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Basics of Electrotherapy
Subhash Khatri
CHAPTER ONE:
What is Electrotherapy?
DEFINITION AND AREAS OF STUDY
CLASSIFICATION OF CURRENTS
SUMMARY
CHAPTER TWO:
History of Electrotherapy
SUMMARY
CHAPTER THREE:
Muscle Nerve Stimulating Currents
DIRECT CURRENT
Production
Polarity
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
Stimulation of Sensory Nerves
Stimulation of Motor Nerves
Accommodation
Chemical Production
Effect on Body Proteins
THERAPEUTIC INDICATIONS
Galvanism
Medical Galvanism
Anodal Galvanism
Cathodal Galvanism
Surgical Galvanism or Electrolysis
IONTOPHORESIS
Principle
Effectiveness
Method of Application
Assessment
USES OF IONTOPHORESIS
CONTRAINDICATIONS AND DANGERS
FARADIC CURRENT
Original Faradic Current
aradic Type Current
PRODUCTION
INTERRUPTION AND SURGING
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
Stimulation of Sensory Nerves
Stimulation of Motor Nerves
Chemical Effect
Effect on Denervated Muscle
Effect of Muscle Contraction
THERAPEUTIC INDICATIONS
Facilitation of Muscle
Muscle Re-education
New Muscle Action
Motor Nerve Neurapraxia
Blood Supply
Effect on Edema
USES OF FARADIC CURRENT
METHODS OF APPLICATION
Motor Point Stimulation
Labile Method
Nerve Conduction Method
Bath Method
Faradism Under Pressure
Faradism to Pelvic Floor Muscles
INTERRUPTED DIRECT CURRENT
Production
Physiological and Therapeutic Effects
Sensory Nerve Stimulation
Motor Nerve Stimulation
Effect on Denervated Muscle
Chemical Effect
Pole Used for Stimulation
Uses and Methods of Applications
TRANSCUTANEOUS ELECTRICAL NERVE STIMULATION
Historical Aspects
Characteristics
Modulation of TENS
Classification of TENS
Mechanism of Analgesia
Endorphin Theory
Gate Control Theory
Normal Circumstances
Opening of Gate
TENS and Closing of Gate
NaK Pump and Pain Relief by TENS
INDICATIONS
CONTRAINDICATIONS AND PRECAUTIONS
Electrode Placement in TENS
Dosiometry
Benefits of TENS
INTERFERENTIAL CURRENT
CHARACTERISTICS
Currents
Beat Frequency
Variable Beat Frequency
Area of Interference
Static Interference
Dynamic Area of Interference
THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS
Electrodes
Vacuum Electrode
Labile Electrodes
Dosiometry
Indications
Contraindications and Precautions
Methods of Application
Advantages of Interferential Current
SINUSOIDAL CURRENT
HIGH VOLTAGE PULSED GALVANIC CURRENT
MICROAMPERAGE ELECTRICAL NERVE STIMULATION
DIADYNAMIC CURRENT
SUMMARY
CHAPTER FOUR:
Diagnostic Electrotherapy
RHEOBASE AND CHRONAXIE
Rheobase
Chronaxie
STRENGTH DURATION CURVES
Definition
Apparatus and Other Requirements
Procedure
Preparation of Patient
Application of Electrodes
Application of Current and Recording
Drawing the Curve
Characteristics of Strength Duration Curves
Normal Innervation
Complete Denervation
Partial Denervation
Variations of Strength Duration Curve
Advantages of Strength Duration Curve
Disadvantages of Strength Duration Curve
OTHER ELECTRODIAGNOSTIC TESTS
Pulse Ratio
Faradic IDC Test
Nerve Conductivity Test
Nerve Distribution Test
Neurotization Time
Galvanic Tetanus Ratio
Dermo-ohmometry
Polar Formula
Myotonic Reaction
Reaction of Degeneration
Complete Reaction of Degeneration
Partial Reaction of Degeneration
Absolute Reaction of Degeneration
ELECTROMYOGRAPHY
Definition
Uses
Contraindications
Equipment
Electrodes
Preamplifier
Amplifier
Cathode Ray Tube Display
Ancillary Equipment
Loud Speaker
MOTOR UNIT POTENTIALS
Normal Motor Unit Potential
Total Duration
Spike Duration
Amplitude
Phases
Polyphasic Potential
Fibrillation Potential
Positive Sharp Wave
Nerve Potential
Myotonic Potentials
Fasciculation Potentials
Giant Potential
Bizarre High Frequency Discharge
Nascent Potential
Myopathic Potentials
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL TESTS WITH ELECTROMYOGRAPHY
Nerve Conduction Velocity
Blink Reflex Test
Central Evoked Potentials
H Reflex Test
F Wave Test
SUMMARY
CHAPTER FIVE:
Thermotherapy
SHORT WAVE DIATHERMY
PRODUCTION
Principle
Circuit
Oscillator Circuit
Resonator Circuit
Ammeter
Working
ELECTRODES AND ARRANGEMENT OF ELECTRODES
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
Temperature
Metabolism
Blood Supply
Effect on Nerves
Muscle Relaxation
Tissue Damage
Blood Pressure
Sweating
THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS AND USES
Pain Relief
Muscle Spasm
Joint Stiffness
Inflammation
Musculoskeletal Trauma
INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
Indications
Contraindications
Precautions
Dosages of Short Wave Diathermy
Advantages of Short Wave Diathermy
PULSED SHORT WAVE DIATHERMY
MICROWAVE DIATHERMY
PRODUCTION
Principle
Functional Parts
Physiological and Therapeutic Effects
Uses and Contraindications
Dosages of Microwave Diathermy
Oudin Current
PARAFFIN WAX BATH THERAPY
Paraffin Bath Unit
Clinical Effects and Uses of Paraffin Wax Bath Therapy
Contraindications
METHODS OF APPLICATION
Dip Method
Immersion Method
Brush Method
Bandage Method
Technique of Application
Maintenance of Paraffin Wax Bath Unit
HOT PACKS
Physiological and Therapeutic Effects
Local Temperature
Circulation
Pain Relief
Muscle Spasm
Connective Tissue Extensibility
TYPES OF HOT PACKS
Hydrocollator Packs
Hot Water Bag
Kenny Packs
Chemical Hot Packs
Electrical Heating Pads
SUMMARY
CHAPTER SIX:
Therapeutic Ultrasound
INTRODUCTION
PRODUCTION
Principle of Production
Functional Parts
Parameters
Working
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
Thermal Effects
Mechanical Effects
Chemical Effects
THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS
Pain Relief
Inflammation
Effect on Healing/Repair
Therapeutic Uses
Contraindications
Dangers and Precautions
Methods of Application
Contact Cream Method
Insonation by Bath Method
Bag Method of Insonation
Testing of Ultrasound Machine
Water Drops Method
Container Method
Thenar Eminence
Dosages of Ultrasound
PULSED ULTRASOUND
Phonophoresis
Combination Therapy
SUMMARY
CHAPTER SEVEN:
Cryotherapy
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
Body Temperature
Circulatory Effect
Metabolism
Behavioral Changes
THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS
Pain Relief
Muscle Spasm
Inflammation
Swelling
Connective Tissue Extensibility
Trauma
Muscle Tone
Muscle Strength and Endurance
Agility
Peripheral Nerves
Indications
Contraindication and Precautions
Methods of Application
Vapocoolant Sprays
Technique of Application
Ice Massage
Technique of Application
Cold Packs
Technique of Application
Ice Packs
Ice Towels
Cold Immersion
Compressive Cryotherapy
Chemical Cold Packs
SUMMARY
CHAPTER EIGHT:
Phototherapy
PRODUCTION OF LASER
Principle of Production
Functional Parts
Working
Effects of Laser
Tissue Healing
Indications
Contraindications
Dosages and Frequency
Sites of Application
INFRA-RED RAYS
Classification
Production
Non-luminous Generator
Luminous Generator
Depth of Penetration
Laws Regulating the Absorption of Radiations
Physiological Effects
Therapeutic Effects
Uses
Contraindications
Dosages on Infra-Red Rays
Hazards of Infra-Red Irradiation
ULTRAVIOLET RAYS
Physiological Effects of Ultraviolet Rays
Erythema Reaction
Thickening of the Epidermis
Desquamation
Pigmentation
Esophylactic Effect
Bactericidal Effect
Vitamin D Formation
General Tonic Effect
THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS OF ULTRAVIOLET RAYS
Counterirritation
Increased Blood Supply
Destruction of Bacteria
Tissue Destruction
Desquamation
INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
HAZARDS AND PRECAUTIONS
PUVA AND IONOZONE THERAPY
SUMMARY
CHAPTER NINE:
Safety Precautions in Electrotherapy
INTRODUCTION
CAUSES AND TYPES OF HAZARDS
Safety Precautions
Earthing and Stabilizer
Maintenance
SUMMARY
CHAPTER TEN:
Clinical Decision Making in Electrotherapy
INTRODUCTION
Suggestions for Clinical Decision Making
Physiotherapist's Previous Experience
SUMMARY
CHAPTER ELEVEN:
Biofeedback
INTRODUCTION
Types of Biofeedback
Myoelectric Feedback
Postural Biofeedback
Feedback Goniometers
Pressure or Force Biofeedback
Orofacial Control Devices
Cardiovascular Biofeedback
Treatment Duration
Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages
Disadvantages
SUMMARY
Appendix
LOCATION OF MOTOR POINTS
Face
Forearm and Hand
Leg and Foot Muscles
Physiotherapy for Peripheral Nerve Injuries
Classification of Nerve Injuries
Glossary
References and Suggested Reading
INDEX
TOC
Index
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