNOSIS
  - Conditions that can Sometimes be Mistaken for Hemolytic Anemia
  - Specific Cause Determination
- TREATMENT
- HEREDITARY SPHEROCYTOSIS AND OTHER ANEMIAS DUE TO ABNORMALITIES OF THE ERYTHROCYTE MEMBRANE
  - Red Cell Membrane-General Considerations
  - Hereditary Spherocytosis (HS)
  - Pathogenesis (Diagram 8.1)
  - Erythrocyte Abnormalities
  - Role of the Spleen in the Pathophysiology
  - Clinical Features
  - Laboratory Findings
  - Diagnosis
  - Treatment
- HEREDITARY ELLIPTOCYTOSIS (HE) SYNDROMES (Table 8.3)
  - HE Variants-Prevalence
  - Pathogenesis of Common HE Disorders
  - Elliptocyte Formation Due to Membrane Abnormalities
  - Clinical and Laboratory Findings of HE Syndromes
  - Common HE (Fig. 8.3)
  - Homozygous (Doubly Heterozygous) HE
- HEREDITARY PYROPOIKILOCYTOSIS (HPP)
  - Spherocytic Elliptocytosis (SE)
  - Southeast Asian Ovalocytosis (SAO)
  - Laboratory Findings
  - Treatment
- STOMATOCYTIC DISORDERS
  - Hereditary Stomatocytosis
  - Hereditary Xerocytosis
  - Intermediate Stomatocytic Syndromes
  - Rh Null Disease
- ACANTHOCYTIC DISORDERS
  - Abetalipoproteinemia
  - MacLeod Phenotype
  - Echinocytic Disorders
  - Target Cell Disorders
  - Familial Lecithin-Cholesterol Acyltransferase (LCAT) Deficiency
- GLUCOSE-6 PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE DEFICIENCY AND RELATED DISORDERS OF HEXOSE MONOPHOSPHATE SHUNT AND GLUTATHIONE METABOLISM
- GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE DEFICIENCY
  - Genetics
  - Prevalence and Geographic Distribution
  - G6PD Enzyme and its Variants
  - Pathophysiology
  - Hematologic and Clinical Features
  - Congenital Nonspherocytic Hemolytic Anemia
  - Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia
  - Favism
  - Diagnosis
  - Treatment
  - Screening
- RELATED DISORDERS OF HMP SHUNT AND GLUTATHIONE METABOLISM
  - 6-Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase Deficiency
  - Glutathione Reductase Deficiency
  - Glutathione Peroxidase Deficiency
  - Defects in Glutathione Synthesis
  - γ-glutamyl-cysteine Sysnthetase (γ-GCSynth) Deficiency
  - Glutathione Synthetase Deficiency
  - Glutathione S-Transferase Deficiency
- HEREDITARY HEMOLYTIC ANEMIAS ASSOCIATED WITH ABNORMALITIES OF ERYTHROCYTE GLYCOLYSIS AND NUCLEOTIDE METABOLISM
  - General Consideration (Table 8.4)
- PYRUVATE KINASE DEFICIENCY
  - Biochemical Genetics
  - Pathophysiology
  - Clinical Features
  - Diagnosis
  - Treatment
- ABNORMALITIES OF PURINE AND PYRIMIDINE NUCLEOTIDE METABOLISM (Diagram 8.4)
  - Pyrimidine 5' Nucleotidase Deficiency
  - Adenosine Deaminase Excess
  - Adenylate Kinase Deficiency
- AUTOIMMUNE HAEMOLYTIC ANAEMIA (AIHA)
- WARM ANTIBODY AIHA
  - Clinical Picture
  - Haematological Picture
  - Immunology
    - Antibodies on the Red Cell Surface
    - Antibodies in the Serum
  - Red Cell Destruction-Site and Mechanism
    - Extravascular Destruction (Figure 8.5)
    - Intravascular Destruction
  - Diagnosis
  - Course and Prognosis
  - Therapeutics
- COLD ANTIBODY AIHA
  - Cold Haemagglutinin Disease (CHAD)
  - Paroxysmal Cold Haemoglobinuria (PCH)
  - Paroxysmal Nocturnal Haemoglobinuria (PNH)
- HAEMOLYTIC ANAEMIA DUE TO DRUGS AND CHEMICALS
  - Haemolytic Anaemia due to Direct Toxic Action
- HAEMATOLOGICAL PICTURE
  - Drug-induced Haemolytic Anaemia due to Unstable Haemoglobins
  - Immunological Drug-induced Haemolytic Anaemia
- DRUG-INDUCED IMMUNE HAEMOLYTIC ANAEMIA
  - Drug Adsorption Mechanism
  - Immune Complex Mechanism
- DRUG-INDUCED AUTO-IMMUNE HAEMOLYTIC ANAEMIA (Tables 8.8 and 8.9)
- MECHANICAL HAEMOLYTIC ANAEMIA
  - Aetiology
  - Cardiac Haemolytic Anaemia
  - Micro-angiopathic Haemolytic Anaemia
  - The Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome
  - Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura and Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
  - Disseminated Carcinoma
  - Malignant Hypertension and Eclampsia
  - March (Exertional) Haemoglobinuria
  - Haemolytic Anaemia Associated with Bacterial Infections and Parasitic Infestations
  - Clostridium Welchii Infection
  - Malaria
  - Lead Poisoning
  - Burns
  - Summary of Clinical Investigations
    - Physical Examination
9:Disorders of Haemoglobin Structure and Synthesis
- SICKLE HAEMOGLOBINOPATHIES
  - Laboratory Diagnosis
- SICKLE CELL TRAIT (AS)
- SICKLE CELL ANAEMIA
- COMBINATION OF HbS WITH OTHER HAEMOGLOBINOPATHIES
- OTHER HAEMOGLOBINOPATHIES
- LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
- LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
- THALASSAEMIAS
- β THALASSAEMIAS
- β THALASSAEMIA MINOR (TRAIT)
- β THALASSAEMIA MAJOR
- α THALASSAEMIA
10:Aplastic Anaemia, Pancytopenia
- PANCYTOPENIA
- PANCYTOPENIA
- APLASTIC ANAEMIA
11:White Blood Cells
- PHYSIOLOGY OF WHITE BLOOD CELLS
- NEUTROPENIA AND AGRANULOCYTOSIS
- DRUG INDUCED NEUTROPENIA
- CHRONIC IDIOPATHIC NEUTROPENIA (AGRANULOCYTOSIS)
- INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS
- DISORDERS OF PHAGOCYTIC LEUCOCYTES CHARACTERISED BY MORPHOLOGIC CHANGES
  - These Include
12:Leukaemias
- FAB CLASSIFICATION OF MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES
- THE ACUTE LEUKAEMIAS
- DISORDERS WITH SIMILAR CLINICAL FEATURES
- CHILDHOOD ACUTE LEUKAEMIA
  - Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia
    - Maintenance Therapy
  - Acute Myeloid Leukaemia
- ADULT ACUTE LEUKAEMIA
- THE CHRONIC LEUKAEMIAS
- CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA (CLL)
- LEUKAEMOID REACTIONS
- CAUSES OF MYELOID LEUKAEMOID REACTIONS
13:Paraproteinemias
- MULTIPLE MYELOMA
- MACROGLOBULINEMIA
  - Classification of Macroglobulinemia
  - Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia
- HEAVY CHAIN DISEASES (HCD)
- BENIGN MONOCLONAL GAMMOPATHY
- AMYLOIDOSIS
- MALIGNANT LYMPHOMA AND CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA
- MISCELLANEOUS DISORDERS
- PRINCIPLES OF THE DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF MONOCLONAL GAMMOPATHIES
  - Causes of Hyperviscosity Syndrome
14:Lymphoid Tissue Tumours (Malignant Lymphomas)
- CLASSIFICATION OF LYMPHOMAS HODGKIN'S DISEASE
- CLASSIFICATION OF NON-HODGKIN'S LYMPHOMAS
- NON-HODGKIN'S LYMPHOMA (NHL)
- TREATMENT
- VINCA ALKALOIDS
15:Myeloproliferative Disorders
- POLYCYTHAEMIA
  - Various Causes of Polycythaemia
    - Secondary
- POLYCYTHAEMIA VERA
- RADIOACTIVE PHOSPHORUS
- FAMILIAL POLYCYTHAEMIA (FAMILIAL ERYTHROCYTOSIS)
- RELATIVE POLYCYTHAEMIA
  - Pseudopolycythaemia
- THROMBOCYTHAEMIA
  - Causes of Raised Platelet Count
    - Reactive
    - Endogenous
  - Essential Thrombocythaemla
    - Laboratory Findings, Treatment and Course
- MYELOFIBROSIS (MYELOSCLEROSIS)
16:Platelets, Blood Coagulation and Haemostasis
- HAEMORRHAGIC DISORDERS DUE TO CAPILLARY DEFECTS: NON-THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA
- ACQUIRED HAEMORRHAGIC VASCULAR DISORDERS
  - Simple Easy Bruising (Purpura Simplex)
  - Senile Purpura (Involutional Purpura)
- THE SYMPTOMATIC VASCULAR (NON-THROMBOCYTOPENIC) PURPURAS
- THE HENOCH-SCHONLEIN SYNDROME (ANAPHYLACTOID PURPURA)
- MISCELLANEOUS DISORDERS
- HAEMORRHAGIC DISORDERS DUE TO PLATELET ABNORMALITIES
- EXCLUSION OF OTHER CAUSES (TABLE 16.4)
- SECONDARY THROMBOCYTOPENIA
- PLATELET TRANSFUSION
- FUNCTIONAL PLATELET DISORDERS
  - Special Tests
- CLASSIFICATION OF PLATELET DYSFUNCTION
17:Coagulation Disorders
- PLASMA PROTEIN COAGULATION FACTORS
- PLASMINOGEN-PLASMIN SYSTEM
- DIAGNOSIS OF COAGULATION DISORDERS
  - Clinical Assessment
  - Laboratory Investigations (Table 17.3)
- SCREENING TESTS
- SPECIAL TESTS
  - General Principles in the Treatment of Coagulation Disorders
  - Local Treatment at the Bleeding Site
    - Wounds and Mucous Membrane Bleeding
- HAEMATOMAS AND HAEMARTHROSIS
  - General Supportive Measures and Care
- CLINICAL DISORDERS DUE TO COAGULATION ABNORMALITIES
- CONGENITAL COAGULATION DISORDERS
- SURGERY
- ACQUIRED COAGULATION DISORDERS
- VITAMIN K DEFICIENCY
  - Aetiology of Vitamin K Deficiency
- TREATMENT
- LIVER DISEASE
- ANTICOAGULANT DRUGS
- DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION
- HAEMORRHAGE AND BLOOD TRANSFUSION
18:Thrombosis: Clinical Features and Management
- CONDITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH NERVOUS THROMBOSIS
  - Congenital
  - Acquired
- FACTORS PREDISPOSING TO BOTH ARTERIAL AND VENOUS THROMBOSIS
- ANTICOAGULANTS
19:Hypersplenism, Splenomegaly
- NORMAL SPLENIC FUNCTIONS
- HYPERSPLENISM
- SPLENOMEGALY
  - Causes of Splenomegaly
- INDICATIONS FOR SPLENECTOMY
  - Effects of Splenectomy
    - Haematological Effects
- SPLENIC ATROPHY
  - Clinical Effects
20:Blood Transfusion
- HAEMOLYTIC DISEASE OF THE NEWBORN (HDN)
21:Bone Marrow Transplantation
22:Immunodeficiency Disorders
23:Bone Marrow in Non-Haemopoietic Disease
- GRANULOMATOUS DISEASE
- KALA-AZAR (VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS)
- OTHER INFECTIONS
- GAUCHER'S DISEASE
- NIEMANN-PICK DISEASE
- SEA-BLUE HISTIOCYTE SYNDROME
  - Causes of Sea-Blue Histiocytes
    - Large Numbers
    - Occasional or Moderate Numbers
- CYSTINOSIS
- OSTEOPETROSIS (ALBERS-SCHOENBERG OR MARBLE BONE DISEASE)
- AMYLOIDOSIS
  - Classification of Amyloidosis
- RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY AND OSTEOMALACIA
- PAGET'S DISEASE OF BONE (OSTEITIS DEFORMANS)
- ANOREXIA NERVOSA
- PRIMARY OXALURIA
24:Haemoparasites
- HAEMOPARASITES
  - Malaria
    - A. Plasmodium vivax (Benign Tertian Malaria) (Fig. 24.1)
    - B. Plasmodium falciparum (Malignant Tertian Malaria) (Fig. 24.2)
- FILARIASIS
  - Filariasis (Wuchereria bancrofti) (Fig. 24.3)
- TOXOPLASMOSIS
- TRYPANOSOMIASIS
- BABESIOSIS
- LOIASIS
- BARTONELLOSIS
- RELAPSING FEVER
25:Practical Haematology
- WAYS OF OBTAINING BLOOD
  - Capillary or Peripheral Blood
  - Venous Blood (Venipuncture)
    - Complications
- ANTICOAGULANTS
- HAEMOGLOBIN (Hb)
  - Haemoglobin Estimation
- HAEMATOCRIT/PACKED CELL VOLUME (PCV)
  - Definition
  - Method
  - Wintrobe's Tube
  - Microhaematocrit
- BLOOD CELL COUNTS
  - WBC
  - The Diluting Fluid
  - Counting Chamber
  - Methods
- RBCs
  - Diluting Fluid
  - Method
- PLATELETS
  - Method
- ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATE
  - Methods
  - A. Westergren's Method
    - Normal Values
  - B. Wintrobe's Method
    - Normal Values
    - Sources of Error for Any ESR Method
  - Interpretation of ESR
    - Rapid ESR is found in
    - Slow ESR is usually seen in
  - Factors That Play a Role in ESR
- BLOOD FILM EXAMINATION
  - Preparation of a Thin Blood Film
    - Making of Spreaders
  - Making Thick Smears
  - Fixing of Blood Films
  - Staining of Blood Films
    - Buffer solution used in the laboratory.
  - Stain Preparation and Staining
  - Wright's Stain
    - Method
  - Leishman's Stain
    - Method
  - Giemsa's Stain
  - Method
  - Staining of Thick Films
    - Field's Stain
    - Method
  - Simeon's Modification of Boye's and Sterenel's Method
    - Method for Staining Thin Films
    - Procedure for Staining Thick Smears
  - Mounting and Preservation of Films
- EXAMINATION OF A BLOOD FILM
  - Method
- ALWAYS NOTE
  - Differential Leucocyte Count
- BONE MARROW EXAMINATION
- BONE MARROW EXAMINATION AND REPORTING
  - Marrow Film Preparation (Fig. 25.2)
    - Imprints
    - Crush Prepration
    - Staining of Marrow Preparations
  - Examination
    - Note the Undermentioned Points
  - Indications for Bone Marrow Aspiration
    - Bone Biopsy may be Needed in
    - Contraindications
  - Reticulocyte Count
    - Staining
    - Stain
  - Method
    - Normal Values
  - Red Cell Fragility Test
    - Quantitative Test
    - Reagents
  - Method
  - Factors Affecting Osmotic Fragility Tests
  - Interpretation
  - Qualitative Assessment of G6 PD Deficiency Methaemoglobin Reduction Test
    - Reagents
  - Method
    - Interpretation
  - Estimation of Foetal Haemoglobin
    - Qualitative Method
  - Interpretation
  - Quantitative Method
    - Step A
    - Step B
  - Tests for Sickling
  - Methods
    - Reagents
    - Methods
    - Reagents
  - Method
    - Interpretation
  - Method
    - Interpretation
  - Paul-Bunnell Test for Heterophile Antibody
  - LE Cell/Phenomenon (Lupus Erythematosus Cells)
  - Method
- CAPILLARY FRAGILITY TEST OF HESS (Rumple-Leede Sign, Tourniquet Test)
- BLEEDING TIME
  - Duke's Method
  - Lvys's Method (Preferred because of greater ease of standardization).
    - Method
    - Interpretation
- COAGULATION TIME
  - Capillary Tube Method of Wright
  - Lee and White Method
    - Requirements
  - Method
    - Normal Values
    - Precautions and Errors
- CLOT RETRACTION
- BLOOD BANKING IMMUNOHAEMATOLOGY
  - Preparation of Red Cell Suspensions
    - Method (for 2 percent Suspension)
  - Media for Collection and Preservation of Reagent Red Cells
    - Precautions
  - ABO Grouping
    - Six-Tube Method
    - Interpretation
  - Slide ABO Grouping Test
  - Rh Typing
  - Tube Test
  - Slide Test
  - Precautions and Errors
  - Rh Typing With Antisera Containing lgM Antibodies
- COOMBS' TEST (Antiglobulin Test)
  - Direct Coombs’ Test
    - Interpretation
  - Indirect Coombs’ (Antiglobulin) Test
  - Method
    - Precautions and Errors
  - Titration of lgM Rh Antibodies
    - Method
- BLOOD TRANSFUSION
  - Blood Donors
  - Donor Screening
  - Drawing of Blood
- COMPATIBILITY TESTING
  - The Cross Match
  - Saline Cross Match
  - A. The Open Slide Method
  - B. Saline Tube Method
  - Immediate-Spin and Thermal Incubation Modification
  - C. Albumin Tube Method
  - D. Coombs’ Cross Matching
  - Method of Cross-Matching Universal Donor Blood
    - Factors leading to false results
    - If Still An Unexpected Incompatibility is Obtained
- CHOICE OF MATERIAL FOR TRANSFUSION
- BLOOD AND ITS PRODUCTS
  - 1. Whole Blood
    - Fresh blood
  - 2. Packed Cells
  - 3. Plasma
- BLOOD TRANSFUSION COMPLICATIONS
  - Complications Appearing Early
  - Complications Appearing Late
- INVESTIGATIONS IN A CASE OF TRANSFUSION REACTION
  - Proceed as Mentioned Below
    - Interpretation of results

INDEX

TOC
Index

Chapter Notes