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Textbook of Nursing Education
KP Neeraja
UNIT 1:
Philosophies of Education
INTRODUCTION
Definitions
Meaning of Philosophy
Major Branches of Philosophy
Philosophy Points out the Way to be Followed by Education
Education is the Best Mean for the Propagation of Philosophy
All Great Philosophers are Great Educators
Philosophy Determines the Broad Aspects of Education
Philosophy and Aims of Education
Philosophy and Curriculum
Philosophy and Textbooks
Philosophy and Method of Teaching
Philosophy and Discipline
Philosophy and the Teacher
Philosophy and Evaluation
General Impact of Modern Philosophies on Education
Importance of Educational Philosophy to a Teacher
Philosophy of Nursing Education
Spiritual
Moral
Intellectual
Emotional Needs
Physical
Social
Concept and Meaning of Nursing Education
Strategies
Pre-nursing Education
Nurse Education
Post-nursing Education
Historical Development of Nursing Education in India
Objectives of Nursing Education
Purpose of Nursing Education
Trends in Nursing Education
Modern Scientific Nursing: Nightingale's Model of Nursing Education
1. A pioneering period: 1873–1898
2. Boom period in nursing education: 1893–1913
3. Period of standard setting and stock taking: 1913–1933
The Disease Body System Curriculum Model
1960s–1980s: Clinical Science Era
The Problem-based Curriculum Model
Nursing Education Programmes
1980s–2000 AD: Political health-scientific approach era
Holistic Curriculum
Factors Determining Educational Aims
General Aims of Education
Educators who Emphasise Individual Aim of the Education
Importance of Individual Aim
The Biologists Support to Individual Aim of Education
The Naturalists' Support to the Aim
The Psychologists Support to the Aim
The Spiritualists Support to Education
The Progressinists Support
Limitation of Individual Aims
Social Aims of Education
State Socialism
Social Aim of Education in Democratic Countries
Synthesis between the Individual Aim and Social Aim
National Aims of Education
Democratic Citizenship
Development of Personality
Development of Leadership
Vocational Efficiency
Initiating Students to the Art of Living
Education for Increased Productivity
Social and National Integration
Education for Modernization
Education for Social, Moral and Spiritual Values
Aims of Nursing Education
Factors Influencing Nursing Education
Aims
NATURALISM
Introduction
Definition
Chief Exponents of Naturalism
Meaning
Forms of Naturalism
Physical Naturalism
Mechanical Naturalism
Biological Naturalism
Development of Naturalism
Naturalism and Education
Naturalism and Education Process
Naturalism and Aims of Education
Naturalism and Curriculum
Naturalism and Methods of Teaching
Naturalism and the Teacher
Naturalism and Discipline
Weakness of Naturalism in Education
Conclusion
Introduction and Meaning
Exponents of Idealism Philosophy
Chief Assertions of Idealism
Idealism in Education
Intellectual Training
Unique Nature of Man
Idealism and Aims in Education
Exaltation of Human Personality
Self-realisation
Swami Vivekananda Explained the Fourfold Path
Acquisition and Enrichment of Culture Environment
Development of Moral Sense: Powers and Rationality
Self-culture
Industriousness
Duties to Others
Universal Education
Development of Inventive and Creative Powers
Idealism and Curriculum
Idealism and Methods of Teaching
Idealism and Discipline
Idealism and Teacher
Weakness of Idealism in Education
Introduction
Viewpoint of Realism
Meaning and Importance
Supporters of Realism
Nature of Education
Aims of Education
Realism and Curriculum
Introduction
Chief Exponents of Pragmatism
Meaning
Principles of Pragmatism
Revolt against Traditionalism and Absolutism
Forms of Pragmatism
Pragmatism in Education
Educational Applications
Pragmatism and Aims of Education
Creation of New Values
Activity and Experience
Personal and Social Adjustment
Reconstruction of Experience
All-round Development
Pragmatism and Curriculum
Activity Curriculum
Utilitarian Curriculum
Principle of Integration
Pragmatism and Methods of Teaching
Pragmatism and Discipline
Pragmatism and the Teacher
Strengths of Pragmatism in Education
Weaknesses of Pragmatism
Conclusion
Introduction
EXISTENTIALISM
Introduction
Definition
Meaning
Chief Exponents
Assumptions
Existentialism and Education
Educational Implications
Limitations in Existentialism
Introduction
Meaning
Exponents
Aims of Education
Progressivism and Curriculum
Curriculum Includes
Progressivism and Methods of Teaching
Progressivism and the Teacher
Progressivism and the School
Introduction
Principles
Techniques/Methods of Teaching
Educational Applications
Advantages
Limitations
Principles
Directions
Humanism Attitude is Reflected in Certain Value Systems
The Role of Education in Humanism
Curriculum
Teacher
Ideas of Sociology Adapted by Experimentalists (according to John Dewey)
Introduction
Definition
Meaning
Need
Areas of Agreement or the Eclectic Tendency at Work in Education
Meeting Ground of all Philosophies
Methods of Teaching
Teacher Training
Aims of Education
Conclusion
Introduction
Meaning of Reconstruction
Main Elements of Reconstruction
Aims of Education
Curriculum
Free Education
Teaching Methods
Discipline
Competent Teachers
Examination
Guardians
Healthy Environment
UNIT 2:
Development and Patterns of Nursing Education
TEACHING STAFF
Qualifications of Teaching Staff
PHYSICAL FACILITIES
Field Practice Area
Hospital
Size
Types of Clinical Experience Available
Distribution of Beds
Staffing
Out-patient department – based on actual observation
Justifications
Affiliation
Bedrooms
Toilets and Bathrooms
Recreation
Visitors’ Room
Kitchen and Dining Hall
Pantry
Washing and Ironing Room
Warden
Admission—Terms and Conditions
Admission/Selection Committee
Health Service
Vacation and Holidays
Description of the Course
Preliminary Period
COURSE OF INSTRUCTION AND SUPERVISED PRACTICE
Board Examinations
Supplementary Examinations
First Year Examination
Second Year Examination
Third Year Examination
BACHELOR OF NURSING COURSE (basic)
I. Eligibility for Admission
II. Objectives of Study
III. Course of Study
First Year Bachelor of Nursing
Second Year Bachelor of Nursing:
Third Year Bachelor of Nursing
Fourth Year Bachelor of Nursing:
ATTENDANCE, PROGRESS AND CONDUCT
INTERNAL ASSESSMENT
DECLARATION OF RESULTS
Criteria for Pass
Declaration of Class
Carry-over Benefit
Philosophy and Aims of the Academic Programme
Eligibility for Admission
Programme of Study
1st year Bachelor of Nursing (Post certificate)
2nd Year
Attendance, Progress and Conduct
Internal Assessment
Philosophy
Objectives
Eligibility
Subjects of Study
Duration
Attendance
Sessional Requirement
Submission of Dissertation
Examination
Classification of Successful Candidates
Philosophy
Objectives
Duration
Attendance
Course of Study
Part-I
Part-II
Evaluation in Part-I and Part-II
The results will be classified as follows:
Course of Study under Part-I
Other Information
Fellowship and Scholarship
Board of Research Studies (Medical Sciences)
Eligibility Criteria
Procedure
UNIT 3:
Historical Perspectives in Education
EDUCATION IN THE BRAHMANIC AGE
Features of Education
Defects of Education
EDUCATION IN THE BUDDHIST PERIOD
Levels of Education
Prominent Centres
Characteristics of Education
1. Abilities of the Student
2. Pababja Ritual
3. Upsampada Ritual
4. Duration of Education
5. Students-teacher Relationship
6. Feminine Education
7. Vocational Education
8. Syllabus
The Contribution
EDUCATION IN THE MUSLIM PERIOD
Background
Characteristics
Objectives
Education Centres
Organisation and System of Education
Evaluation
Merits
Demerits
EDUCATION IN THE BRITISH PERIOD
The Background
Endeavours of the East India Company
The Company's Educational Policy (1765–1813)
Policy of Appeasement
Individual Efforts in the Educational Field
Missionary Efforts
Role of British Parliament
The Charter of 1793
The Charter of 1813
The East-west Controversy
Westernization of Education (1833–34)
Macaulay's Views
Lord Auckland Educational Policy
Lord Hardinge's Declaration
Wood's Declaration
Education under British administration (1852–1947)
Secondary Education
Indian Universities Commission, 1902
The National Movement and Education
Calcutta University Commission, 1917
The Hertog Committee, 1929
Sapru Committee
Abbot-Wood Recommendation (1936–37)
Basic Education (1937)
The Sargent Recommendations (1944)
Merits
Demerits
EDUCATION IN FREE INDIA
Education and the Constitution
Free and Compulsory Education
Education of Women
Religious Education
Central Advisory Board of Education
University Education Commission, 1948
Jurisdiction
Objectives of Education
Other Achievements
EDUCATION FOR DEMOCRACY
Meaning
Democracy and Education
Learner in Democratic Type of Education
School in a Democracy
Functions of School includes
Democratic Curriculum
Democratic Methods and Techniques
Democracy and Discipline
Teacher in Democratic Education
Democracy and Co-curriculum Activities
Democratic Administration and Organization
Democratic Atmosphere
Democratic Environment can be Explained
RADHAKRISHNA'S REPORT ON UNIVERSITY EDUCATION
Appointment of the Commission
Aims of Appointment
The Terms of Reference
Aims of University Education
Recommendations in Regard to Teachers
Suggestions for Improvement in the Standard of Teaching (Admission, Teaching and Facilities)
Curriculum or Courses of Study
Phases of Education
Post-graduate Training and Research: Recommendations
Recommendations Regarding Professional Education
Teaching of Agriculture
Recommendations
Education of Commerce
Medicine or Medical Education
Education of Engineering and Technology
Legal Education
Teaching Profession
Religious Education
Education of Women
Medium of Instruction
The System of Examination
Students, their Activities and Welfare
Aims and Terms of Reference
Inquiry and Suggestions
Aims of Secondary Education
Reorganization of Secondary Education
Recommendations for the Improvement of Curriculum
Curriculum of the Middle Schools
Optional Subjects
Method of Teaching
Examination System
School Building and Libraries
Guidance and Counselling in the Secondary Schools
Physical Education and Welfare of Students
National Education Commission/Kothari Commission (1964–66)
Members
Aims of Appointment
Recommendations
NATIONAL POLICY ON EDUCATION—1986
Introduction
Objectives of NPE-1986
Programmes of NPE-1986
Disparity
Education for Women's Equality
The Education of Scheduled Castes
The Education of Scheduled Tribes
Other Educationally Backward Sections and Areas
Minorities
The Handicapped
Adult Education
Early Childhood and Education
Elementary Education
School Facilities
Non-formal Education
A Resolve
Secondary Education
Vocationalization
Higher Education
Open Universities and Distance Learning
Technical and Management Education
Delinking Degrees from Job
Review
Historical Review
Aims
The Government and Women Education
Higher Education for Women
Secondary Education for Girls
Primary Education for Girls
Vocational, Special and Adult Education for Women
Main Problems of Women Education
The Aims of Social Education
Objectives of Social Education
Meaning of Social Education
Social (Adult) Education
Philosophy of Adult Education
Adult Education/Social Education in India
Need of Education for adults
Adult Education in India after Independence
Change from Adult Education to Social Education
Adult Education/Social Education in Independent India
An Outline of Social Education
Social Education and its Slow Progress
EXAMINATION SYSTEM and ITS REFORM
Need of Examinations
Defaults of Examinations
Conditions of the Good Examinations
Suggestions for Improving the Examination System
a. General
b. Improving External Examinations
c. Improving Internal Examinations
d. Improving Written Examination
e. Overall Assessment
f. Delinking Examination
STUDENTS INDISCIPLINE
Causes for Students’ Indiscipline
Remedies for Students’ Discontent
EDUCATIONAL UNEMPLOYMENT
Education and Productivity
The Government View Point
Suggestions
Inadequate Resources and Brain Drain
Indian Educational Problems and its Remedies
Central Government Institutions
State Government
Private or Social Organisations
Religious Organisations
Local Self Government
Problems of Educational Administration and its Remedies
Problem
Remedy
Compulsory Education—Difficulties
Remedy
Problems among Professional Colleges
Remedy
Remedies for Problems in Women Education
UNIT 4:
Curriculum
INTRODUCTION
Definition
Meaning and Concept of Curriculum
Nature of Curriculum
Purposes of Curriculum (Aims and Objectives)
Need and Significance of the Curriculum
Functions of the Curriculum
Primary Function
Secondary Function
Components of Curriculum
Levels of Curriculum Planning
Societal Curriculum
The Institutional Curriculum
The Instructional Curriculum
Instructional Curriculum Includes
Factors Influencing Curriculum Planning
Availability of Resources
Factors which Influence Curriculum Development in Nursing Education
PHILOSOPHY OF NURSING EDUCATION
Natural Bonds
Logical Bonds
Social Bonds
Cultural Bonds
Human Bonds
Religious Bonds
EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY
SOCIETY
HEALTH NEEDS
THE STUDENT
LIFE ACTIVITIES
General Categories of life Activities
Effective Preparation for Life Activities
KNOWLEDGE
Nature of Kowledge
Determinants and Foundations of Curriculum
Philosophical Determinants of Curriculum
Sociological Determinants of Curriculum
Principles
Psychological Determinants of Curriculum: Human Growth and Development
Phases in Curriculum
CURRICULUM COMMITTEE
Curriculum Policy Makers and Developers
Purposes of Curriculum Committee
Weakness of Structured Committee Approach
Basic Principles of Curriculum Construction
Principle of Conservation
The Principle of Selectivity
Principle of Forward Looking
The Creative Principle
The Activity and Experience Principle
Principle of Preparation of Life
Principle of Liking with Life
Child Centred Curriculum
Principle of Maturity
Principle of Individual Differences
Vertical and Horizontal Articulation
Principle of Comprehensiveness and Balance
Principle of Loyalties
Principle of Flexibility and need Basedness
Principle of Core or Common Subjects
Principle of Leisure
Principle of Sensitivity
Stages of Curriculum
The Directive Stage
Formative Stage
Functional Stage/Implementation Stage
Evaluative Stage
Curriculum Planning and Development
Characteristics
Steps in Curriculum Construction
Planning
Development Phase
Implementation Phase
Evaluation Phase
Curriculum Organization
Balance
Patterns of Curriculum Organization
1. Student Centred Curriculum
2. Correlated Curriculum
3. Integrated or Fused Curriculum
4. Core Curriculum
Elements of Core Concept
Basic Education Curriculum
Mahatma Gandhi's Views
Subject Centred Curriculum/The Traditional Concept of Curriculum
Limitations of the Subject-Centred Curriculum
Limitations of the Experience Curriculum
Introduction
Definition
Importance and Meaning
Taxonomy of Educational Objectives
1. Categories in the Cognitive Domain (Intellectual Skills and Knowledge)
Levels
Taxonomy of educational objectives (Bloom's taxonomy)
2. Conative or Psychomotor Skills or Domain of Practical Skill
3. Domain of Attitudes or Affective Domain (Communication skill)
Components of a Complete Statement of Objectives
Data Necessary for Formulation of Educational Objectives
Types of Educational Objectives
Definition
Qualities
Characteristics of Specific Objectives
Purposes of Specific Objectives
Teacher's Viewpoint
Student's Viewpoint
The Components of a Task
Elements.
II. The objectives are classified into:
LEARNING EXPERIENCES
Introduction
Definition
Experience
Learning Experience
Teaching-learning Unit
Objectives of Learning Experiences
1. Imparting the Knowledge
2. The Acquisition of Skills
Steps in Skills
3. Development of Aesthetic Sense or Taste (Appreciation)
4. Motivation
Criteria for the Selection of Learning Experiences
Components of Learning Experience
Principles to be Followed in Selecting Learning Experiences
Principles to be Followed while Providing Learning Experience
Systematic Exposition
Clear Understanding
Provision of Correlation and Integration of Learning Experience
Principle of Revision and Fixation
Areas to be Selected for Learning Experiences
Relevant Areas from which the Topics have to be Selected
Variables in the Learning Process
Levels of Learning Experience
Experiences Leading to Learning
Role of Instructor in Selection of Learning Experience
Organization of Learning Experiences
Integration
Relatedness
General Plan for Curriculum
The General Plan Denotes
Correlation Chart
Teaching System
Teaching Block (study block or clinical block)
Advantages
Partial Block System
Study Day System
Daily Classes
Team Nursing or Clinical Blocks
Curriculum Plans
Master Rotation Plan
Purposes of Master Rotation Plan
Principles of Master Rotation Plan
Staff Involvement in Curriculum Planning
Planning and Organization of Clinical Experience
Introduction
Factors to be Considered for Providing Clinical Facilities
Principles in Selection of Learning Experience in Clinical Area
Organization of Learning Experiences
Planning Clinical Assignments
Orientation of Students to the Clinical Area
Matching the Right Student with the Right Client
Planning for Continuity of Care
Providing Adequate Clinical Supervision
Coordinating Classroom and Clinical Learning
Recording Results to help with the Planning of Future Clinical Assignments
Clinical Rotation Plan
Factors to be Considered in Planning Rotation
Basic Principles in Planning Clinical Rotation
Individual Rotation Plan
Needs of the Student in the Clinical Area
Responsibilities of the Nursing Staff in Clinical Area
Faculty Role in Clinical Postings
Implementation of the Curriculum
Introduction
Levels of Course Plan
Principles of Course Planning
Structure of Course Plan
Course Plan should Contain
Content of Course Plan
Process of Organizing Learning Experience
Teacher's Role in Course Planning
Teacher-student Planning
Introduction
Definition
Characteristics
Criteria of a Good Unit
Essential Activities in Planning a Unit
Types of Unit Planning.
Subject-matter Units
Definition
Adaptation Units
Survey Unit and Generalization Unit
Experience Units (Center-of-interest Unit)
Student-purpose Unit
Student Needs Unit
Process Unit
Types
Unit of Discovery and Verification
Normative Units
Unit of Criticism
Resource Units
Characteristics
Purposes
Factors to be Considered while Planning a Unit
Steps in Unit Planning
Introduction
Definition
Purposes of Lesson Planning
Teacher Competence
Components
Steps
Prerequisites for Making Good Lesson Plan
Essentials of a Lesson Plan
Elements of Good Daily Planning
Objectives
Selection and Organization of Subject Matter
Development of the Daily Class Plan
Common Problems in Daily Class Planning
Aids to Effective Study
Concentration
Aids to Concentration
Knowledge Lesson: (Herbartian Lesson Plan)
Ways of Recapitulation
THE SKILL LESSON
Method of Teaching Skill
Steps for Teaching Skill
Types of Skills
THE APPRECIATION LESSON
Conducting an Appreciation Lesson
Essentials of a Well-delivered Lesson
Critical Observation of Lessons
APPROACHES OF CURRICULUM
CURRICULUM EVALUATION
Concept of Evaluation
Meaning and Need for Curriculum Evaluation
Two-fold Points of View of Evaluation of Curriculum
Methods and Techniques of Curriculum Evaluation
Levels of Curriculum Evaluation
1. Formative Evaluation
2. Summative Evaluation
Curriculum Evaluation Plan
NEED FOR CURRICULUM REVISION
MANAGEMENT OF CURRICULUM
Role of Education Department
Role of Teachers
Role of Educational Organizations
Role of Parents
Students’ Role
CURRICULUM ADMINISTRATION
Curriculum Planning
Curriculum Organisation
Curriculum Evaluation
MODELS OF TEACHING
Objectives of Models of Teaching
a) Academic Domain Objectives
b) Personal Domain Objectives
c) Objectives within the Social Domain
Information–Processing Models
Primary Purposes
Types
Personal Models
Goals
Social Models
Cybernetics and Behaviour Modification Models
These Approaches Present Students
MINI COURSES
Objectives
UNIT 5:
Audio-Visual Aids (Instructional Media)
INTRODUCTION
Definition
Meaning of audio-visual Aids
Concept of audio-visual Aids
Need/Importance/purpose of Educational Communication Media or Audio-visual Aids
Drawbacks in Using Audio-Visual Aids
Problems in Using Teaching Aids
Classification of audio-visual Aids
Characteristics of Good Teaching Aids
Sources of audio-visual Aids
Principles to be Followed for the Effective use of audio-visual Aids
Principle of Selection
Principle of Preparation
Principle of Physical Control
Principle of Proper Presentation
Principle of Response
Principle of Evaluation
Factors Influencing in Selection of Audio-visual Aids
Criteria for Selecting audio-visual Aid
Guides for Selecting and Making audio-visual Aid
The Effective use of audio-visual Aids
2. Description of Visual Aids
Non-projected Aids
Uses of Blackboard
Rules in using Blackboard
Types of Chalkboard
BULLETIN BOARD
Uses of Bulletin Board
Principles in the use of the Bulletin Board
Types of Bulletin Board
Flannel/Felt Board
THREE-DIMENSIONAL MATERIALS/AIDS
1. Model
A. Essential Qualities of a Model
Functions of Model
B. Types of Models
2. Exhibit
3. Specimen
4. Mock-up
5. Moulage
6. Objects
7. Diorama
LEAFLET
PAMPHLETS
HAND OUT/HANDBILL
FLASHCARDS
POSTERS
Rules to Prepare Poster
Uses of Poster
GRAPHIC MATERIALS
DIAGRAM/DRAWING
CHARTS
Purpose of Charts
How to use Charts Effectively
Types of Charts
Narrative Chart
The Cause and Effect Chart
The Chain Chart
The Evolution Chart
Strip Tease Chart
Pull Chart
Flow Chart
Tabulation Chart
Time or Table Chart
Genealogy Chart
Job Chart
Tree Chart
Flip Chart
Overlay Chart
Pie Chart
MAPS
Identification of Various Aspects of Maps
Types of Maps
GLOBE
GRAPHS
a. Pie Graph
Method of Construction
b. Bar Graph
c. The Line Graph (Curve Graph)
Pictorial Graph
Histogram or Column Diagram
Frequency Polygon
Ogive
Cumulative Frequency Graph
CARTOON
NEWSPAPERS
PUPPETS
Types of Puppets
SKETCHINGS
PUBLICATIONS
FIELD TRIPS or SCHOOL JOURNEYS
Value of Field Trips
MUSEUM
Objectives of Museum
PICTURE
Cone of Experience
THE OPAQUE PROJECTOR
Advantages
The Filmstrip
Advantage
Instruction to be Followed while Using Filmstrips
THE SLIDE PROJECTOR
Advantages of Slides
THE OVER-HEAD PROJECTOR
Advantage
TRANSPARENCIES
THE STEREOGRAPH
Advantages
MICROFILM
Epidiascope
Microprojector
Radio
Uses
Principles and the Procedure for the Effective Utilization of Radio
Problems and Limitations
Types of Recordings
Advantages of Recording
Recordings can be used
Uses
Tape Recording
AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS
Motion Pictures
Education Value of Motion Picture
Uses of Motion Picture
Purposes for which Films may be Used
EDUCATIONAL TELEVISION
Instructional Television
Enrichment Television
INSTRUCTIONAL TELEVISION
1. Total television
2. Major resource teaching
3. Observational television
Functional Characteristics of Television
Educational Value of Instructional TV
Limitations
Videotapes Played through TV
Video Cassettes
UNIT 6:
Clinical Teaching
1. CLIENT FAMILY CENTERED APPROACH
2. CONFERENCE
Group Conference
Purposes
Staff Conference
Nursing Care Conference
Purposes
Individual Conference
Team Conference
3. Bedside Clinic
4. Nursing Rounds
Procedure for Conducting Nursing Rounds
Types
Purposes
Disadvantages
5. Ward-teaching Programme
Purposes
6. Ward Class
7. Ward Clinics
8. Case Method
Case Study/Case Presentation
Case Analysis
Case Incident Technique
9. Assignments
Types
Objectives
Principles
10. Brain Storming Method
11. Group Discussion
Values
General Guide for Discussion Teaching
Outcomes of Group Discussion
Discussion Techniques for Small Group
Discussion Techniques for Larger Groups
DEMONSTRATION METHOD
Advantages
Uses
Essential Characteristics of a Good Demonstration
LABORATORY METHOD
Values
For Teacher
Technique
1. Introductory Phase
2. The Work Period
3. Culminating Activities
PROCESS RECORDING
Purposes
Used as a:
Phases in Process Recording
HEALTH TALKS
Programme of Clinical Teaching
Principles of Master Rotation Plan
Factors to be Considered in Planning Clinical Rotation
Principles in Planning Clinical Rotation
Preparation for Clinical Experience
Principles for Organizing Clinical Experience
Continuity
Sequence
Integration
Coordination
CLINICAL EVALUATION
Introduction
Goals
Aspects to be Observed in Evaluation
Nurse Educator and Clinical Evaluation
Types of Clinical Evaluation
Planning of Clinical Evaluation
Steps in Clinical Evaluation
Methods of Clinical Evaluation
Performance Appraisal
Components
NURSING AUDIT
Process
Types of Nursing Audit
Purposes
Evaluative Devices
1. Written Tests
2. Practical Examination
3. Pre-tests
4. Anecdotal Record
5. Individual Conference with Students
6. Ranking
7. Rating
8. Checklist
9. Inventory
Purposes:
10. Self-evaluation
11. Peer Assessment
12. Faculty Evaluation
13. Practical Examination
14. Quiz
15. Questionnaire and Interview
16. Observational Record
Problems/Defects in Clinical Evaluation
UNIT 7:
Teaching Method
THE DEMONSTRATION METHOD
Advantages
Uses of the Demonstration Method
Essential Characteristics of a Good Demonstration
Lecture—Demonstration
The Television Lecture—Demonstration
THE LECTURE METHOD
Purposes
Preparation of the Lecture
Technique of the Lecture
Frequent Criticisms of the Lecture Method
THE LABORATORY METHOD
Values
The Technique of the Laboratory Method:
Teacher Preparation
Student Preparation
The Work Period
Culminating Activities
Types of Activities to be utilized in the Laboratory Procedure:
The Laboratory Method in Nursing Education
Rationale for Clinical Learning Experience
Teacher Preparation
Selection of Learning Experiences
Student Preparation
The Working Period
Teacher Guidance
The Nursing Care Plan
Clinical Conferences
Some Guides to Effective use of the Laboratory Procedure in the Clinical Studies
4. Role Playing
The Values of Role Playing
Specifically, Role Playing can be used to help Students:
Role Playing Helps the Teacher
Disadvantages
Points to Remember while doing Role Playing
STEPS IN ROLE PLAYING
I. Select a problem for role-playing. It may be done by:
II. Set-up the role playing scene:
III. Getting underway in Role Playing:
IV. The Part the Group Plays:
V. Cutting the Role Playing:
VI. After the Role Playing is Cut:
VII. The Audience Observers:
IX. Cautions in the use of Role Playing
X. Summarize
The Process of Role Playing
5. SOCIODRAMA
Process of Sociodrama
PROGRAMMED INSTRUCTION
History in Programmed Learning
Characteristics of Programmed Learning
Principles of Programmed Instruction
1. Objectives Specification
2. Empirical Testing:
3. Self-Pacing
4. Principle of Active Responding
5. Student Testing
Dynamics of Program Construction
Types of Programming
Styles or Types of Programming:
Adjunct Programming
Mathetics Programming
Computer Assisted Instruction
Types of Computer Aided Instruction Programmes
Role of Teacher in Computer Aided Instruction
Experts needed in Computer Aided Instruction
Linear or Extrinsic Programming:
Steps in Linear Programme
Limitations
Branching or Intrinsic Style
Limitations
Advantages of Programmed Instruction
Steps in Programme Writing
2. Programme Writing
3. Try Out and Revision
Application of Programmed Instruction in Education
Problems of Application
Meaning and Definition
Objectives of Individualized Instruction
Characteristics of Individualized Instructional Programmes.
Methods
Problems in implementation of Individualized Instruction
Tentative suggestions to implement Individualized Instruction
Objectives
Characteristics
Problems in Personalised system of Instruction
Advantages of Learner-controlled Instruction
Limitations
DISCUSSION METHOD
Types of Discussion
Closed group Discussion
The Individual Conference
Principles
The Supervisory Conference
Symposium
Disadvantage
Techniques
The Panel
Techniques of Panel Method
Workshop
Values of Group Discussion
Essentials of Good Group Discussion
Scoring Maximum Results from Group Discussion
Good Group Discussion Depends upon
Definitions
Characteristics of Team Teaching
Objectives of Team Teaching
Guiding principles of Team Teaching
Advantages of Team Teaching
Limitations of Team Teaching
Definition
Meaning
Mechanism of Simulation
Application of Simulation in Teacher Training
Simulators
The Procedure of Simulation.
Activities in Simulation
Advantages of Simulation in Teacher – Education
Values of Simulation Techniques
Limitations in Simulation Technique
Introduction
Definitions
Meaning
Characteristics of Micro-teaching:
Basic principles of micro-teaching:
Strategy of Micro-Teaching
Five ‘R's of Micro-Teaching
Need of Micro-Teaching
Objectives in Micro-teaching
Steps in Micro-teaching
Phases of Micro-teaching
Leading Role of Supervisor in Micro-teachingt
Advantages of Micro-teaching
Limitations of Micro-Teaching:
Underlying Philosophy
Frobel's Educational Principles
METHOD
MERITS OF FROEBEL'S METHOD
Limitations of Kindergarten Method
THE MONTESSORI METHOD
Principles
Merits of Montessori Method
Limitations
KINDERGARTEN VERSUS MONTESSORI METHOD
Points of Resemblance
THE DALTON PLAN
Aim
Principles of Dalton Plan
Features of the Plan
1. Assignments or Contracts or Check-ups
2. Subject Teachers
Five Duties of Teachers
3. Subject Laboratories
4. Records
5. Conferences
6. Plan Suitable for the Middle and High Classes
Advantages of the Dalton Plan
Limitations
Difficulties
THE ASSIGNMENT METHOD
Types of Assignments
Procedure
Advantages in Assignment Method
THE PROBLEM-SOLVING METHOD
Steps in Problem-solving Method
Essential Qualities in a Problem
Major Approaches in Problem-solving
Inductive Approach
Merits
Drawbacks
Deductive Approach
Merits
Drawbacks
Analytic Approach
Merits in Analytic Approach
Drawbacks
Synthetic Approach
Merits
Limitations
THE HEURISTIC METHOD
Prof. Armstrong's Efforts at Teaching Science
The Principles of Heuristic Method
Procedure
Teacher's Role in the Method
Merits of Heuristic Method
Limitations
DEFINITIONS
Purpose of the Process Record
Techniques of Process-recording:
2. Recording nurse-patient interaction:
3. Evaluating the nurse-patient interaction:
Form of Process-recording:
PROJECT METHOD
Characteristics of a Good Project Method
Types of Projects
Essentials of Good Project
Organizing a Project
Merits of the Project Method
Limitations
The Teacher's Role
Nursing Care Study
Values of the Nursing Care Study
Limitations
Principles Underlying Case Study Method
Advantages of Written Nursing Care Study
Limitations
Oral Nursing Care Study
Advantages
Limitations
WORKSHOP
Definition
Principles
Essential Feature
Purposes of Workshop
Methology of Arranging Workshop
Procedure
Outcomes of Workshop
Introduction
Levels of Questioning
Functions of Questioning
Purpose of Questioning
Types of Questions
Characteristics of the Effective Question:
Technique of Questioning
Address Questions to the Class in General
Allow sufficient time for formulation of an answer.
Ask questions in a natural, interested, conversational tone.
Students should be given as much credit for answering as possible.
Organize questions around sequences.
Occasionally assign questions to the inattentive student.
Vary your pace of delivery.
Prompt learners.
Encourage the students.
Call on others.
Create a trusting learning environment.
Ensure simple questions.
Positive question.
Waiting time.
Question should not be repeated.
Natural question.
Dynamics of effective questioning.
Teacher Reaction to Student Questions and Responses
Computers in Nursing
Use of Computers
In Nursing Education
Nursing Administration
Uses
Types
Selection
Advantages
Disadvantages
UNIT 8:
Concept of Teaching
THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS
The Educational spiral:
Components of Educational Process
Substantive Dimension (the curriculum)
Procedural Dimension
Environmental Dimension
The Physical Environment
The Human Relations Dimension
UNIT 9:
Communication in Teaching and Learning
THE MESSAGE
Message Comprises Three Components
THE CHANNEL
THE RECEIVER (DECODE)
TYPES
3. Interpersonal communication:
4. Serial communication:
5. Mechanical communication:
6. Physiological communication:
7. Psychic communication:
8. Verbal communication:
9. Non-verbal communication:
10. Formal communication:
11. Informal communication.
Qualities of a Good Communicator
Principles
Barriers in Effective Communication
Definition
Conceptual Approaches in Learning Process
Characteristics of Learning
The learning Process
I. Ideational Learning
II. Skill Learning
Practice produces learning.
III. Emotional Learning
Attitudes
Values
Ideals
Principles in Teaching Ideals
3. Thinking
Ways of Thinking
Reasoning
Reasoning Involves
Critical Thinking
Problem-solving
Steps in Problem-solving
Creative Thinking
UNIT 10:
Current Trends in Education
CULTURE AND EDUCATION
Introduction
Definition of Culture
Meaning of Culture
Cultural Functions of Education
Relationship between Education and Culture
Education for Acculturisation
Education for Conservation of Culture
Education for Development of Culture
Education for Common Culture
Role of a Teacher
Conclusion
Types of Agencies
Home/Family as an Agency of Education
Society and Education
Responsibility of the Society for Education
Mutual Dependence Man and Society
Relation between School and Society
STATE AND EDUCATION
State Control a Hindrance in Free Education
Development of Personality is Impossible Under State Control
State Control and Private Agencies
Educational Responsibilities of the State
State as an Agency of Education
1. Functions of the State
Radio
Suggestions
Youth Organizations
Activities of Youth Organization
Religion as an Agency of Education
Necessity of Religious Education
The Cinema
Educational Values of Films
School as an Agency of Education
How to secure co-operation between school and home.
Intimate relationship between school and society.
School and Community
UNIT 11:
Distance Education
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
Characteristics of SIM
Elements
Functions
Forms
1. Choice of Medium
2. Didactic Model
3. Institutional Type
Off-campus Studies
Open Learning
Extension Programme
University without Walls
Experiential Learning Programmes
Distance Education—Indian Scenario
Problems
Types
Type-I
Type-II
Type-III
Type-IV
Development
Distance Students
Conventional Students
Teachers
Type-I
Type-II
Type-III
Type-IV
Type-V
Models of University-level Distance Education
In Western Countries
In Eastern Countries
Technological Model of Distance Education
Phases in Technological Medium
Steps Involved in Writing and Review Process
Development and Design
1. Introduction
2. Programme Development (Modules)
3. Instructional Design
4. Communications Technology
5. Administration
6. Student Support
7. Project and Evaluation
Role of Distance Education in Development of Nursing
OPEN UNIVERSITIES
The Indian Scenario
Definition
Meaning
Students
Teachers
Qualities of a Teacher
Principle of division of labour in teaching and learning situations is implemented like.
Preparation of instruction 1
Preparation of the instruction 2
Presentation
Assessment and marking
Interaction
Administration and supervision
Counselling
Evaluation
Important functions of teacher
Administrative Wing
Tools and Techniques of Teaching
Lesson Scripts
Personal Contact Programme
Response-sheet Assignment
Supporting Services
Introduction
Definition
Meaning
Aim
Goals
Characteristics of Liberally Educated Person
The schematic representation of the effect of liberal education on college students:
Liberal Education and Nursing Education
Problems in Implementation
Recommendations by Martha Rogers
The Development of Teacher's Education
1. Monitorial System
2. Teacher's Training
Types of Teacher Training
Problems of Teacher Training
Teacher's Education: Expansion.
Introduction
Definition
Features
Need
Functions
Philosophy
Elements
Principles:
Planning
Planning Process
The planning formula
Objectives
Writing the Proposal
Format for Proposal Preparation
Sample Format for Budget
Project title
Personnel services
Supplies and expenses
Equipment
Travel
Space needs and monthly rental
Other costs
Trainee costs
ORGANISATION
Evaluate the Results at Stated Intervals
Purposes of Evaluation
What to evaluate
Procedures for evaluation
Evaluation Design
Definition
Aims
Components
Orientation Skill Training Programme
Continuing Education
Types
Management Skills and Leadership Training
Staff Development Programme
Components
Methods of Delivering Inservice Education
UNIT 12:
Social Change
INTRODUCTION
Definition
Meaning
The Responsibility of School Towards Social Change
Teacher's Role
Factors Responsible for Socio-cultural Change
Technological Factor
Urbanization Factor
The Social Impact of Industrialization
The Economic Consequences of Industrialisation
Industrialisation and Social Disorganization
Population Growth and Social Change
UNIT 13:
Measurement and Evaluation
INTRODUCTION
CONCEPTS
MEASUREMENT
Definition
Types of Measurements
EVALUATION
Educational Evaluation
Meaning
Scope of Evaluation
The Philosophy of Evaluation
The Psychology of Evaluation
Characteristics of a Good Evaluation
1. VALIDITY
Factors Affecting Validity
Types of Validity
2. RELIABILITY
Methods of Estimating Reliability
Approaches
Factors Influencing Reliability
Relation between Validity and Reliability
3. OBJECTIVITY
4. PRACTICABILITY (USABILITY)
5. RELEVANCE
6. EQUILIBRIUM/EQUITY
7. SPECIFICITY
8. DISCRIMINATION
9. EFFICIENCY
10. TIME
11. LENGTH
12. TEST USEFULNESS
13. PRECISE AND CLEAR
14. COMPREHENSIVENESS
15. ADEQUACY
16. EASE OF ADMINISTRABILITY
17. EASE OF SCORING
18. EASE OF INTERPRETATION
19. ECONOMY
20. COMPARABILITY
21. UTILITY
Principles of Evaluation
Purposes of Evaluation
Educational Programme
Evaluation and Teacher
Evaluation and Administrator
Evaluation—Students
Types of Evaluation
1. Feasibility Evaluation
2. Formative Evaluation
3. Certifying Evaluation or Summative Evaluation
4. Maintenance Evaluation
Student Evaluation
Aims
Steps in Student Evaluation
Introduction
Definition
Functions
Characteristics of a Good Achievement Test
Steps of Achievement of Test Construction
Step I
Step II
Steps Involved in Item Analysis
Calculation of difficulty index of a question
Estimating Discrimination Index (DI)
Formula—1
Formula—2
Using Item Analysis Results
Test Construction
Planning the Test
Blue Print
Preparing the Test
Administering the Test
Scoring the Test
Evaluating the Test
The Process of Evaluation
a) Identifying and defining general objectives
b) Identifying and defining specific objectives
c) Selecting teaching points
d) Planning suitable learning activities
e) Evaluating
f) Using the results as feedback
Evaluating the Student
Methods of Evaluation
Evaluation methodology according to domains to be evaluated:
Methods of Assessing Attitude
Tools to Assess Skills
Cognitive Tests
Educational test or Achievement Tests
Standardised Tests
Characteristics
Teacher-made Test
Uses
Limitations
Qualitative Techniques
Essay Type Examinations or Essay Test
Features of Essay Questions
Types of Essay Questions
Extended Response
Restricted Responses
Principles for Preparing Essay Type Test
Scoring Problem
Advantages
The Abilities Like
Disadvantages
Short Open Answer Type Tests (Restricted Response Tests)
Principles for Preparing Short Type Item
Advantage
Disadvantages
Objective Type Tests
Forms of Objective Type tests
1. Teacher Made Tests
Merits of Objective Type
Disadvantages
Limitations
2. Multiple Choice Items
Directions for Preparation of Multiple—Choice Items
Advantages
Disadvantages
Variations of the multiple-choice format;
Limitations of Multiple-choice Items
3. The Alternate-response Items
True and false items
Right-wrong Variety
Cluster Variety
The Context-dependent Items
a) Objective test item based on pictorial materials
b) Interpretative test
Uses
Limitations
Advantages of Alternate Response Items
Limitations
4. Matching Type Item
Directions for Preparation of Matching Type Items
Uses of Matching Tests
Advantages
Limitations
5. Problem-situation Test
Advantages
Disadvantages
Oral Examinations
Aim
Advantages
Disadvantages
Practical Examination
Purposes
Physical Arrangements for Conduct of Examination
Procedure
Advantages
Disadvantages
Assessment Techniques of Affective and Psychomotor Domain
Scaling Techniques
Definition
Factors Influenced Scaling Phenomenon
1. Reliability of the Scale
2. Validity of Scale
Uses
Difficulties in Scaling
TYPES OF SCALES
Nominal Scale
Ordinal Scale
Interval (Cardinal) Scale
Ratio Scale
Rating Scales (Directed Observation)
Definition
Types of Rating Scales
Uses of Rating Scale
Advantages of Rating Scale
Disadvantage of Rating Scale
Desirable Qualities of Rating Scales
Principles for Preparing Rating Scales
Limitations for Rating Scales
Rank Order Scale
1. Paired Comparison
2. Horowitz Method
Attitude Scales
Types of Attitude Scales
1. Point Scale
Method—1
Difficulties in this method
Method—2
2. Differential Scale (LL Thurstone scale)
3. Summated (Likert) Scale
The Method of Construction of a Likert Type Scale
Advantages of Likert Scale over the Thurstone Scale
Defects in Likert Type Scale
5. Scalogram (Guttman) Method
6. The Q-sort Scaling Technique
7. Semantic Differential/Attitude Scale
Check List
Peer Appraisal Method
Principles to be Followed
Technique
Anecdotal Record
Definition
Meaning
Characteristics (content) of Anecdotal Record
Purposes
Advantages
Disadvantages
How to Use Anecdotal Record Effectively
Items in Anecdotal Record
Critical Incident Record
Criteria for Using Critical Incidents
How to Record the Critical Incidents
Sociometry and Sociogram
Sample Questions
Instruction
Cumulative Record
Definition
Form of Cumulative Record
Contents of Cumulative Record
Question Bank
Purposes of Question Bank
Teacher Evaluation
I. Classroom Interaction Analysis Technique
Definition
Teacher Behaviour
Teacher's behaviour is classified as:
II. Flander's Interaction Analysis Category System
Precautions
Advantages
III. Verbal Interaction Category System
Concepts
Categories
IV. The Reciprocal Category System
Observation System
Uses
Defects
Converting Measures of Outcomes into Grades
Grading by Percentage Plan
The Relative Grading System
Principles Basic to Good Marking System
Valuation
Internal Assessment
Purpose
Procedure
Components of Internal Assessment System
Weightage to Items of Internal Assessment
a) Subject-wise Assessment
b) Assessment of Co-curricular Activities
c) Assessment of Personality Traits
Validity of Internal Assessment
Advantages of Internal Assessment
Disadvantages of Internal Assessment
UNIT 14:
Guidance
INTRODUCTION
To Guide Means (Synonyms)
DEFINITION
Meaning of Guidance
Elements of Guidance
Nature of Guidance
Characteristics of Guidance
Principles of Guidance
Need for Guidance
1. Complex Nature of Society
2. Individual Differences
3. Welfare State and the Individual
4. Changed Industrial and Educational Pattern of the Country
5. Changed Economic Patterns of the Country
6. Conservation of Human Energy
Guidance for Good Citizenship
Intellectual Development
To Help Student in Vocational Development
Areas of Guidance and Counselling
I. Education
A) Pre-admission Guidance Needs
B) Post-admission Guidance Needs
Help Student to Develop
II. Vocation
Aims
III. Avocation
IV. Social Guidance
V. Guidance Related to Health
VI. Moral Guidance
VII. Personal Guidance
VIII. Marital Guidance
TYPES OF GUIDANCE
I. Educational Guidance
Objectives of Educational Guidance
Principles of Educational Guidance
Problems of Educational Guidance
II. Vocational Guidance
Aims
III. Personal Guidance
Nature and Purpose of Personal Guidance
IV. Recreational Guidance
V. Group Guidance
Principles of Group Guidance
Techniques of Group Guidance
Kinds of Groups for Group Guidance
Advantages of Group Guidance
UNIT 15:
Counselling
PHASES OF COUNSELLING
Phase—1: Establishing relationship
Phase-2: Assessment
Phase—3: Setting Goals
Phase—4: Intervention
Phase—5: Termination and Follow-up
Types of Counselling
1. Directive Counselling or Prescriptive Counselling or Counsellor-centred Counselling
Stages in Counselling
Steps in Counselling
Role of the Counsellor
2. Non-Directive Counselling or Client-centred Counselling
Steps
3. Short-term Counselling
4. Long-term Counselling
5. Electic Counselling
Steps
6. Clinical Counselling
7. Psychological Counselling
8. Psychotherapeutic Counselling
9. Student Counselling
10. Placement Counselling
11. Marriage Counselling
12. Vocational Counselling
13. Individual Counselling
Interview
Types of Interviews
Procedure for Interview
14. Group Counselling
Uses
Principles of Group Counselling
15. Behavioral Counselling
The Process of Counselling:
Techniques used in Behavioural Counselling
16. Dietary Counselling
17. Motivational Counselling
18. Interpersonal Counselling
19. Bereavement Counselling
20. Problem-solving Counselling:
21. Case Study
Definition
Types of Case Study
1. Formal Case Study
Format
2. The Informal Case Study
Advantages
Limitations
3. Descriptive Case Study
4. Historical Case Study
Integrated Methodology
Interview Technique
Literacy Source Method
Questionnaire Method
22. Educational Counselling
23. Vocational Counselling
24. Counselling in Health and Living Conditions
25. Personal Counselling
26. Moral, Religious and Social Counselling
27. Counselling in Leisure Time
28. Self-help Group Counselling
29. Peer Group Counselling
30. Orientation Service Counselling
31. Appraisal Service Counselling
32. Information Service Counselling
33. Counselling Service
a) Developmental Counselling
b) Preventive Counselling
c) Facilitative Counselling
d) Crisis Counselling
Ingredients of Counselling Services
Problems in Guidance and Counselling
INDEX
TOC
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