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Essentials of Oral Pathology
Swapan Kumar Purkait
CHAPTER 1:
Developmental Anomalies of Oral and Paraoral Structures
INTRODUCTION
Types of Developmental Anomalies
LIP PITS AND FISTULAS
Definition
Origin
Clinical Features
Treatment
DOUBLE LIP
Clinical Features
Treatment
FRENAL TAG
Definition
Clinical Features
Histology
Treatment
HEREDITARY INTESTINAL POLYPOSIS (PEUTZ-JEGHERS) SYNDROME
Definition
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
ORAL MELANOTIC MACULE (EPHELIS)
Definition
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
UVULA ELONGATA
Definition
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
CHEILITIS GLANDULARIS
Definition
Etiology
Clinical Features
Types
Histopathology
Treatment
CHEILITIS GRANULOMATOSA
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Histopathological Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
FORDYCE'S GRANULES
Definition
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
FOCAL EPITHELIAL HYPERPLASIA
Definition
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Treatment
WHITE SPONGE NEVUS
Definition
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Electron Microscopic Study
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
FIBROMATOSIS GINGIVAE
Definition
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
RETROCUSPID PAPILLA
AGNATHIA
MICROGNATHIA
Types of Micrognathia
MACROGNATHIA
Types of Macrognathia
Common Causes of True Macrognathia
FACIAL HEMIHYPERTROPHY
Definition
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
FACIAL HEMIATROPHY
Definition
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Treatment
CLEFT LIP AND CLEFT PALATE
Definition
Etiology
Hereditary Factors
Environmental Factors
Pathogenesis of Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate
Incidence
Classification of Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate
Common Syndromes Associated with Cleft Palate
Clinical Features of Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate
Treatment
AGLOSSIA
MICROGLOSSIA
MACROGLOSSIA
Causes of Congenital Macroglassia
Causes of Acquired (secondary) Macroglossia
Relative Macroglossia
Apparent Macroglossia
Clinical Features
Treatment
ANKYLOGLOSSIA
Definition
Clinical Features
Treatment
CLEFT TONGUE
FISSURED TONGUE (SCROTAL TONGUE)
MEDIAN RHOMBOID GLOSSITIS
Definition
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features
Presentation
Differential Diagnosis
Histopathology
Treatment
LINGUAL VARICES
Definition
Clinical Features
Treatment
GEOGRAPHIC TONGUE
Definition
Etiology
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
HAIRY TONGUE
Definition
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Treatment
LINGUAL THYROID NODULE
Definition
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Surgical excision.
THYROGLOSSAL TRACT CYST
Definition
Origin
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
ANOMALIES OF ORAL LYMPHOID TISSUE
Reactive Lymphoid Aggregate
LYMPHOEPITHELIAL CYST (BRANCHIAL CYST)
Definition
Clinical Features
Clinical Presentation
Histopathology
Pathogenesis
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
ANGIOLYMPHOID HYPERPLAISA WITH EOSINOPHILIA (ALHE)
Definition
Etiology:
Clinical Features
Presentation
Histopathology
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
ANOMALIES OF THE SALIVARY GLAND
APLASIA OR AGENESIS OF THE SALIVARY GLAND
Definition
Clinical Features
Treatment
HYPOPLASIA OF THE SALIVARY GLANDS
ECTOPIC SALIVARY GLANDS (ABERRANT)
Definition
ATRESIA
ACCESSORY DUCTS
DIVERTICULI
LINGUAL MANDIBULAR SALIVARY GLANDS DEPRESSION
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Sialography
Further Investigations
Treatment
ABNORMALITIES OF TEETH
MICRODONTIA
Definitions
Types of Microdontia
True Generalized Microdontia
Relative Generalized Microdontia
Focal Microdontia
Examples:
Clinical Significance of Microdontia
MACRODONTIA
Definition
Types of Macrodontia
ANODONTIA
Definition
Types
Etiology of Anodontia
TOTAL ANONDONTIA
PARTIAL ANONDONTIA
Incidence Rate
Commonly Missing Teeth in Partial Anodontia
Diseases or Clinical Conditions to be Commonly Associated with Partial Anodontia
SUPERNUMERARY TEETH
Definition
Mode of Formation
Locations
Types
Clinical Features
Treatment
DISTURBANCES IN ERUPTION
PREMATURE ERUPTION
Definition
Types
Etiology
Commonly Involved Teeth
DELAYED ERUPTION
Definition
Factors Causing Delayed Eruption of Tooth
Systemic Factors
Local Factors
Idiopathic
IMPACTED TEETH
Definition
Factors Causing Impaction of Tooth
Common Teeth which may be Impacted Often
Classification of Impaction
Radiography of Impacted Teeth
Types of X-rays Used in Impactions
Complications of Impactions
Treatment
DISTRUBANCES IN THE SHAPE OF TEETH GEMINATION (TWINNING)
Definition
Pathogenesis
Treatment
FUSION
Definition
Complete Fusion
Incomplete Fusion
Clinical Complications
Fusion Often Creates the Following Problems
Treatment
CONCRESCENCE
Definition
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Important Features
Clinical Significance
DILACERATION
Definition
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
TAURODONTISM
Definition
Pathogenesis
Features
Treatment
DENS-IN-DENTE (DENS INVAGINATUS)
Definition
Types
Clinical Forms of Dens-in-dente
Clinical Significance of Dens-in-dente
Treatment
DENS-EVAGINATUS
Definition
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Treatment
TALON CUSP
Definition
Clinical Features
Treatment
ENAMEL PEARL
DISTRUBANCE IN THE STRUCTURE OF ENAMEL
DEFECTIVE AMELOGENESIS
FOCAL ENAMEL HYPOPLASIA
IDIOPATHIC ENAMEL OPACITIES
GENERALIZED ENAMEL HYPOPLASIA
NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY
CONGENITAL SYPHILIS
HYPOCALCEMIA
EXANTHEMATOUS DISEASE
BIRTH INJURIES AND LOW BIRTH WEIGHT
FLUORIDES
AMELOGENESIS IMPERFECTA
Definition
Types
Hypoplastic Type
Hypocalcification Type
Hypomaturation Type
Clinical Features
Radiographic Appearance
Histopathology
Treatment
SYNDROME ASSOCIATED ENAMEL DEFECTS
DISTURBANCES IN STRUCTURE OF DENTINE
Classification of Developmental Abnormalities of Dentine
Local Causes
General Causes
DENTINOGENESIS IMPERFECTA
Definition
Clinical Features Dentinogenesis Imperfecta
Radiographic Features
Histopathology
Biochemical Property of Dentine
Treatment
DENTINAL ABNORMALITY DUE TO SYSTEMIC OR ENVIRONMENTAL DISTURBANCES
Vitamin-D Dependent Rickets
Vitamin-D Resistant Rickets (Hypophosphatemia)
Feature
Hypophosphatasia
Cytotoxic Agents
JUVENILE HYPOPARATHYROIDISM
Features
DENTIN DYSPLASIA
Definition
Types
DENTIN DYSPLASIA—TYPE-I
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Histopathology
Pathogenesis
Treatment
DENTIN DYSPLASIA TYPE-II
Definition
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Histopathology
Treatment and Prognosis
REGION ODONTODYSPLASIA (GHOST TEETH)
Definition
Etiology
Clinical Features
Radiographic Appearance
Histopathology
Treatment
DISTURBANCE IN STRUCTURE OF CEMENTUM
HYPERCEMENTOSIS
Definition
Etiology
Periapical Inflammation
Mechanical Stimulation
Non-functional and Unerupted Teeth
Paget's Disease of Bone
Root Ankylosis and Concrescence
HYPOCEMENTOSIS
Cause
CHAPTER 2:
Benign and Malignant Neoplasms of the Oral Cavity
DEFINITION OF NEOPLASM (TUMOR)
Local Invasion
Metastasis
Classification of Oral Neoplasms (Tumors)
NEOPLASMS OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE ORIGINE
NEOPLASMS OF MESENCHYMAL TISSUE ORIGINE
PAPILLOMA
Definition
Clinical Features
Clinical Presentation
Histopathological Features
Microscopically Papillomas Present the Following Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Definition
Clinical Feature
Presentation
Origin
Histopathology
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
PIGMENTED CELLULAR NEVUS
Definition of Nevus
Types of Nevi
INTRADERMAL (INTRAMUCOSAL) NEVUS
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Treatment
JUNCTIONAL NEVUS
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Treatment
COMPOUND NEVUS
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Treatment
BLUE NEVUS
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Treatment
SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
Definition
Epidemiology
Tobacco smoking
Use of smokeless tobacco
Betel nut chewing
Consumtion of alcohol
Diet and nutrition
Dental factors
Ultraviolet radiation
Viruses
Immunosuppression
Chronic infection
Occupational hazards
Genetic factors
Pre-existing oral diseases
Tobacco
Betel Buid (pan) and Other Chewing Habits
Alcohol
Mechanism of Action of Alcohol in Carcinogensis
Diet and Nutrition
Dental Factor
Ultraviolet Radiation
Ionizing Radiation
Viruses
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) and Epstein-Barr Virus
Human Immunodefeciency Virus (HIV)
Immunosuppression
Chronic oral Infections
Candidiasis
Syphilis
Occupational Hazards
Oncogenes and Tumor Suspperssor Genes
Tumor Suspperssor Genes
Pre-exiting Oral Lesions
Clinical Features of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Clinical Presentation of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Oral Cancer in Different Intraoral Locations
Carcinoma of the Lip
Carcinoma of the Tongue
Carcinoma of the Floor of the Mouth
Carcinoma of the Soft Palate
Carcinoma of the Buccal Mucosa
Carcinoma of the Gingiva/Alveolar Ridge
Carcinoma of the Maxillary Antrum
Differential Diagnosis of Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Radiological Features of Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Histopathology
Under microscope the neoplasm presents the following features
Histologic Gradation (differentiation) of Squamous Cell Carcinomas
Well-Differentiated Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Moderately-Differentiated Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Poorly-Differentiated Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Investigations
Exfoliative Cytology
OTHER SCREENING TESTS
TOLUDINE BLUE TEST
Methods
Results
Efficacy
ACRIDINE BINDING METHOD
Special Investigations in Oral Cancer
Tumor Markers
Immunology of Oral Cancer
Failure of recognition of tumor cell antigens by the immunosurvilence system of the body
CAUSES OF FAILURE OF IMMUNOSURVILENCE SYSTEM
Breakdown of Cell Mediated and Humoral Immune Systems
Metastasis
Treatment
Survival
Clinical Staging of Carcinomas of Head and Neck (TNM System)
The Designations used in the TNM System are as Follows
TNM SYSTEM: DEFINITION AND STAGING GROUPS
Prevention of Oral Cancer
Methods of Prevention
Primary Prevention
Methods
Advantage
Limitations
Secondary Prevention
Limitations
BASAL CELL CARCINOMA (RODENT ULCER)
Definition
Origin
Etiology
Clinical Features
Presentation
Histopathology
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
VERRUCOUS CARCINOMA
Definition
Etiology
Clinical Features
Presentation
Histopathology
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
MALIGNANT MELANOMA
Definition
Clinical Features
Presentation
Histophathology
Hutchinson's Freckle Type
Superficial Spreading Type
Invasive Type
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
SPINDLE CELL CARCINOMA
Definition
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Treatment
PRIMARY INTRA-ALVEOLAR CARCINOMA
Definition
Origin
Clinical Features
Presentation
Radiological Features
Histopathology
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
FIBROMA
Definition
Clinical Features
Clinical Presentation
Histopathology
Treatment
DESMOPLASTIC FIBROMA
Definition
Clinical Features
Clinical Presentation
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Macroscopic Features
Histopathological Features
Treatment
GIANT-CELL FIBROMA
Definition
Clinical Features
Presentation
Histopathology
Treatment
PERIPHERAL OSSIFYING FIBROMA
Definition
Origin
Clinical Features
Site
Presentation
Radiographic Features
Histopathology
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
CENTRAL OSSIFYING FIBROMA
Definition
Clinical Features
Presentation
Radiographic Features
Macroscopic Features
Histopathology
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
PERIPHERAL GIANT CELL GRANULOMA
Definitions
Origin
Clinical Features
Clinical presentation
Radiographic Features
Macroscopic Features
Histopathology
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
CENTRAL GIANT CELL GRANULOMA
Definition
Clinical Features
Site
Presentation
Radiological Features
Histopathology
Pathogensis
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
BENIGN FIBROUS HISTIOCYTOMA
Definition
Clinical Features
Clinical presentation
Radiographic Finding
Macroscopy
Histopathology
Treatment
MYXOMA
Definition
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Treatment
NODULAR FASCITIS
Definition
Clinical Features
Presentation
Histopathology
Treatment
LIPOMA
Definition
Clinical Features
Presentation
Macroscopic Appearance
Histopathology
Treatment
HEMANGIMOA
Definition
Clinical Features
Hemangiomas of Skin and Mucous Membrane
Intramuscular Hemangioma
Port-wine Stain
Central Hemangiomas (intraosseous)
Radiographic Appearance of Hemangioma
Macroscopic Findings
Histopathology
Capillary Hemangioma
Cavernous Hemangiomas
Histology of other Forms of Hemangiomas
Port-wine Stain
Central Hemangiomas
Outline of Diagnosis of Hemangiomas
A. From clinical point of view:
B. Radiography
C. Imaging
D. Histopathology
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
LYMPHANGIOMA
Definition
Clinical Features
Presentation
Histopathology
Differential Diagnosis
Special Investigation
Treatment
OSTEOMA
Definition
Clinical Features
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Histopathology
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
OSTEOID OSTEOMA/OSTEOBLASTOMA
Definition
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Histopathology
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
CHONDROMA
Definition
Clinical Features
Presentation
Radiographic Features
Histopathology
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
CHONDROBLASTOMA
Definition
Clinical Features
Clinical Presentation
Radiographic Features
Histopathology
Treatment
LEIOMYOMA
Definition
Clinical Features
Presentation
Histopathology
Differential Diagnosis
Special Investigation
Treatment
RHABDOMYOMA
Definition
Clinical Features
Presentation
Histopathology
Special Investigation
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
GRANULAR CELL MYOBLASTOMA
Definition
Origin
Clinical Features
Presentation
Histopathology
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
NEURILEMMOMA (SCHWANNOMA)
Definition
Clinical Features
Presentation
Radiographic Features
Histopathology
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
NEUROFIBROMA
Definition
Clinical Features
Presentation
Radiographic Features
Histologically
Treatment
NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR OF INFANCY
Definition
Clinical Features
Presentation
Radiographic Features
Macroscopic Appearance
Histopathology
Special Investigations
Treatment
FIBROSARCOMA
Definition
Clinical Features
Site
Clinical Presentation
Radiographic Features
Histopathology
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
MALIGNANT FIBROUS HISTIOCYTOMA
Definition
Clinical Features
Presentation
Radiographic Features
Histopathology
Treatment
LIPOSARCOMA
Definition
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Treatment
HEMANGIOENDOTHELIOMA
Definition
Clinical Features
Presentation
Histopathology
Treatment
HEMANGIOPERICYTOMA
Definition
Clinical Features
Presentation
Histopathology
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
KAPOSI'S SARCOMA
Definition
Endemic Kaposi's Sarcoma
Epidemic Kaposi's Sarcoma
Etiology
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Patch Stage
Plaque Stage
Nodular Stage
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
EWING'S SARCOMA
Definition
Histogenesis
Clinical Features
Presentation
Radiographic Features
Histopathology
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
CHONDROSARCOMA
Definition
Histogenesis
Clinical Features
Presentation
Radiographic Features
Histopathology
Treatment
MESENCHYMAL CHONDROSARCOMA
Definition
OSTEOSARCOMA
Definition
Etiology
Types of Osteosarcoma
According to Location of the Lesion
According to the Radiological Characteristics
According to the Tumor Histology
Clinical Features of Osteosarcoma
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Histopathology
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Parosteal Osteosarcoma
LYMPHOMAS
Definition
Risk Factors for the Development of Lymphoma
NON-HODGKIN'S LYMPHOMA
Clinical Features of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Clinical Presentation
Radiology
Histopathology
Special Investigations
Treatment
BURKITT'S LYMPHOMA
Definition
Clinical Features
Clinical Features of Burkitt's Lymphoma
Radiological Features
Histopathology
Treatment
HODGKIN'S LYMPHOMA
Definition
Clinical Features
Clinical Presentation
Histopathology
Laboratory Investigations
Treatment
MULTIPLE MYELOMA
Definition
Clinical Features of Multiple Myeloma
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Laboratory Investigations
Histopathology
Treatment
RHABDOMYOSARCOMA
Definition
Types
Origin
Clinical Features
Presentation
Histopathology
Treatment
NEUROGENIC SARCOMA
Definition
Origin
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Histopathology
Treatment
METASTATIC TUMORS OF THE JAWS
CHAPTER 3:
Oral Precancerous Lesions and Condtions
LEUKOPLAKIA
Definition
Etiology
Tobacco
Alcohol
Candidiasis
Dietary Deficiency
Syphilis
Viral infections
Hormonal Imbalance
Chronic Irritation
Actinic Radiation
Galvanism
Clinical Features of Leukoplakia
Clinical Presentation
Histopathology
Changes in the Keratinization Pattern
Hyperothokeratinization
Hyperparakeratinization
Thickness of the Epithelium
Acanthosis
Changes in the Cellular Layer
Dysplasia (dys–abnormal, plasia–formation)
Candidal Hyphae
Reduction in Thickness of Basement Membrane
Changes in the Underlying Connective Tissue
Chronic Inflammatory Cell Infiltration
Special Investigations
Differential Diagnosis of Leukoplakia
Malignant Transformation in Leukoplakia
Treatment
HAIRY LEUKOPLAKIA
Definition
Clinical Feature
Histopathology
Differential Diagnosis
Special Investigation
Treatment
CARCINOMA IN SITU
Definition
Clinical Features
Presentation
Histopathology
Treatment
ERYTHROPLAKIA
Etiology
Clinical Features
Presentation
Homogenous Erythroplakia
Erythroplakia Interspersed with Patches of Leukoplakia
Speckled Erythroplakia
Histopathology
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
LEUKODEMA
Definition
Etiology
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Treatment
STOMATITIS NICOTINA
Definition
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Treatment
ORAL SUBMUCOUS FIBROSIS (OSF)
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Presentation
Histopathology
Ultrastructural Changes
Laboratory Investigations
Treatment
SIDEROPENIC DYSPHAGIA
Definition
Clinical Features
Investigations
Sideropenic Dysphagia and Oral Cancer
LICHEN PLANUS
Definition
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features
Presentation
Cutaneous Lesions of Lichen Planus
Oral Lesions of Lichen Planus
Clinical Types of Lichen Planus
Reticular Type
Erosive Type
Plaque Type
Atrophic Type
Bullous Type
Differential Diagnosis
Histopathology
Special Investigations
Treatment
CHAPTER 4:
Diseases of the Salivary Glands
NONNEOPLASTIC DISORDERS
Developmental Anomalies
Reactive Lesions
Infective Lesions
Bacterial sialadenitis
Viral sialadenitis
Immune-mediated Diseases
Miscellaneous Diseases
NEOPLASTIC DISORDERS
Epithelial Tissue Neoplasms
Adenomas
Connective Tissue Neoplasms
Agenesis (Aplasia) or Hypoplasia
Hypoplasia
Atresia
Ectopic Salivary Glands
SALIVARY GLAND CYSTS
SIALOLITHIASIS
Definition
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis of Sialolithiasis
Radiography
Sialography
Ultrasonography and CT Scan
Macroscopic Appearance
Composition
Histopathology
Differential Diagnosis
Ultrastructural Finding
Treatment
POSTRADIATION SIALADENITIS
CHRONIC SCLEROSING SIALADENITIS
Definition
Etilogy
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Treatment
NECROTIZING SIALOMETAPLASIA
Definition
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
ACUTE BACTERIAL SIALADENITIS
Causative Organism
Route of Spread of Infection
Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features
Investigation
Treatment
CHRONIC BACTERIAL SIALADENITIS
Definition
Clinical Features
Investigation
Histophathology
RECURRENT PAROTITIS
Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features
MUMPS (ENDEMIC PAROTITIS)
Definition
CYTOMEGALIC INCLUSION DISEASE
MIKULICZ'S DISEASE
Definition
Etiology
Clinical Features
Presentation
Histophathology
Differential Disease
Treatment
SJOGREN'S SYNDROME
Definition
Pathogenesis:
Clinical Features
Primary Sjogren's syndrome
Secondary Sjogren's syndrome
Clinical Presentation
Histopathology
Investigations in Sjogren's Syndrome
Treatment
HEERFORDT'S SYNDROME
SIALOSIS
Definition
Etiology
Clinical Feature
Histopathology
Treatment
PTYALISM
Definition
Etiology
Treatment
APTYALISM (HYPOSALIVATION)
Causes
Clinical Features
Treatment
NEOPLASM OF THE SALIVARY GLANDS
PLEOMORPHIC ADENOMA
Definition
Clinical Features
Clinical Presentation
Macroscopic Findings
Histopathology
Differential Diagnosis
Special Investigation
Treatment
MONOMORPHIC ADENOMA
Definition
Clinical Features
Basal Cell Adenoma
Canalicular Adenoma
Histopathology
Basal Cell Adenoma
Tubular type
Membranous type
Canalicular Adenoma
Treatment
ONCOCYTOMA (OXYPHILIC ADENOMA)
Definition
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
ADENOLYMPHOMA (WARTHIN'S TUMOR)
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Presentation
Macroscopic Appearance
Histopathology
Differential Diagnosis
Special Investigation
Treatment
MALIGNANT PLEMORPHIC ADENOMA (MIXED TUMOR)
Cacinoma ex-pleomorphic adenoma and De novo type.
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Treatment
ADENOID CYSTIC CARCINOMA (CYLINDROMA)
Clinical Features
Presentation
Histopathology
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
MUCOEPIDERMOID TUMOR
Clinical Features
Presentation
Histopathology
Well-differentiated or Llow-grade Tumor
Poorly Differentiated or High-grade Tumor
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
ACINIC CELL TUMOR
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
ADENOCARCINOMA
Clinical Presentation
Histopathology
Treatment
CHAPTER 5:
Odontogenic Neoplasms
DEFINITION
Formation of Dental Papilla
Dental Follicle
Formation of Root
Benign Odontogenic Neoplasms
Malignant Tumors
Neoplasms of Debatable Origin
AMELOBLASTOMA
Definition
Etiology
Clinical Features
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Differential Diagnosis
Macroscopic Features
Histopathological Features
Plexiform Ameloblastoma
Follicular Ameloblastoma
Other Histological Types of Ameloblastoma
Histogenesis of Ameloblastoma
Treatment
ADENOMATOID ODONTOGENIC TUMOR (AOT)
Definition
Origin
Clinical Features
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Differential Diagnosis
Histopathological Features
Treatment
CALCIFYING EPITHELIAL ODONTOGENIC TUMOR (CEOT)
Clinical Features
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Differential Diagnosis
Histopathological Features
Treatment
SQUAMOUS ODONTOGENIC TUMOR
Definition
Origin
Clinical Features
Presentation
Radiographic Features
Histopathology
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
CLEAR CELL ODONTOGENIC TUMOR
Definition
Clinical Features
Clinical Presentation
Histological Presentation
Treatment
AMEOBLASTIC FIBROMA
Clinical Features
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Histopathological Features
Treatment
ODONTOMES
Definition
Types
Clinical Features
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Differential Diagnosis
Histopathology
Treatment
ODONTOGENIC FIBROMA
Definition
PERIPHERAL ODONTOGENIC FIBROMA
Definition
Origin
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Histolopathology
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
CENTRAL ODONTOGENIC FIBROMA
Definition
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Histological Presentation
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
ODONTOGENIC MYXOMA
Definition
Origin
Clinical Features
Presentation
Radiographic Features
Histological Presentation
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
PERIAPICAL CEMENTRAL DYSPLASIA (CEMENTOMA)
Clinical Features
Clinical Presentations
Radiological Features
Histopathology
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
FAMILIAL GIGANTIFORM CEMENTOMA
Definition
Origin
Clinical Features
Site
Radiography
Histological Presentation
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
CEMENTOBLASTOMA
Clinical Features
Origin
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Histopathology
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
MALIGNANT AMELOBLASTOMA
Definition
AMELOBLASTIC CARCINOMA
Definition
ODONTOGENIC CARCINOMA
Definition
Clinical Features
Radiography
Histopathology
Treatment
ODONTOGENIC SARCOMAS
Primary Intraalveolar Carcinoma
CHAPTER 6:
Cysts of the Oral Regions
DEFINITION
Jaw Cyst–clinical Significance
CLASSIFICATION OF CYST
a. Odontogenic
Developmental
Inflammatory
b. Non-odontogenic
Non-epithelial
CYSTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE MAXILLARY ANTRUM
CYST OF THE TISSUE OF THE MOUTH, FACE AND NECK
ODONTOGENIC KERATOCYST (PRIMORDIAL CYST)
Definition
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Site
Presentation
Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS)
Radiological Features
Radiological Types of Keratocysts
Differential Diagnosis
Cystic Fluid
Paper Electrophoresis
Histopathology
SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS
Problems
Alternatives to CT Scan
DNA Analysis of the Lining Cells of the Cystic Epithelium
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
Transmission of Electron Microscopy (TEM)
Immunohistochemistry
Enlargement of Cyst
Cell Proliferation
Osmolality of Cyst Fluid
Enzymatic Mechanisms
Treatment
Causes of Recurrence
DENTIGEROUS CYST
Definition
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Radiological Types of Dentigerous Cyst
Cystic Fluid
Differential Diagnosis
Histopathology
Enlargement
Osmolatity
Chemical Mediators
Causes of Root Resorption in Dentigerous Cyst
Treatment
RADICULAR CYST
Definition
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Macroscopic Appearance
Histopathology
Differential Diagnosis
Scanning Electron Microscopy
Treatment
ERUPTION CYST
Definition
Clinical Features
LATERAL PERIODONTAL CYST
Definition
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Pathogenesis
Differential Diagnosis
Histopathology
Treatment
DENTAL LAMINA CYST (GINGIVAL CYST) OF THE NEWBORN
Definition
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Treatment
GINGIVAL CYST OF THE ADULT
Definition
Clinical Features
Presentation
Pathogenesis
Radiographic Finding
Histopathology
Treatment
SIALO-ODONTOGENIC CYSTS
Origin
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Histopathology
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
BOTRYOID ODONTOGENIC CYSTS
Definition
Treatment
CALCIFYING EPITHELIAL ODONTOGENIC CYST (CEOC)
Clinical Features
Site
Radiological Features
Pathogenesis
Histopathology
Treatment
PARADENTAL CYST
Definition
Origin
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Macroscopy
Histopathology
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
GLOBULOMAXILLARY CYST
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Histopathology
Treatment
NASOLABIAL CYST (KELSTADT'S CYST)
Origin
Clinical Features
Presentation
Histopathology
Treatment
NASOPALATINE DUCT CYST
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Clinical Presentation
Radiology
Histopathology
Treatment
SOLITARY BONE CYST (TRAUMATIC, HAEMORRHAGIC BONE CYST)
Clinical Features
Presentation
Radiology
Pathogenesis
Differential Diagnosis
Macroscopy
Histopathology
Treatment
ANEURYSMAL BONE CYST
Clinical Features
Clinical Presentation
Radiology
Pathogenesis
Differential Diagnosis
Macroscopy
Aspiration
Histopathology
Treatment
CYST OF THE SALIVARY GLAND
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
RANULA
Definition
Etiology
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
DERMOID CYST
Definition
Clinical Features
Presentation
Histopathology
Treatment
SURGICAL CILLIATED CYST OF MAXILLA
Definition
Clinical Features
Radiographic Finding
Histopathology
Treatment
CHAPTER 7:
Regressive Alterations of Teeth
ATTRITION
Definition
Types of Attrition
Physiological Attrition
Pathological Attrition
Causes of Pathological attrition
• Structural defects in teeth
Clinical Features of Attrition
Treatment
ABRASION
Definition
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Toothbrush Abrasion
Habitual Abrasion
Occupational Abrasions
Abrasions by Prosthetic Appliances
Ritual Abrasions
Clinical Features of Abrasions
Treatment
EROSION
Definition
Etiologic Factors for Erosion
Extrinsic Factors
Acidic Foods and Beverages
Medications
Occupational Erosions
Intrinsic Causes of Erosion
ROLE OF SALIVARY FUNCTION IN THE PREVENTION OF DENTAL EROSION
Clinical Features of Erosion
Treatment
RESORPTION OF TEETH
Definition
Physiological Resorption
EXTERNAL RESORPTION OF TOOTH
Definition
Causes of External Resorption
Periapical inflammation
Reimplanted Teeth
Cysts
Tumors
Excessive Mechanical or Occlusal Forces
Impacted Tooth
Idiopathic External Resorption (Burrowing resorption)
Radiographic Appearances of External Resorption
Consequences of External Resorption
INTERNAL RESORPTION OF TOOTH
Definition
Etio-pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Types of Internal Resorptions
Internal Inflammatory Resorption
Internal Replacement Resorption
Histopathology
Treatment
PULP CALCIFICATION
Definition
Pathogenesis of Pulp Calcification
Types
Interstitial Pulp Stones
Clinical Symptoms
Diagnosis
Clinical Significance of Pulp Calcifications
HYPERCEMENTOSIS
Definition
Etiology
Clinical Features
Radiography
Microscopy
Clinical Significance
AGE CHANGES IN TEETH
Enamel
Dentine
Cementum
Pulp
CEMENTICLES
Pathogenesis
DENTINAL SCLEROSIS
CHAPTER 8:
Bacterial Viral and Fungal Infections
TUBERCULOSIS
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histopathology
Investigations
Treatment
SYPHILIS
Acquired Syphilis
Cilinical Features
General Manifestations
Primary Syphilis
Secondary Syphilis
Tertiary (Late) Syphilis
Oral Manifestations of Syphilis
Primary Syphilis
Secondary Syphilis
Tertiary Syphilis
Congenital Syphilis
Definition
Histopathology of Acquired Syphilitic Lesions
Secondary Syphilis
Tertiary Syphilis
Diagnosis
Treatment
ACTINOMYCOSIS
Clinical Features
Presentation
Histopathology
Treatment
SCARLET FEVER
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
General Complications
Treatment
DIPHTHERIA
Clinical Features
Treatment
SARCOIDOSIS
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Diagnosis
Treatment
LEPROSY
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histopathology
Treatment
TETANUS
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Treatment
MIDLINE LETHAL GRANULOMA
Etiology
Clinical Features
Presentation
WEGENER'S GRANULOMATOSIS
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Treatment
NOMA (CANCRUM ORIS)
Etiology
Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features
Treatment
PYOGENIC GRANULOMA
Clinical Features
Presentation
Histopathology
Treatment
VIRAL INFECTIONS
ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS)
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Mode of Transmission of HIV
Consequences of HIV Infection
CLINICAL SPECTRUM OF AIDS
Group-I—Acute Infections
Group-II—Chronic Asymptomatic Infections
Group-III—Persistant Generalized Lymphadenopathy (PGL)
Group-IV
ORAL MANIFESTATIONS OF AIDS
Treatment of AIDS
HERPES VIRUS INFECTIONS
Herpes Simplex Virus Type-I Diseases
Herpes Simplex Virus Type-II Diseases
Varicella-zoster Virus Diseases
Human Cytomegalovirus Diseases
Epstein-Barr Virus Diseases
HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS TYPE–I INFECTIONS
Primary Acute Herpetic Gingivestomatitis
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Recurrent Herpetic Infections
Clinical Features
Herpetic Eczema
Keratoconjunctivitis
Meningoencephalitis
HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS TYPE-II INFECTIONS
Genital Herpes
Neonatal Herpes
VERICELLA-ZOSTER VIRUS INFECTIONS
Chickenpox
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Treatment
HERPES-ZOSTER (SHINGLES)
Definition
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Histopathologically
Diagnosis of Herpes-Zoster
Treatment
CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTION
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Treatment
EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTIONS
Infectious Mononucleosis
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Diagnosis
Treatment
HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTION
Clinical Features
MEASLES (RUBEOLA)
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Treatment
MUMPS
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Complication
Diagnosis
Treatment
HERPANGINA
Clinical Features
Treatment
HAND, FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE
Clinical Features
Treatment
APHTHOUS ULCERS
Etiology
Clinical Features
Minor Aphthous Ulcer
Major Aphthous Ulcers
Herpetiform Ulcer
Histopathology
Cytology
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
BEHCET'S SYNDROME
REITER'S SYNDROME
Treatment
RABIES
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
CANDIDIASIS
Clinical Features
Acute Candidiasis
Chronic Candidiasis
Systemic Candidiasis
Mucocutaneous Candidiasis
Acute Pseudomembranous Candidiasis
Acute Atrophic Candidiasis
Chronic Atrophic Candidiasis
Candida–associated Angular Chelitis
Chronic Hyperplastic Candidiasis
Localized Mucocutaneous Candidiasis
Familial Mucocutaneous Candidiasis
Syndrome-associated Candidiasis
Candidiasis Endocrinopathy Syndrome
Systemic Candidiasis
Candidal Eendocarditis
Candidal Meningitis
Candidal Septicaemia
Histopathology
Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis
Acute Atrophic Candidiasis
Angular Chelitis
Chronic Hyperplastic Candidiasis
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Coccidoidomycosis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestation
Histopathology
Treatment
Histoplasmosis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Differential Diagnosis
Histopathology
Treatment
CRYPTOCOCCOSIS
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestation
Histopathology
Treatment
North American Blastomycosis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histopathology
Treatment
MUCORMYCOSIS
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Histopathology
Treatment
CHAPTER 9:
Dental Caries
DEFINITION
Epidemiology of Dental Caries
Pathophysiology of Dental Caries
ACIDOGENIC THEORY
Role of Carbohydrates
Role of Microorganisms
Role of Acids
Role of Bacterial Plaque
Limitation of Acidogenic Theory
PROTEOLYTIC THEORY
Limitation of Proteolytic Theory
PROTEOLYTIC CHELATION THEORY
SUCROSE CHELATION THEORY
AUTOIMMUNE THEORY
Contributing Factors in Dental Caries
Extrinsic factors
Tooth Factor
Composition of tooth
Saliva Factor
Diet Factor
Systemic Factor
Immunity
Clinical Aspects of Dental Caries
Clinical Types
Pit and fissure caries
INCIPIENT CARIES
Definition
Smooth surface caries
Nursing bottle caries
Enamel Lesion
Dentin
RADIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF DENTAL CARIES
HISTOPATHOLOGICAL ASPECT OF DENTAL CARIES
Enamel Caries
Histologic Features of Early Enamel Caries
Histologic Features of Advanced Enamel Caries
Zone I: Translucent Zone
Zone II: Dark Zone
Zone III: Body of the Lesion
Zone IV: Surface Zone
DENTINAL CARIES
Zone I (Normal Dentin)
Zone II (Sub-transparent Dentin)
Zone III (Transparent Dentin)
Zone IV (Turbid Dentin)
Zone V (Infected Dentin)
Reactionary Dentin
CARIES ACTIVITY TESTS
Snyder Test
Results
Salivary Reductase Test
Results
Salivary Buffering Capacity Test
Results
Microbiological Test
Result
Methods of Caries Prevention
Role of Fluorides in the Prevention of Dental Caries
Caries Vaccine
CHAPTER 10:
Diseases of Pulp-Dentin Complex and Periapical Tissues
PULPAL DISEASES
Dentin-Pulp Complex
Etiology of Pulpal Diseases
FACTORS CAUSING INJURY TO THE PULP
Physical Factors
Acute Injury
Chronic Injury
Chemical Factors
Microbial Factors
Classification of the Pulpal Diseases
Inflammatory Diseases
Other Miscellaneous Conditions of the Pulp
Response of Dentin and Pulp to Injurious Stimuli
A. Dentinal Sclerosis (Transparent Dentin)
B. Reparative Dentin
Direct Pulpal Response to Injurious Stimuli
FOCAL REVERSIBLE PULPITIS
Etiology
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Treatment
ACUTE PULPITIS
Mode of Development
Etiology
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Treatment
CHRONIC PULPITIS
Etiology
Mode of Development
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Treatment
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Treatment
AERODONTALGIA
Clinical Features
PULP NECROSIS
Diagnosis of Pulpal Diseases
A. History
B. Clinical Examination
C. Radiographic Examination
D. Clinical Test for Evaluation of Pulp Response
Anaerobic Organisms
Aerobic and facultative anaerobic organisms
Factors Causing Retarded Healing of the Pulp Tissue
PRIMARY ACUTE APICAL PERIODONTITIS
Clinical Features
Definition
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Histopathology
Treatment
Sequelae
PERIAPICAL ABSCESS (DENTOALVEOLAR ABSCES)
Definition
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Histopathology
Treatment
OSTEOMYELITIS
Definition
Classification
A. Acute Osteomyelitis
B. Chronic Osteomyelitis
C. Radiation Induced Osteomyelitis
D. Idiopathic Osteomyelitis
Etiology of Osteomyelitis
PREDISPOSING FACTORS OF OSTEOMYELITIS
Micro-organisms in Osteomyelitis
Pathogenesis of Osteomyelitis
ACUTE SUPPURATIVE OSTEOMYELITIS
Clinical Features
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Histopathology
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
CHRONIC SUPPURATIVE OSTEOMYELITIS
Etiology
Clinical Features
Radiology
Histopathology
Treatment
CHRONIC FOCAL SCLEROSING OSTEOMYELITIS
Definition
Pathogenesis
Etiology
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Histological Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
DIFFUSE SCLEROSING OSTEOMYELITIS
Definition
Etiology
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Histopathology
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
CHRONIC OSTEOMYELITIS WITH PROLIFERATIVE PERIOSTITIS (GARRE'S OSTEOMYELITIS)
Definition
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Presentations
Radiographic Appearance
Histopathology
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
GIANT CELL PERIOSTITIS WITH HYALINE CHANGE (PULSE GRANULOMA)
Definition
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Treatment
ENDODONTICE–PERIODONTIC LESIONS
CHAPTER 11:
Spread of the Oral Infection
SPACE INFECTIONS
SPACE INFECTIONS RELATED TO MAXILLA
Canine Fossa Infection
Clinical Features
Treatment
Palatal Space Infection
Clinical Features
Treatment
Infratemporal Space Infection
Contents of Infratemporal Space
Clinical Features
Treatment
Pterygomandibular Space Infection
Source of Infection
Clinical Features
Treatment
Temporal Pouch Infection
Clinical Features
Treatment
Parotid Space Infection
Contents
Clinical Features
Treatment
SPACE INFECTIONS RELATED TO MANDIBLE
Mental Space Infections
Clinical Features
Treatment
Submental Space Infection
Clinical Features
Treatment
Submandibular Space Infection
Clinical Features
Treatment
Sublingual Space Infection
Source of Infection
Clinical Features
Treatment
Lateral Pharyngeal Space
Boundary
Source of Infection
Clinical Features
Complications
Treatment
Retro-pharyngeal Space Infection
Boundary
Clinical Features
Space of the Body of the Mandible
Contents
Source of Infection
Clinical Features
Treatment
Submasseteric space
Source of Infection
Clinical Features
Treatment
Sequelae of Odontogenic Infections
CELLULITIS
Definition
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Histopathologic Features
Treatment
LUDWIG'S ANGINA
Definition
Causative Microorganisms
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Treatment
CAVERNOUS SINUS THROMBOSIS (THROMBOPHLEBITIS)
Definition
Routes of Spread of Infections
External Route
Internal Route
Primary Sources of Infection
External
Internal
Clinical Features
Treatment
MAXILLARY SINUSITIS
Definition
Etiology
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Histological Features
Treatment
FOCAL INFECTION
Definition of Focal Infection
Focus of Infection
Mechanism of Focal Infection
Examples of Various Oral “Foci” of Infection
Common Consequences of “Focal Infections” from the Oral Facial Region
CHAPTER 12:
Physical and Chemical Injuries of the Oral Cavity
FRACTURES OF TEETH
Classification of Tooth Fracture
ROOT FRACTURE
CEMENTAL TEAR
Treatment
BRUXISM
Definition
Causes
Clinical Features
Treatment
ANKYLOSIS OF TEETH
Causes of Ankylosis of Tooth
SUBMERGED TEETH
TOOTHBRUSH INJURY
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Treatment
TOOTHPICK INJURY
Clinical Features
TRAUMATIC ATROPHIC GLOSSITIS
Definition
Causes
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Treatment
CHRONIC ULCERS OF THE TONGUE
Clinical Feature
Etiology
Treatment
TRAUMATIC ULCER
FACTITIOUS INJURIES
Cheek and Lip Biting
Fingernail Injuries
DENTURE INJURIES
Acute Injuries
Denture Sore Mouth
Epulis Fissuratum
Clinical Features
Inflammatory Hyperplasia of the Palate
Electrical Burns
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Complications
Treatment
Thermal Burns
Mild Burns
Moderate Burns
Severe Burn
RADIATION INJURIES
Types of Therapeutic Radiations
Dose Selection
Therapeutic Effects of Radiation
Direct Effect
Indirect Dffect
Factors Determining the Effectiveness of Radiation
X-RAY RADIATION AND ITS EFFECTS ON VARIOUS NORMAL TISSUES
Effects of Radiation on Skin
Effects of the Radiation on Oral Mucosa
Effects of Radiation on Salivary Glands
Effects of Radiation on TM Joint and Muscles
Effects of Radiation on Teeth
Effects of Radiation on Bone
OSTEORADIONECROSIS
Definition
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Presentation
Radiological Features
Histopathology
Treatment
Effects of Whole Body Radiation
Effects of Radiation in Embryo and Fetus
LASER Radiation
CONGENITAL PORPHYRIA
Definition
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
BILIARY ATRESIA
ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS
ORAL MANIFESTATIONS OF VARIOUS METAL POISONING
Features of Arsenic Poisoning
Features of Lead Poisoning (Plumbism)
Features of Bismuth Poisoning
Features of Mercury Poisoning
Features of Silver Poisoning
TETRACYCLINE STAINING
Clinical Findings
ANGIONEUROTIC EDEMA
Clinical Features
ACETYLSALICYCLIC ACID
CHEMICAL BURNS DUE TO OTHER MEDICAMENTS
CHAPTER 13:
Biopsy and Healing of Oral Wounds
DEFINITION OF BIOPSY
TYPES OF BIOPSY
Excisional Biopsy
Incisional Biopsy
Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC)
Frozen Section Biopsy
METHODS OF OBTAINING BIOPSY SPECIMENS
BIOPSY PROCEDURE
IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER WHILE PERFORMING BIOPSY
LABELLING OF THE BIOPSY SAMPLE
BIOPSY REPORT
EXFOLIATIVE CYTOLOGY
Technique of Exfoliative Cytology
Important Points in Exfoliative Cytology
Interpretation of Findings in Exfoliative Cytology
Class I (normal)
Class II (atypical)
Class III (intermediate)
Class IV (suggestive of cancer)
Class V (positive of cancer)
Indications of Exfoliative Cytology
Physical Factors
HEALING OF BIOPSY WOUND
Healing by First Intension (Primary Healing)
Healing by Secondary Intention
HEALING OF GINGIVECTOMY WOUND
Early Healing Phase
Late Healing Phase
HEALING OF THE EXTRACTION WOUND
Dry Socket
HEALING OF THE FRACTURED JAW BONE
Stage–I: Formation of Fibrous Callus
Stage–II: Formation of Primary Bone Callus
Stage–III: Formation of Secondary Bone Callus
REPLANTATION OF TOOTH
Definition
Indications
Contraindications
Procedure of Replantation
Process of Extraction
Post-extraction Tooth Care
External RCT and Apicoectomy
Replantation
Causes of Failure of Replantation
TRANSPLANTATION OF TEETH
Definition
Types of Transplantation
Criteria of a Successful Transplantation
Causes of Failure of Transplantation
HEALING AROUND OSTEO-INTEGRATED IMPLANTS
Definition
Criteria for a Successful Implant
CHAPTER 14:
Oral Aspects of Metabolic Disorders
DISTURBANCES IN MINERAL METABOLISM
CALCIUM
Effects of Decreased Calcium Levels in Plasma
Effects of Increased Calcium Levels in Plasma
Pathologic Calcifications
Types
Dystrophic Calcification
Examples of Dystrophic Calcification
Metastatic Calcification
Calcinosis
PHOSPHORUS
Hypophosphatasia
Clinical Features
IRON
Clinical Features
MAGNESIUM
ZINC
VITAMIN D
Function of Vitamin D
Clinical Features of Rickets
OSTEOPOROSIS
Etiology
Clinical Features
FAMILIAL HYPOPHOSPHATASIA (VITAMIN D RESISTANT RICKETS)
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
VITAMIN A
Functions
Effects of Vitamin A deficiency
Effects of Hypervitaminosis A (excess Vit A in the Body)
VITAMIN B COMPLEX
Thiamine (B1)
Niacin (Nicotinic Acid)
Biboflavin (B2)
Folic Acid
VITAMIN C (ASCORBIC ACID)
VITAMIN K
AMYLOIDOSIS
Types
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Treatment
PORPHYRIA
HURLER'S SYNDROME
Clinical Manifestations
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Histopathology
Treatment
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Histopathology
EOSINOPHILIC GRANULOMA
Clinical Features
Radiographic Findings
Histopathology
Treatment
LETTERER-SIWE DISEASE
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Treatment
GAUCHER'S DISEASE
NIEMANN-PICK DISEASE
HYPOPITUITARISM
Causes
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
PITUITARY INSUFFICIENCY IN ADULTS
Clinical Features
Treatment
DIABETES INSIPIDUS
Definition
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Treatment
HYPERPITUITARISM
Causes
GIGANTISM
Oral Manifestations
ACROMEGALY
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
HYPOTHYROIDISM
Causes
CRETINISM
Oral Manifestations
MYXEDEMA
General Symptoms
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
HYPERTHYROIDISM
Causes
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
Clinical Manifestations
Radiological Features
Histopathology
Laboratory Investigations
Treatment
HYPOPARATHYROIDISM
ACUTE ADRENOCORTICAL INSUFFICIENCY
Indications of Steroid Therapy
Indications of Glucocorticoids
Steroid Crisis
Causes of Acute Adrenocortical Insufficiency
Clinical Features
Treatment
Waterhouse–Friderichsen Syndrome
Causes
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
DIABETES MELLITUS
Clinical Manifestations
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Complication of Diabetes
PROGERIA
IMBALANCE OF SEX HORMONES
CHAPTER 15:
Diseases of Bone
PAGET'S DISEASE
Definition
Etiology
Clinical features
Natural History of the Disease
Presentation
Radiological Features
Histopathology
Laboratory Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
FIBROUS DYSPLASIA OF BONE
Definition
Types
Etiology
Clinical Features
Clinical Presentation
Radiological Features
Laboratory Findings
Histopathology
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
CHERUBISM
Definition
Pathogenosis
Clinical Features
Presentation
Radiological Features
Histopathology
Laboratory Investigations
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFACTA
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Types
Neonatal Lethal Type
Severe Non-lethal Type
Moderate and Deforming Type
Mild non-deforming Type
Radiological Features
Histopathology
Pathogenesis
Treatment
CLEIDOCRANIAL DYSPLASIA
Defenition
Origin
Clinical Features
Radiographic Fearures
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
OSTEOPETROSIS (MARBLE BONE DISEASE)
Types
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiology
Histopathology
Treatment
PIERRE ROBIN SYNDROME
MARFAN's SYNDROME
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Treatment
DOWN SYNDROME (TRISOMY 21)
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Treatment
INFANTILE CORTICAL HYPEROSTOSIS (CAFFEY'S DISEASE)
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Histopathology
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
MANDIBULOFACIAL DYSOSTOSIS (TREACHER-COLLINS SYNDROME)
ACHONDROPLASIA
MASSIVE OSTEOLYSIS (VANISHING BONE DISEASE)
Definition
Clinical Features
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Histopathology
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
CHAPTER 16:
Diseases of Temporomandibular Joint
HYPERPLASIA OF THE MANDIBULAR CONDYLE
Etiology
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
LUXATION AND SUB-LUXATION
Etiology
Clinical Features
Treatment
ANKYLOSIS
Etiology
Clinical Features
Types
Presentation
Radiological Features
Treatment
ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS
Etiology
Clinical Feature
Radiographic Features
Treatment
OSTEOARTHRITIS
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Histopathology
Treatment
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
Clinical Features
Radiology
Histopathology
Etiology
Treatment
ACUTE TRAUMATIC ARTHRITIS
Clinical Features
Treatment
MYOFACIAL PAIN DYSFUNCTION SUNDROME (MPD)
Etiology
Clinical Features
Treatment
NEOPLASIA OF TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT
Site of Origin
Common Neoplasm of TMJ
Benign
Malignant Tumors
Clinical Features
Tomography
Treatment
CHAPTER 17:
Oral Aspects of Hematological Disorders
PERNICIOUS ANEMIA
Definition
Clinical Features
Clinical Presentation
Oral Manifestation
Histopathology
Diagnostic Assessment
Treatment
IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA
Clinical Manifestation
Oral Manifestation
Diagnostic Assessment
Histopathology
Treatment
APLASTIC ANEMIA
Etiology
Clinical Manifestation
Oral Manifestation
Diagnostic Assesment
Treatment
HAEMOLYTIC ANAEMIA
Definition
Causes
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnostic Assessment
Treatment
THALASSEMIAS
Clinical Manifestation
Oral Manifestation
Radiographic Appearance
Diagnostic Assessment
Treatment
SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
Definition
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnostic Assessment
Treatment
ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS
Pathogenesis
Oral Manifestation
POLYCYTHEMIA VERA
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestation
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Complication of Polycythemia Vera
LEUKEMIAS
Incidence
Etiology
Classification of Leukemias
Acute Leukemia
Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)
Acute Myeloblastic Leukemia (AML)
Granulocytic
Monocytic
Erythroid
Chronic Leukemias
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnostic Assessment
CBC Values (complete blood count)
Treatment
ARGANULOCYTOSIS (GRANULOCYTOPENIA)
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnostic Assessment
Treatment
CYLIC NEUTROPENIA
Definition
Clinical Features
Diagnostic Assessment
Treatment
PURPURA
Clinical Features of Purpura
Oral Manifestation
Diagnostic Assessment
Treatment
HEMOPHILIA
Etiology
Types
Clinical Features of Hemophilia
Oral Manifestation
Laboratory Investigations
Complications
Treatment
CHAPTER 18:
Periodontal Disease
DESQUAMATIVE GINGIVITIS
ACUTE NECROTIZING ULCERATIVE GINGIVITIS (ANUG)
Etiology
Precipitating Factors
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
LATERAL PERIODONTAL ABSCESS
Definition
Etiology
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Treatment
PERICORONITIS
Definition
Exogenous Stains on the Tooth
Brown or Black Stains
Green Stains
Orange or Yellow Stains
CHAPTER 19:
Oral Aspects of Dermatological Disorders
PSORIASIS
Clinical Features
Microscopic Findings
Treatment
PITYRIASIS ROSEA
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Treatment
INCONTINENTIA PIGMENTI
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Treatment
ERYTHEMA MULTIFORME
Etiology
Infections
Drug Hypersensitivity
Hyperimmune Reactions
Miscellaneous Factor
Clinical Features
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
Skin Lesions
Oral Mucosal Lesions
Eye Lesions
Genital Lesions
Histopathology
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
DERMATITIS HERPETIFORMIS
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Treatment
KERATOSIS FOLLICULARIS
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Treatment
ACANTHOSIS NIGRICANS
Types
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Treatment
DYSKERATOSIS CONGENITA
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Diagnosis
Treatment
WHITE SPONGE NEVUS
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Histopathology
Treatment
POLYMYOSITIS
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Treatment
PEMPHIGUS
Types
Etiopathogenesis
Note
Clinical Features or Pemphigus
Pemphigus vulgaris
Pemphigus vegetans
Pemphigus foliaceus and pemphigus erythematosus:
Brazilian pemphigus
Histopathology of pemphigus
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
PEMPHIGOID
Pathogenesis
Cicatricial Pemphigoid
Clinical Features
Oral Lesions
Eye Lesions
Skin lesions
Bullous Pemphigoid
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Treatment
EPIDERMOLYSIS BULLOSA
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestation
Histopathology
Treatment
LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS
Pathogenesis
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
Clinical Features of SLE
Skin lesions
Oral Lesions
Systemic Manifestations
Histopathology
Discoid Lupus Erythematosus (DLE)
Clinical Features of DLE
Skin lesions
Oral lesions
Histopathology
Laboratory Investigations of Lupus Erythematosus
Treatment
SCLERODERMA
Pathogenesis
Types
Clinical Features of Diffuse Scleroderma
Oral Manifestation of Diffuse Scleroderma
Radiological Features
Histopathology
Treatment
EHLERS-DANLOS SYNDROME
Oral Manifestation
Laboratory Investigation
Treatment
CHAPTER 20:
Diseases of the Nerves and Muscles
TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA
Clinical Features
Treatment
SPHENOPALATINE NEURALGIA
GLOSSODYNIA
Treatment
Auriculo-temporal Syndrome (Frey's Syndrome)
Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia
Bell's Palsy (Facial Nerve Paralysis)
Etiology
Clinical Features
Treatment
CAUSALGIA
EAGLE'S SYNDROME
GENERALIZED FAMILIAL MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
Clinical Features
Histopathology
MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
Myositis Ossificans
CHAPTER 21:
Oral Manifestations of Generalized Diseases
CHAPTER 22:
Syndromes Related to Oral Diseases
CHAPTER 23:
Important Classifications of Oral Diseases
HEREDITARY CONDITIONS
LEUKOPLAKIA AND MALIGNANCIES
DERMATOSES
INFLAMMATIONS
MISCELLANEOUS CONDITIONS
DEVELOPMENTAL LESIONS
REACTIVE LESIONS
NEOPLASTIC LESIONS
METABOLIC CONDITIONS
INFECTIVE CONDITIONS:
IMMUNOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES
PETECHIAE OR ECCHYMOSES
MISCELLANEOUS CONDITIONS
BENIGN MELANOCYTIC LESIONS
NEOPLASTIC CONDITIONS
PIGMENTATIONS DUE TO EXOGENOUS DEPOSITS
MISCELLANEOUS CONDITIONS
VIRAL DISEASE
IMMUNOLOGIC CONDITIONS
HEREDIRARY CONDITIONS
MISCELLANEOUS CONDITIONS
INFECTIVE LESIONS
Bacterial Diseases
Viral Diseases
Fungal Diseases
TRAUMATIC CONDITIONS
IMMUNOLOGIC DISORDERS
SYSTEMIC DISEASES
NECROTIC CONDITIONS
MALIGNANT CONDITIONS
MISCELLANEOUS LESIONS
EXTRINSIC STAINS
INTRINSIC STAINS
ODONTOGENIC
Developmental
Inflammatory
NON-ODONTOGENIC
Non-epithelial
CYSTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE MAXILLARY ANTRUM
CYST OF THE TISSUE OF THE MOUTH, FACE AND NECK
Benign Tumors
Malignant Tumors
NEOPLASMS OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE ORIGIN
NEOPLASMS OF MESENCHYMAL TISSUE ORIGIN
Neoplasms
Other lesions where giant cells may be present
Reactive Lesions
Neoplasms
Unknown Etiology
NON–NEOPLASTIC DISORDERS
DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES
REACTIVE LESIONS
INFECTIVE LESIONS
Bacterial Sialedenitis
Viral Sialadenitis
IMMUNE–MEDIATED DISEASE
MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES
A. Epithelial tissue Neoplasms
Adenomas
B. Connective Tissue Neoplasms
The arteritides
Midfacial granuloma syndrome-
Vascular hamartomas
Telangiectases
Vascular tumors
Infective stomatitis
Stomatitis immunologically mediated or of dubious origine
Neurlgias
Pain of muscular origin
Primary vascular disorders
Psychogenic pains
Generalized pain syndrome
Lesion of the ear, nose and oral cavity
Developmental disorders-
Disorders in lingual papillae
Diseases affecting body of the tongue
Benign tumors
Malignant tumors
Focal gingival enlargements
Generalized gingival enlargements
Macules and patches
Papules and plaque
Nodules
Wheals
Papulosquamous dermatoses
Vesicles/Bullae/Pustules
Erosions/Fissures/Ulcers/Scars
Connective tissue disease
Swelling on the floor of the mouth
Swelling of the Lip and Buccal Mucosa
Upper lip
Lower lip
Buccal mucosa swelling
Palatal swellings
Lateral Neck Swelling
Mid-line Neck Swelling
Intra-articular
Extra-articular
INDEX
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