Jaypee Brothers
In Current Chapter
In All Chapters
X
Clear
X
GO
Normal
Sepia
Dark
Default Style
Font Style 1
Font Style 2
Font Style 3
Less
Normal
More
Basic Dental Materials
John J Manappallil
CHAPTER 1:
Dentistry and Dental Materials
PREVENTION
RESTORATION
REHABILITATION
CHAPTER 2:
Basic Nature and Properties of Dental Materials
FORMS OF MATTER
Change of State
INTERATOMIC BONDS
Primary Bonds
Secondary Bonds
THERMAL EXPANSION
CRYSTAL STRUCTURE
NONCRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE
STRESS AND STRAIN
DIFFUSION
SURFACE TENSION
WETTING
CONTACT ANGLE
STRESS
Types of Stresses
Tensile Stress
Compressive Stress
Shear Stress
STRAIN
COMPLEX STRESSES
POISSON'S RATIO
PROPORTIONAL LIMIT
ELASTIC LIMIT
YIELD STRENGTH
Determination of Yield Strength
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
Application
FLEXIBILITY
Application
RESILIENCE
IMPACT
IMPACT STRENGTH
Application
PERMANENT DEFORMATION
Application
STRENGTH
Tensile Strength
Tensile Strength of Brittle Materials
Compressive Strength
Shear Strength
Application
Transverse or Flexure Strength
Application
FATIGUE
Application
Static Fatigue
TOUGHNESS
BRITTLENESS
Application
DUCTILITY
MALLEABILITY
Application of Malleability and Ductility
HARDNESS
Brinell
Application
Rockwell Hardness Number (RHN)
Application
Vickers Hardness Test (VHN)
Applications
Knoop Hardness Test (KHN)
The Shore and the Barcol
Applications
ABRASION RESISTANCE
RELAXATION
IMPORTANT TERMS AND PROPERTIES IN RHEOLOGY
Viscosity
Creep
Importance
Flow
SHEAR STRESS AND SHEAR STRAIN RATE
Newtonian
Pseudoplastic
Dilatant
THIXOTROPIC
THREE DIMENSIONS OF COLOR
Hue
Value
Chroma
MEASUREMENT OF COLOR
METAMERISM
FLUORESCENCE
Importance
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS
CHAPTER 3:
Biological Considerations of Dental Materials
PHYSICAL FACTORS AFFECTING PULP HEALTH
Microleakage
Microleakage Can Result In
Thermal Change
Galvanism
TOXIC EFFECTS OF MATERIALS
Toxicity Evaluation
Level I Tests (Screening Tests)
Level II (Usage Tests)
Level III (Human Trials)
INFECTION CONTROL
Infection Routes
Disinfection of Dental Materials
CHAPTER 4:
Rigid Impression Materials
ADVANTAGES OF USING A CAST OR MODEL
DESIRABLE PROPERTIES OF AN IMPRESSION MATERIAL
CLASSIFICATION OF IMPRESSION MATERIALS
According to Mode of Setting and Elasticiy
According to their Uses in Dentistry
The Rigid Impression Materials
CLASSIFICATION
SUPPLIED AS
APPLICATIONS
Single Tooth Impression
Complete Denture Impressions
REQUIREMENTS OF IDEAL IMPRESSION COMPOUND
COMPOSITION
PROPERTIES OF IMPRESSION COMPOUND
Glass Transition Temperature and Fusion Temperature
Fusion Temperature
Thermal Properties
Thermal Conductivity
Coefficient of Linear Expansion (CTE)
Flow
According to ADA specification No. 4
Dimensional Stability
Reproduction of Detail
MANIPULATION
Sticks
Cakes
Precautions
Removal of Impression
Pouring the Cast and Cast Separation
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
CLASSIFICATION
AVAILABLE AS
COMPOSITION
SETTING REACTION
Microstructure
SETTING TIME
Factors Controlling Setting Time
PROPERTIES
Consistency and Flow
Detail Reproduction
Rigidity and Strength
Dimensional Stability
Biological Considerations
MANIPULATION
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
SURGICAL PASTES
NON-EUGENOL PASTES
BITE REGISTRATION PASTES
CHAPTER 5:
Elastic Impression Materials—Agar and Alginate
TYPES OF ELASTIC IMPRESSION MATERIALS
HYDROCOLLOIDS
Solution and Suspension
Colloids
Types of Colloids
Hydrocolloids
Gels, Sols, Gelation
Gel Strength
Types of Hydrocolloids
REVERSIBLE HYDROCOLLOIDS—AGAR
USES
SUPPLIED AS
COMPOSITION
Function of Each Ingredient
MANIPULATION
The Hydrocolloid Conditioner Consists of
Impression Trays
Making the Impression
Removal of Impression
Storage of Agar Impression
Separation from Cast
PROPERTIES OF AGAR HYDROCOLLOIDS
Syneresis and Imbibition (Dimensional Stability)
Flow
Gelation, Liquefaction and Hysterisis
Flexibility
Elasticity and Elastic Recovery
Reproduction of Detail
Accuracy and Dimensional Change
Working and Setting Time
Tear and Compressive Strengths
LAMINATE TECHNIQUE: OR AGAR ALGINATE COMBINATION TECHNIQUE
Advantage
WET FIELD TECHNIQUE
CAST DUPLICATION
IMPRESSION DISINFECTION
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF AGAR HYDROCOLLOID
Advantages
Disadvantages
TYPES
SUPPLIED AS
Modified Alginates
Commercial Names
APPLICATIONS
COMPOSITION
SETTING REACTION
Gel Structure
PROPERTIES OF ALGINATE HYDROCOLLOID (According to ADA specification No. 18 for Alginate hydrocolloids)
Taste and Odor
Flexibility
Elasticity and Elastic Recovery
Reproduction of Tissue Detail
Strength
Dimensional Stability
Adhesion
Biological Properties
Shelf Life and Storage
MANIPULATION
Mixing Time
Over Mixing Results In
Under Mixing Results In
Working Time
Gelation Time (Setting Time)
Control of Gelation Time
TRAY SELECTION
LOADING THE TRAY
SEATING THE TRAY
Test for Set
TIME OF REMOVAL
REMOVAL OF THE IMPRESSION
STORAGE OF ALGINATE IMPRESSION
CONSTRUCTION OF CAST
IMPRESSION DISINFECTION
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF ALGINATE
Advantages
Disadvantages
TYPE OF FAILURES
CHAPTER 6:
Elastomeric Impression Materials
TYPES
According to Chemistry
According to Viscosity
ADA Classification
USES OF ELASTOMERIC IMPRESSION MATERIALS
SUPPLIED AS
GENERAL PROPERTIES OF ELASTOMERIC MATERIALS
SUPPLIED AS
Available in Three Viscosities
Commercial Names
COMPOSITION
Base Paste
Reactor Paste
CHEMISTRY AND SETTING REACTIONS
PROPERTIES
SILICONE RUBBER IMPRESSION MATERIALS
TYPES
Condensation Silicone is Available in Three Viscosities
SUPPLIED AS
COMPOSITION
Base
Accelerator
CHEMISTRY AND SETTING REACTION
PROPERTIES
Addition Silicone is Available in Four Viscosities (Fig. 6.3)
SUPPLIED AS
COMPOSITION
Base
Accelerator
CHEMISTRY AND SETTING REACTION
PROPERTIES
AVAILABLE AS
COMPOSITION
Base
Accelerator Paste
CHEMISTRY AND SETTING REACTION
PROPERTIES
MANIPULATION OF RUBBER IMPRESSION MATERIALS
Putty
Paste
For Polysulfides and Addition Silicones
Condensation Silicone
For Polyether
TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS
METHODS OF MAKING IMPRESSIONS
Single Mix Technique
Multiple Mix Technique
Reline Technique (Two-stage Putty-wash Technique)
Automatic Dispensing and Mixing Devices
REMOVAL OF THE IMPRESSION
INFECTION CONTROL
RECENT ADVANCES
Visible Light Cured Polyether Urethane Dimethacrylate
Composition
Properties
CHAPTER 7:
Gypsum Products
APPLICATIONS
General
In Orthopedics
In Dentistry
SUPPLIED AS
CLASSIFICATION
MANUFACTURE OF GYPSUM PRODUCTS
Alpha and Beta Hemihydrate
Manufacture of Dental Plaster
Manufacture of Dental Stone
Manufacture of Improved Stone
SETTING REACTION
THEORIES OF SETTING
Crystalline Theory
The Microstructure of Set Gypsum
Water-Powder Ratio
Water Requirement of a Product is Affected by
Recommended W/P Ratio
Excess Water
PROPERTIES
SETTING TIME
Measurement of Setting Time
Types of Penetrometers
Factors Affecting Setting Time
Manufacturing Process
Accelerators
Retarders
SETTING EXPANSION
STRENGTH
Tensile Strength
Hardness and Abrasion Resistance
Flow
Reproduction of Detail
DESCRIPTION OF VARIOUS GYPSUM PRODUCTS
Uses
Ideal Properties
Composition
Uses
Requirements
Composition
Uses
Composition
Uses
Uses
Uses
Uses
SYNTHETIC GYPSUM
CARE OF GYPSUM
INFECTION CONTROL
MANIPULATION
Proportioning
Instruments
Procedure for Hand-Mixing
Mechanical Mixing
Differences between Dental Plaster and Dental Stone
CHAPTER 8:
Denture Resins and Polymers
HISTORY OF FALSE TEETH
EARLIER DENTURE MATERIALS
Vulcanite
Nitrocellulose
Phenol Formaldehyde
Porcelain
CLASSIFICATION OF DENTURE BASE MATERIALS
CLASSIFICATION OF RESINS
Thermoplastic
Thermoset
IDEAL REQUIREMENTS OF DENTAL RESINS
USES OF RESINS
NATURE OF POLYMERS
Polymer
Monomer
Molecular Weight
Degree of Polymerization
Molecular Weight Distribution
STRUCTURE OF POLYMERS (SPATIAL STRUCTURE)
Linear
Branched
Cross Linked Polymer
POLYMERIZATION—CHEMISTRY
Types
Condensation Polymerization
Addition Polymerization
Chemical Stages of Polymerization
Induction
Propagation
Termination
Chain Transfer
Inhibition of Polymerization
COPOLYMERIZATION
Types of Copolymers
Random Type
Graft Type
Block Type
Importance of Copolymerization
CROSS-LINKING
Applications
PLASTICIZERS
Types
TYPES OF RESINS
ACRYLIC RESINS
POLY (METHYL METHACRYLATE) RESINS
TYPES
HEAT ACTIVATED DENTURE BASE ACRYLIC RESINS
Available As
COMPOSITION
Liquid
Powder
POLYMERIZATION REACTION
TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS
COMPRESSION MOULDING TECHNIQUE
Steps
Preparation of a Waxed Denture Pattern
Preparation of the Split Mould
Application of Separating Medium
Types of Separating Media
Tin Foil
Sodium Alginate Solution
Precautions to be Taken
Application
Mixing of Powder and Liquid
Physical Stages
Stage I
Stage II
Stage III
Stage IV
Stage V
Working Time
Packing
Trial Closure
Curing (Polymerization)
Purpose of Bench Curing
Curing Cycle
Cooling
Deflasking
Finishing and Polishing
INJECTION MOULDING TECHNIQUE
Advantages
Disadvantages
OTHER SOURCES OF HEAT
Polymerization with Microwave Energy
Advantages
CHEMICALLY ACTIVATED DENTURE BASE ACRYLIC RESINS
AVAILABLE AS
Uses
COMPOSITION
Liquid
Powder
POLYMERIZATION REACTION
Advantages and Disa
MANIPULATION
Sprinkle on Technique
Adapting Technique
FLUID RESIN TECHNIQUE (POUR-TYPE ACRYLIC RESINS)
Method of Flasking and Curing
Advantages
Disadvantages
COMPARISON OF HEAT AND SELF CURED RESINS
LIGHT ACTIVATED DENTURE BASE RESINS
PROPERTIES OF DENTURE RESINS
Methyl Methacrylate Monomer
POLY (METHYL METHACRYLATE)
Taste and Odor
Esthetics
Density
Strength
Impact Strength
Hardness
Modulus of Elasticity
Dimensional Stability
Shrinkage
Polymerization Shrinkage
Water Sorption
Solubility
Thermal Properties
Color Stability
Biocompatibility
Residual Monomer
Adhesion
Shelf Life
PROCESSING ERRORS
Porosity
Internal Porosity
External Porosity
Crazing
Denture Warpage
RECENT ADVANCES
High Impact Strength Materials
Rapid Heat—Polymerized Resins
INFECTION CONTROL FOR DENTURES
CARE OF ACRYLIC DENTURES
DENTURE CLEANSERS
RESIN TEETH
Supplied As
Composition
Properties
Biological Consideration
Disadvantages
Indications
COMPARISON OF RESIN AND PORCELAIN DENTURE TEETH
REPAIR RESINS
Heat Cured Resin
Self Cured Resin
REBASING OF DENTURES
Difference between Rebasing and Relining
DENTURE RELINERS
Heat Cured Acrylic Resin
Disadvantages
Self Cured Resins
Chair Side Reliners
SOFT OR RESILIENT DENTURE LINERS
Types
Plasticized Acrylic Resin
Vinyl Resins
Silicone Rubbers
Problems Associated with Soft Liners
TISSUE CONDITIONERS
Uses
Composition
Manipulation
SPECIAL TRAY ACRYLIC RESINS
PATTERN RESINS
MATERIALS IN MAXILLOFACIAL PROSTHESIS
Ideal Requirements
Poly (Methyl Methacrylate)
Latexes
Plasticized Polyvinylchloride
Silicone Rubber
Room Temperature-Vulcanized (RTV) Silicones
Heat Vulcanized Silicones
Polyurethane Polymers
Required Properties
Materials
PREFORMED CROWNS
Polycarbonate
Cellulose Acetate Crowns
CUSTOM MADE CROWNS
Polymethyl Methacrylate
Polyethyl (Isobutyl) Methacrylate Resins
Epimines
CHAPTER 9:
Restorative Resins
COMPOSITION
The Powder Contains
Liquid Contains
CHEMISTRY
Amine Peroxide System
Mercaptan-Peroxide System
Sulphinate Curing System
MANIPULATION
Pressure Technique or Bulk Technique
Non-Pressure or Bead Technique
Flow Technique
Cavity Lining Agents
PROPERTIES
Mechanical Properties
Thermal Properties
Polymerization Shrinkage
Solubility and Water Sorption
Adhesion
Esthetics
Biocompatibility
LIMITATIONS
USES
TYPES
Based on Curing Mechanism
Based on Size of Filler Particle
SUPPLIED AS
Commercial Names
COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE
RESIN MATRIX
FILLER PARTICLES
Types of Fillers
COUPLING AGENTS
Function of Coupling Agents
POLYMERIZATION MECHANISMS
Chemically Activated Composite Resins
Setting
Light Activated Composite Resins
Setting
Light Devices
Degree of Conversion: (Degree of Polymerization)
Polymerization Shrinkage
COMPOSITION
PROPERTIES
Compressive Strength
Tensile Strength
Elastic Modulus
Hardness
Water Sorption
Co-Efficient of Thermal Expansion
Esthetics
Radiopacity
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS
COMPOSITION
Methods to Increase Filler Loading
Filler Content
PROPERTIES
Compressive Strength
Tensile Strength
Modulus of Elasticity
Hardness
Thermal Expansion Coefficient
Water Sorption
Esthetics
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS
COMPOSITION
Average Filler Size
Filler Content
PROPERTIES
Compressive Strength
Tensile Strength
Modulus of Elasticity
Hardness
Thermal Expansion Coefficient
Water Sorption
Esthetics
Polymerization Shrinkage
Radiopacity
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS
COMPOSITION
Filler Content
PROPERTIES
Compressive Strength
Tensile Strength
Elastic Modulus
Hardness
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
Water Sorption
Esthetics
Radiopacity
CLINICAL CONSIDERATION
BIOCOMPATIBILITY OF COMPOSITE RESINS
PULP PROTECTION
COMPOSITE RESINS FOR POSTERIOR RESTORATIONS
Problems in the use of Composites for Posterior Restorations
MANIPULATION OF COMPOSITE RESINS
TECHNIQUES OF INSERTION
Chemically Activated Composites
Light Activated Composites
FINISHING AND POLISHING
ACID ETCH TECHNIQUE
Mode of Action
Acid Used
Procedure
Bond Strength
ENAMEL BOND AGENTS
Composition
DENTIN BOND AGENTS
Supplied As
Primers or Conditioners
Dentin Bonding Agents are Classified As
Bond Agents
Indications for use of Bond Agents
Mode of Bonding
Bond Strength of Dentin Bond Agents
SANDWICH TECHNIQUE
Indications
Procedure
RESIN INLAY SYSTEMS
Direct Inlay System (Fabricated in the Mouth)
Indirect Inlay System (Fabricated on a Die)
Advantages of Inlays
REPAIR OF COMPOSITES
Method
SPECIAL APPLICATIONS AND MATERIALS
Pit and Fissure Sealants
Prosthodontic Veneers
Resin Laminates
Core Build up Resins
Orthodontic Resin
Temporary Crown and Bridge Composite
CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS
CHAPTER 10:
Dental Amalgam
APPLICATIONS
CLASSIFICATION OF AMALGAM ALLOYS
Based on Copper Content
Based on Zinc Content
Based on Shape of the Alloy Particle
Based on Number of Alloyed Metals
Based on Size of Alloy
MANUFACTURE OF ALLOY POWDER
Lathe-Cut Alloy Powder
Aging
Spherical Alloy Powder
SUPPLIED AS
COMPOSITION
FUNCTION OF EACH CONSTITUENT
Silver
Tin
Copper
Zinc
Mercury
Platinum
Palladium
LOW COPPER ALLOYS
Composition
Available As
Setting Reaction
Microstructure (Fig. 10.3)
HIGH COPPER ALLOYS
Types
Composition
Setting Reaction
Microstructure of Set Amalgam (Fig. 10.4)
Composition
Setting Reaction
PROPERTIES OF SET AMALGAM
Microleakage
Dimensional Change
Measurement of Dimensional Change
Theory of Dimensional Change-Contraction
Expansion Theory
Effect of Moisture Contamination (Delayed Expansion)
Note
Indications for Zinc Free Alloys
Strength
Tensile Strength
Factors Affecting Strength
Effect of Trituration
Effect of Mercury Content
Effect of Condensation
Effect of Porosity
Effect of Rate of Hardening
Effect of Cavity Design
Creep
The Significance of Creep to Amalgam Performance
Creep Values
Factors Affecting Creep
Retention of Amalgam
Tarnish and Corrosion
MANIPULATION OF AMALGAM
CAVITY DESIGN
SELECTION OF MATERIALS
Alloy
Mercury
Dispensers
Tablets
Pre-Proportioned Capsules
Disadvantages
MERCURY: ALLOY RATIO (PROPORTIONING)
Eames Technique
TRITURATION
Hand Mixing
Mechanical Trituration
Under-Triturated Mix
Normal Mix
Over-Triturated Mix
MULLING
CONDENSATION
Aims
Condensers
Manual Condensation
Mechanical Condensation
SHAPING AND FINISHING
Carving
Burnishing
Polishing
MERCURY TOXICITY
Precautions
COMPARISON
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF DENTAL AMALGAM RESTORATIONS
Advantages
Disadvantages
CHAPTER 11:
Direct Filling Gold
APPLICATIONS
CLASSIFICATION
GOLD FOIL
Manufacture
Supplied As
Preformed Foils
Platinized Foil
Cohesive and Non-Cohesive Gold
Cohesive
Non-Cohesive
ELECTROLYTIC PRECIPITATE
Available As
Mat Gold
Mat Foil
Alloyed Electrolytic Precipitates
POWDER GOLD
Manufacture
Available As
MANIPULATION OF DIRECT FILLING GOLD
DESORBING OR DEGASSING
Electric Annealing
Flame Desorption
COMPACTION
Hand Mallet
Condensers
Mechanical Condensers
PROPERTIES OF COMPACTED GOLD
Strength
Hardness
Density
Table Showing Physical Properties of Compacted Gold
Effect of Voids
Tarnish and Corrosion
Biocompatibility
DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES
CHAPTER 12:
Restorations, Luting and Pulp Therapy—An Introduction
CEMENT BASE
TYPES
High Strength Bases
Low Strength Bases
PROPERTIES
Thermal Properties
Protection Against Chemical Insults
Therapeutic Effect
Strength
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS
LINERS AND VARNISH
CHAPTER 13:
Dental Cements
CLASSIFICATION
According to Craig
Special Applications
Phillips Classification
According to Coombe
ADA Specification has Further Classified Cements As
GENERAL STRUCTURE
REQUIREMENTS
MODE OF SUPPLY
Commercial Names
APPLICATIONS
COMPOSITION
MANUFACTURE
SETTING REACTION
Structure of the Set Cement
Setting Time
Factors Affecting Setting Time
PROPERTIES
Mechanical Properties
Thermal Properties
Biological Properties
Pulp Protection
Solubility and Disintegration
Anticariogenic Properties
Esthetics
Adhesion
Dimensional Change
MANIPULATION
Powder/Liquid Ratio
Mixing Time
Procedure
Insertion
Finishing and Polishing
Care of Restoration
Mechanical Mixing
Advantages
APPLICATIONS
CLASSIFICATION
Available As
Commercial Names
COMPOSITION
Powder
Liquid
MANUFACTURE
SETTING REACTION
Structure of Set Cement
Setting Time
Control of Setting Time
PROPERTIES
Compressive Strength
Tensile Strength
Modulus of Elasticity
Solubility and Disintegration
Film Thickness
Thermal Properties
Adhesion Property
Biological Properties
Optical Properties
MANIPULATION
Powder-Liquid Ratio: 1.4 gm/0.5 ml
Procedure
Insertion
CLASSIFICATION: (ADA SP. NO. 30:) 4 TYPES
AVAILABLE AS
Commercial Names
COMPOSITION
Powder
Liquid
SETTING REACTION
Structure of Set Cement
Setting Time
Factors Affecting Setting Time
PROPERTIES
Mechanical Properties
Thermal Properties
Solubility and Disintegration
Film Thickness
Adhesion
Biological Properties
Optical Properties
MANIPULATION
Powder-Liquid System
Two Paste System
Setting Time
Composition
Powder
Liquid
Properties
Manipulation
Setting Time
Uses
Commercial Names
Composition
Powder
Liquid
Setting Reaction
Setting Time
Properties
Manipulation
SPECIAL ZINC OXIDE-EUGENOL PRODUCTS
ZINC OXIDE/ ZINC SULPHATE TEMPORARY RESTORATIONS
Supplied As
Commercial Names
Use
Composition
Setting Reaction
Setting Time
Properties
Manipulation
Synonyms
APPLICATION
CLASSIFICATION
Commercial Names
AVAILABLE AS
COMPOSITION
Powder
Liquid
Water Settable Cements
MANUFACTURE
SETTING REACTION
Structure of Set Cement
Post Hardening Precipitation
Loosely Bound and Tightly Bound Water
Setting Time
PROPERTIES
Mechanical Properties
Solubility and Disintegration
Adhesion
Esthetics
Biocompatibility
Anticariogenic Properties
MANIPULATION
Preparation of Tooth Surface
Proportioning and Mixing
Mechanical Mixing
Protection of Cement during Setting
Finishing
Protection of Cement after Setting
Precautions
METAL MODIFIED GIC
TYPES
USES
PROPERTIES
Mechanical Properties
Anticariogenic Property
Ethetics
CLASSIFICATION
USES
SUPPLIED AS
COMPOSITION
MANIPULATION
PROPERTIES
Strength
Hardness
Adhesion
Microleakage
Anticariogenicity
Pulpal Response
Esthetics
FISSURE SEALING: (SPECIAL APPLICATIONS)
CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS
APPLICATIONS
AVAILABLE AS
COMPOSITION
Powder
Liquid
Water Settable Cements
MANUFACTURE
RECENT PRODUCTS
SETTING REACTION
Structure of Set Cement
Setting Time
PROPERTIES
Mechanical Properties
Solubility and Disintegration
Biocompatibility
Adhesion
Optical Properties
Thermal Properties
MANIPULATION
Conditioning
Proportioning
Procedure
Mixing Time
APPLICATIONS
CLASSIFICATION
COMPOSITION
Powder
Liquid
SETTING REACTION
Setting Time
PROPERTIES
MANIPULATION
APPLICATIONS
CLASSIFICATION
COMPOSITION
PROPERTIES
MANIPULATION
APPLICATIONS
CLASSIFICATION
SUPPLIED AS
COMPOSITION
Powder
Liquid
POLYMERIZATION
PROPERTIES
MANIPULATION AND TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Etching the Restoration
Etching the Tooth Surface
Cementing the Restoration
Dual Cure System
APPLICATIONS
AVAILABLE AS
COMPOSITION
Base Paste
Catalyst Paste
SETTING REACTION
Setting Time
PROPERTIES
Mechanical Properties
Thermal Properties
Solubility and Disintegration
Biological Properties
MANIPULATION
LIGHT ACTIVATED CALCIUM HYDROXIDE CEMENT
CALCIUM HYDROXIDE ROOT CANAL SEALING PASTES
CHAPTER 14:
Liners and Varnish
SUPPLIED AS
COMPOSITION
PROPERTIES
MANIPULATION
APPLICATION
SUPPLIED AS
COMPOSITION
PROPERTIES
MANIPULATION
PRECAUTIONS
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS
CHAPTER 15:
Model, Cast and Die Materials
TYPES OF DIE MATERIALS
IDEAL PROPERTIES OF DIE MATERIALS
DISADVANTAGES OF SOME DIE MATERIALS
Advantages
Disadvantages
Advantages
Disadvantages
Electroforming
Components of an Electroplating Apparatus
Composition of the Electroplating Bath
Procedure
Advantages
Disadvantages
Available As
Why not Invest an Ordinary Gypsum Cast?
Difference Between Divestment Cast and Refractory Investment Cast
Advantage
DIVESTMENT PHOSPHATE OR DVP
CHAPTER 16:
Waxes in Dentistry
COMPONENTS OF DENTAL WAXES
CHEMICAL NATURE OF WAXES
Mineral Waxes
Plant Waxes
Insect Wax
Animal Wax
Synthetic Waxes
Wax Additives
CLASSIFICATION OF DENTAL WAXES
According to Origin (Described Earlier)
According to Use
GENERAL PROPERTIES
Melting Range
Thermal Expansion
Mechanical Properties
Flow
Residual Stress
Ductility
Types
INLAY CASTING WAX
Uses
Ideal Requirements of Inlay Casting Waxes
Classification (ADA Sp. No.4)
Supplied As
Composition
Properties of Inlay Wax
Flow
Thermal Properties
Wax Distortion
Non-volatile Residue
Manipulation of Inlay Wax
Direct Technique
Indirect Technique
Polishing
RPD CASTING WAX
Uses
Supplied As
Properties
BASEPLATE WAX (Fig. 16.4)
Uses
Classification (ADA Sp. No. 24)
Supplied As
Composition
BOXING WAX AND BEADING WAX
Uses
Supplied As
Advantages of Beading and Boxing
Properties
Technique
UTILITY WAX
Composition
Supplied As
STICKY WAX
Composition
Properties
Uses
CORRECTIVE IMPRESSION WAX
Uses
Composition and Properties
BITE REGISTRATION WAX
Uses
Supplied As
Composed Of
Procedure
CHAPTER 17:
Dental Casting Investment Materials
REQUIREMENTS OF AN INVESTMENT MATERIAL
TYPES OF INVESTMENT MATERIALS
COMPOSITION OF INVESTMENTS (IN GENERAL)
Refractory
Binder
Other Chemicals
CLASSIFICATION
Uses
SUPPLIED AS
COMPOSITION
Function of Each Constituent
MANIPULATION
SETTING REACTION
Setting Time
Factors Controlling Setting Time
PROPERTIES OF GYPSUM INVESTMENTS
Thermal Behavior of Gypsum
Thermal Behavior of Silica
Expansion
Normal Setting Expansion
Hygroscopic Setting Expansion (HSE)
Factors Affecting Hygroscopic Setting Expansion
Thermal Expansion
Factors Affecting Thermal Expansion
Strength
Strength is Affected By
Porosity
Fineness
Storage
HYGROSCOPIC THERMAL INLAY CASTING INVESTMENT
INVESTMENTS FOR CASTING HIGH MELTING ALLOYS
Uses
Supplied as
Composition
Setting Reaction
Manipulation
Types (Two Types)
Manipulation
Composition
Properties
CHAPTER 18:
Casting Procedures
STEPS IN MAKING A CAST RESTORATION
TOOTH/TEETH PREPARATION
DIE PREPARATION
WAX PATTERN
SPRUE FORMER
Functions of Sprue Former/Sprue
CASTING RING LINING
Types of Nonasbestos Ring Liners Used are
Functions of the Ring Liner
INVESTING
WAX ELIMINATION (BURNOUT) AND THERMAL EXPANSION
CASTING
Casting Machines
Fusion of Noble Metal Alloy
Blow Torch
QUENCHING (FOR GOLD ALLOYS)
RECOVERY OF CASTING
SAND BLASTING
PICKLING
POLISHING
CLASSIFICATION OF CASTING DEFECTS (COOMBE)
DISTORTION
SURFACE ROUGHNESS
POROSITY
Porosities are Classified as (Phillips)
Shrink-Spot or Localized Shrinkage Porosity
Suck Back Porosity
Microporosity
Pin Hole Porosity
Gas Inclusion Porosities
Back Pressure Porosity
Casting with Gas Blow Holes
INCOMPLETE CASTING
Too Bright and Shiny Casting with Short and Rounded Margins
SMALL CASTING
CONTAMINATION
Black Casting
Table Summarising Casting Defects (Coombe)
Dimensional Errors in Casting
Rough Surface and Fins on Casting
Porosity
CHAPTER 19:
Dental Casting Alloys
TERMINOLOGY
Alloy
Noble Metals
Precious Metals
Semiprecious Metals
Base Metals
HISTORY AND CLASSIFICATION OF DENTAL CASTING ALLOYS
According to Use
According to Yield Strength and Percentage Elongation (ADA Sp. 5 Classification)
According to Nobility (ADA 1984)
According to Major Element
According to the Three Major Elements
According to the Number of Alloys Present
DESCRIPTION (CLASSIFICATION) OF DENTAL CASTING ALLOYS
General Requirements of Casting Alloys
Classification
Type I Soft
Type II Medium
Type III Hard
Type IV Extra Hard
Uses
Types
GOLD ALLOYS (FOR ALL METAL RESTORATIONS)
GOLD CONTENT
Karat
Fineness
Percentage Composition
COMPOSITION OF GOLD ALLOYS
Function of Each Element
Gold
Copper
Silver
Platinum
Palladium
The Minor Additions Are
Zinc
Indium, Tin and Iron
Calcium
Iridium, Ruthenium, Rhenium
PROPERTIES OF GOLD ALLOYS
Color
Melting Range
Density
Yield Strength
Hardness
Elongation
Modulus of Elasticity
Tarnish and Corrosion Resistance
Casting Shrinkage
Biocompatibility
Casting Investment
HEAT TREATMENT OF GOLD ALLOYS
Softening Heat Treatment
Indications
Method
Hardening Heat Treatment (or Ageing)
Indications
Method
Low Gold Alloys
SILVER-PALLADIUM ALLOYS
NICKEL-CHROME AND COBALT-CHROMIUM ALLOYS
TITANIUM AND TITANIUM ALLOYS
ALUMINUM BRONZE ALLOY
Synonyms
EVOLUTION OF METAL-CERAMIC ALLOYS
REQUIREMENTS OF ALLOYS FOR PORCELAIN BONDING
USES OF METAL-CERAMIC ALLOYS
TYPES (CLASSIFICATION) OF METAL CERAMIC ALLOYS
THE HIGH NOBLE (GOLD BASED) METAL-CERAMIC ALLOYS
Common Features of High Noble (Gold Based) Alloys
TYPES
Gold-Palladium-Platinum Alloys
Composition
Gold-Palladium-Silver Alloys
Composition
Gold-Palladium Alloys
Composition
THE NOBLE (PALLADIUM BASED) METAL-CERAMIC ALLOYS
Common Features of Palladium Based (Noble) Alloys
TYPES
Palladium-silver Alloys
Composition
Palladium-Copper Alloys
Composition
Palladium-Cobalt Alloys
Composition
Palladium-Gallium Alloys
Composition
BASE METAL ALLOYS FOR METAL CERAMIC RESTORATIONS
NICKEL-CHROMIUM ALLOYS
Composition
Basic Elements
General Features and of Nickel Based Alloys
TITANIUM AND ITS ALLOYS
Uses
In Dentistry
In Surgery
Properties of Commercially Pure Titanium
Casting Investments
Additional Requirements for Partial Denture Alloys
Types
COBALT CHROMIUM ALLOYS
Supplied As
APPLICATIONS
COMPOSITION
FUNCTIONS OF ALLOYING ELEMENTS
Cobalt
Chromium
Nickel
Molybdenum or Tungsten
Iron, Copper, Beryllium
Manganese and Silicon
Boron
Carbon
PROPERTIES
Density
Fusion Temperature
Yield Strength
Elongation
Modulus of Elasticity
Hardness
Tarnish and Corrosion Resistance (Passivation)
Casting Shrinkage
Porosity
TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR CASTING ALLOYS
Low Fusing Alloys
High Fusing Alloys
Technique for Small Castings
Technique for Large Castings
ADVANTAGES OF BASE METAL ALLOYS
DISADVANTAGES
COMPARISON OF GOLD ALLOYS AND BASE METAL ALLOYS
CHAPTER 20:
Dental Ceramics
USES AND APPLICATIONS
EVOLUTION OF DENTAL CERAMICS
CLASSIFICATION OF DENTAL PORCELAINS
According to Firing Temperature
According to Type
According to Use
According to Processing Method
BASIC CONSTITUENTS AND MANUFACTURE
Basic Structure
Basic Constituents
Feldspar
Kaolin
Quartz
Alumina
Glass Modifiers
Opacifiers
Color Modifiers
Other Specialized Porcelain Powders
Glazes
Stains
Opaquer Porcelains
Reinforced Core Porcelains
Manufacture
PARTS OF A CERAMIC RESTORATION
CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF CERAMIC SYSTEMS
Types of Metal Ceramic Systems
CAST METAL CERAMIC RESTORATIONS
Uses
Composition of Ceramic for Metal Bonding
Supplied as
MANIPULATION AND TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Construction of the Cast Metal Coping or Framework
Metal Preparation
Degassing and Oxidizing
Opaquer
Dentin and Enamel
Additions
Gingival and Transparent Porcelain
Surface Staining, Characterization and Effects
Glazing
Types
PORCELAIN-METAL BOND
Chemical Bonding
Mechanical Interlocking
Advantages of Cast Metal Ceramic Restorations
Disadvantages
OTHER METAL CERAMIC SYSTEMS
Swaged Gold Alloy Foil-Ceramic Crowns
Advantages
Bonded Platinum Foil-Ceramic Crowns
The Electrodeposition Technique
PORCELAIN JACKET CROWN
Types
Technical Considerations
Platinum Foil Matrix
Condensation and Firing
Removing the Foil
LEUCITE REINFORCED PORCELAIN (OPTEC HSP)
CASTABLE GLASS CERAMIC (DICOR)
INJECTION MOULDED GLASS-CERAMIC (IPS EMPRESS) (Fig. 20.8)
GLASS INFILTRATED ALUMINA CORE (INCERAM)
Glass Infiltrated Spinell Core (Inceram Spinell)
CAD-CAM CERAMICS
COPY MILLED CERAMICS
Fabrication
PROPERTIES (GENERAL) OF FUSED PORCELAIN
Strength
Modulus of Elasticity
Surface Hardness
Wear Resistance
Thermal Properties
Specific Gravity
Dimensional Stability
Chemical Stability
Esthetic Properties
Biocompatibility
CEMENTING OF CERAMIC RESTORATIONS
Cementing All Ceramic Crowns, Inlays and Veneers
Etching of Porcelain
Cementing Metal-Ceramic Crowns and Bridges
PORCELAIN DENTURE TEETH
CHAPTER 21:
Wrought Alloys
GENERAL PROPERTIES OF ORTHODONTIC WIRES
TYPES
USES
CLASSIFICATION
COMPOSITION
PROPERTIES
Passivation
TYPES
FERRITIC STAINLESS STEELS
Properties and Use
MARTENSITIC STAINLESS STEELS
Properties and Uses
AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS
Composition
Uses
Advantages
Sensitization
Stabilization (Methods to minimize sensitization)
Mechanical Properties
Braided and Twisted Wires
Solders for Stainless Steel
Fluxes
COMPOSITION
HEAT TREATMENT
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Shape Memory and Superelasticity
COMPOSITION
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
CHAPTER 22:
Soldering, Brazing and Welding
TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
Welding
Brazing and Soldering
Brazing
IDEAL REQUIREMENTS OF A DENTAL SOLDER
TYPES OF SOLDERS
Soft Solders
Hard Solders
APPLICATIONS OF SOLDERING
COMPOSITION
Gold Solders
Silver Solders
PROPERTIES OF DENTAL SOLDERS
Fusion Temperature
Flow
Color
Tarnish and Corrosion Resistance
Mechanical Properties
Microstructure of Soldered Joints
FUNCTION OF FLUX
TYPES
Protective
Reducing
Solvent
COMMONLY USED DENTAL FLUXES
Boric and Borate Compounds
Fluorides
FLUXES MAY BE SUPPLIED AS
TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS
HEAT SOURCE
Flame Brazing
The Various Gases Used are
Oven Brazing (Furnace Brazing)
TECHNIQUE OF SOLDERING
Free Hand Soldering
Investment Soldering
Steps in Soldering Procedure
Requirements for Successful Soldering
Gap
Flame
Temperature
Time
ANTIFLUX
PITTED SOLDER JOINTS
Indications
Technical Considerations
LASER AND PLASMA WELDING
Commercial Names
Indications
Advantages of Laser Welding
CHAPTER 23:
Abrasion and Polishing Agents
TYPES OF ABRASION
SUPPLIED AS
MECHANISM OF ABRASIVE ACTION
STRESS, STRAIN AND HEAT PRODUCTION DURING ABRASION
RATE OF ABRASION
Size of the Particles
Pressure
Speed
Rotational Speed and Linear Speed
CLASSIFICATION
Finishing Abrasives
Polishing Abrasives
Cleansing Abrasives
TYPES OF ABRASIVES
Emery
Aluminium Oxide
Garnet
Pumice
Kieselgurh
Tripoli
Rouge
Tin Oxide
Chalk
Chromic Oxide
Sand
Carbides
Diamond
Zirconium Silicate
Zinc Oxide
DESIRABLE CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ABRASIVE
GRADING OF ABRASIVE AND POLISHING AGENTS
BINDER
DIAMOND BURS
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ABRASION AND POLISHING
NON-ABRASIVE POLISHING
Composite Glazing
Glazing Ceramics
Electrolytic Polishing
BURNISHING
TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS (PROCEDURE)
Methods of Abrasion
Function
Available As
Composition
Function
Prophyjet
Brushing
Soaking
CHAPTER 24:
Tarnish and Corrosion
DEFINITIONS
Tarnish
Passivation
Corrosion
CLASSIFICATION OF CORROSION
Chemical or Dry Corrosion
Electrolytic or Electrochemical or Wet Corrosion
Electromotive Force Series (EMF)
TYPES OF ELECTROLYTIC CORROSION
Galvanic Corrosion
Heterogenous Compositions
Stress Corrosion
Concentration Cell Corrosion or Crevice Corrosion
PROTECTION AGAINST CORROSION
Passivation
Increasing Noble Metal Content
Polishing
Other Methods
CHAPTER 25:
Dental Implant Materials
DEFINITION
TYPES OF IMPLANTS
MATERIALS USED
STAINLESS STEEL
TITANIUM
Surface Coated Titanium
CERAMICS
POLYMERS AND COMPOSITES
OTHER MATERIALS
Appendix
Further Reading
INDEX
TOC
Index
×
Chapter Notes
Save
Clear