Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding: An Update Chittaranjan N Purandare, Suvarna S Khadilkar
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1Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding: An Update
3Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding: An Update
Editor Chittaranjan N Purandare MD (Bom) MA Obst (Ireland) DGO DFP D Obst RCPI (Dublin) FICOG FICMCH FRSH (Lon) FICA (USA) Hon. Obstetrician and Gynaecologist Sir JJ Group of Hospital, Mumbai Hon Prof, Obst and Gyn Grant Medical College, Mumbai Consultant, Obst Gyn Bombay Hospital, Mumbai Secretary General, FOGSI President Mumbai OBGYN Society 2003-2004 Joint Associate Editor Journal FOGSI Associate Editor Suvarna S Khadilkar MD DGO FICOG Associate Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Grant Medical College Mumbai Chairperson “Menopause Committee” MOGS 2002-2004 Joint Assistant Secretary Journal FOGSI
4
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Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding: An Update
© 2004 Federation of Obstetric and Gynaecological Societies of India (FOGSI)
All rights reserved. No part of this publication should be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the editors and the publisher.
First Edition: 2004
9788180613005
Typeset at JPBMP typesetting unit
Printed at Gopsons Papers Ltd., A-14, Sector 60, Noida
5Without my students, there would
have been no one to read for
and no one to teach. Undoubtedly,
this book is dedicated to all my students
6FOREWARD
The recent years have seen medical science and technology expand by leaps and bounds. We have shifted focus from correction of the problem to prevention of the problem. Heavy menstrual bleeding is an important cause of ill health in pre- menopausal women. Medical therapy, with the avoidance of unnecessary surgery is an attractive treatment option, but there is considerable variation in practice and uncertainty about the most effective treatment. Hysterectomy in DUB, results in treatment of a symptom rather than the pathology. Medical therapy and alternatives to hysterectomy form the basis of management of DUB in modern gynaecology. All of these different modalities are discussed in depth in this book and cover all the relevant aspects of managing a patient with DUB.
Till date hardly any publication on Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding by Indian Authors was available in India, I appreciate Dr CN Purandare's efforts to cover this topic in depth. I am sure it will be a good reference book for postgraduates and practicing gynaecologists.
Sadhana K Desai
President FOGSI
Prof. and HOD Bombay Hospital
Mumbai
7FOREWARD
Our understanding of Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding has greatly improved in the last decade. Great advances have been made in imaging technology. With 3D and 4D USG available it is much simpler to recognize pathology like polyps, fibroids, etc.
Hormonal estimation is also routinely available in most places. Procedures like Sonosalpingography, hysteroscopy, office hysteroscopy have helped tremendously in clinching the diagnosis.
Great strides have been made not only in diagnosis but in treatment also. Conservative management, which a few years ago meant hormonal pills only, has been revolutionised and is here to stay. Hysterectomy is really the last resort. From NSAID, antifibrinolytic agents, IUCDs which release progesterone, there is a wide choice in medical management. Also where conservative treatment is desired, there is option available of methods to destroy the endometrium from TCRE, to balloon ablation to microwave ablation and cryodestruction.
I heartily compliment Dr CN Purandare, editors of this book, in choosing a team of experts to produce such a valuable account of this important common topic in day to day practice.
This book comprehensively covers the subject of DUB from basics to recent advances looked into with great details and in a practical way.
I am sure, it will be a good reference book for the postgraduate students, as well as every practicing Obstetrician and Gynaecologist.
Ramesh D Pandit
Emeritus Prof Ob/Gyn Wadia Hospital
and GS Medical College Mumbai
Past President—FOGSI
Past President—AOFOG
Past Executive Board Member—FIGO
8FOREWARD
Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding (DUB) by definition is excessive bleeding-heavy, prolonged or frequent, of uterine origin. It is important to exclude organic pelvic disease, systemic disease or complication of pregnancy. It is a diagnosis of exclusion and therefore needs thorough investigations to exclude the other causes of menorrhagia. There have been many improvements in the management, of DUB ranging from medical treatment, endometrial ablation by various methods and vaginal hysterectomy. The option chosen finally depends on the severity of the condition, the age, parity, the availability of the equipments and facilities and the skill of the gynaecologist. The patients’ compliance and regular follow-up are important considerations.
Medical treatment with prostaglandins synthetase inhibitors and most importantly, the fibrinolytic inhibitor tranexamic acid have been shown to be very effective. Progestogens, oral contraceptives, danazol, GnRH analogues as well as hormone releasing intrauterine devices have been effective, if chosen and used appropriately.
The management would differ in pubertal patients, women of child bearing age and women of perimenopausal age. Endometrial resection by transcervical route, microwave ablation, thermal balloon treatment are multiple choices offered today. However, good equipment, skill of the surgeon and meticulous follow-up are necessary, as some of these patients, in the long-term may develop problems and may need hysterectomy.
The approach to hysterectomy would be most often vaginal in cases of DUB unless there are unusual associated problems of previous surgery with anticipated adhesions. Laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy can replace an abdominal hysterectomy in these cases.
I commend Dr CN Purandare for bringing out this book which is of great interest to practising gynaecologists as well as postgraduates. The contributors are gynaecologists of high caliber and have covered various aspects such as applied physiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis by hysteroscopy and imaging science. Hematological aspects have been covered and work up of cases is explained. The current status of medical management as well as endometrial ablation and minimally invasive surgery and progestogen releasing intrauterine devices are covered. The place of conventional surgery will always remain important as perimenopausal women with DUB are often candidates for vaginal hysterectomy from a long-term point of view. The update is even more complete by including a chapter on Medicolegal Implications and multiple choice questions for the postgraduates.
I am sure, this will be a very useful book of practical importance in our day to day practice.
Usha Krishna
Emeritus Professor KEM Hospital
and GS Medical College Mumbai
Past President-MOGS
Past President-FOGSI
Consultant Obs/Gyn Breach Candy Hospital And Bhatia Hospital
9BRIEF BIODATA
Editor
CHITTARANJAN N PURANDARE MD (Bom) MAO (IRL) DGO DFP DO RCPI (Dublin), FICOG FICMCH MD
Chittaranjan N Purandare MD (Bom), MAO (IRL), DGO, DFP, DO RCPI (Dublin), FICOG, FICMCH, MD, in Obstetrics and Gynaecology from Bombay University with merit in 1978. Subsequently went to Republic of Ireland considered to be one of the main center for Obstetrics and Gynaecology in Europe in 1979. Trained at the prestigious hospital of University College Galway and National University of Ireland. Awarded the degree MAO (Masters in the Art of Obstetrics) by research. He was the first Indian to do so. He trained in the field of Fetal Medicine and Ultrasonography in obstetrics.
Performed the First Intrauterine Surgery in India for Posterior Urethral valve obstruction.
Devised an Operation for Cancer Cervix known as Purandare's Modification of Radical Hysterectomy resulting in increased survival rate following Cancer Cervix Surgery.
Presently Honorary Professor and Unit Head, Grant Medical College and JJ Group of Hospitals, Mumbai. Involved actively in teaching undergraduate and postgraduate students in obstetrics and gynaecology. Examiner for MBBS and MD obstetrics and gynecology Mumbai, Pune, Gwalior and Ajmer University.
Examiner for DGO College of Physicians and Surgeons, Mumbai.
Presented over 100 papers at National and International Conferences and published over 50 papers in National and International Journals. Invited Guest speaker at many conferences in India and abroad, Invited to give the prestigious Dr Menon Oration at Obstetrics and Gynecology Society Vishakhapatnam. Editor of Three Postgraduate Obstetrics and Gynaecology Books. Written Chapters in Special subjects in Five Obstetrics and Gynaecology Postgraduate Books. President of Mumbai Obstetrics and Gynaecology Society for Year 2003-04.
Secretary General FOGSI Joint Associate Editor of Indian Obstetrics and Gynaecology Journal of FOGSI. Consultant Obstetrician and Gynaecologist at Bombay Hospital and Medical Research Centre, Mumbai and Honorary Consultant Obstetrics and Gynecology to Mumbai Police. Currently on Governing Council of Yuvak Prathisthan a mother NGO working in the field of HIV/AIDS. Awarded Rashtriya Gaurav Award for Contribution and Excellence in the field of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Year 2002.
10BRIEF BIODATA
Associate Editor
SUVARNA S KHADILKAR MD DGO FICOG
Dr Suvarna S Khadilkar is currently working as an associate professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Grant medical college and Sir JJ hospital, Mumbai.
After completing her graduation and postgraduation from Grant Medical College, Mumbai, She received training in ART in Australia. She joined the Grant Medical College as a lecturer and thereafter as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynaecology. She has a total of 18 years of undergraduate and postgraduate teaching experience. She is an undergraduate and postgraduate examiner at Bombay University and Maharashtra Health University.
She has been deeply interested in academics and excelled in the field of research. Her special interests are, Infertility and Reproductive Endocrinology. She is the co- editor of the book “Progress in Reproductive Endocrinology”, a FOGSI publication. She has contributed several book chapters for FOGSI publications.
She has been appointed as Joint assistant secretary, Editorial board of Journal of obstetrics and gynecology of India. She is editor of the news letter of AMWI [Association of Medical Women of India]., Mumbai 2002. She is also a member of the editorial board of scientific journal of AMWI. She is actively involved with all the activities of the FOGSI, MOGS and AMWI.
After having elected on the managing council of MOGS, She has been the Chairperson of the MOGS committee on “Menopause” and has won the “Duru Shah Best committee award”2003. She is the active member of FOGSI committees like Reproductive Endocrinology and Safe Motherhood committee.
She has done original research in the field of Infertility, Semenology, Tuberculosis, Amniotic fluid index, and family Planning.
She has several national and international presentations and publications to her credit. She has delivered over 50 invited lectures.
She has won several awards for her excellent scientific research, to mention a few: Kumud Tamaskar Prize, 1999, MOGS Young Scientist Award 2000, C. S. Dawn FOGSI award, Johnson and Johnson MOGS Trophy-2001, Best Paper Prize at international level.
Her original work in infertility was given the best scientific paper prize at World congress on Infertility—Sept 1999. She has been the first to start an IUI lab at government medical college in Mumbai. Her work on Amniotic fluid index gave first reference range of AFI in the Indian population, accepted and published on International Forum.
She has also contributed several articles to lay press for public education. She continues to strive for creating health awareness and spreading knowledge in medical and social spheres.
11CONTRIBUTORS
  • KM Algotar
  • Associate Professor and Unit Head,
  • Grant Medical College and
  • Sir JJ hospital
  • Mumbai
  • Atul Nalawade
  • Consultant Obstetrician and Gynaecologist
  • Bhabha Atomic Research Center Hospital
  • Mumbai
  • Jasmine Lopez
  • Associate Professor Unit Head,
  • Grant Medical College and St George hospital
  • Mumbai
  • Suvarna Khadilkar
  • Associate Professor
  • Grant Medical College and Sir JJ hospital
  • Mumbai
  • Parul J Kotdawala
  • Dipl. Advanced Endoscopy (Kiel, Germany)
  • Consultant Gynae Surgeon and Endoscopist
  • Ex. Associate Professor
  • Department of Obstetric and Gynaecology
  • NHL Mun Medical College, Ahmedabad
  • Manish Shah
  • Consultant Gynaecologist Sterling Hospital, Ahmedabad
  • MJ Jassawalla
  • Consultant Obstetrician and Gynaecologist
  • Nowrosjee Wadia Maternity Hospital, Parel
  • Mumbai
  • BD Petit Parsee General Hospital
  • Masina Hospital
  • Honorary Professor,
  • Seth GS Medical College
  • Geetha Balsarkar
  • Associate Professor
  • Nowrosjee Wadia Maternity Hospital
  • Seth GS Medical College Parel, Mumbai
  • PK Shah
  • Professor and Unit head LTMG Hospital and LTMM College Sion, Mumbai
  • Sylvia Noronha
  • Lecturer
  • LTMG Hospital and LTMM College Sion, Mumbai
  • MB Agarwal
  • Haematologist & Haemato-Oncologist, Bombay Hospital
  • Lilavati Hospital
  • Haematology Centre, Mumbai
  • Vinita Salvi
  • Professor and HOU Dept. of Obst./Gyn.
  • KEM Hospital, Parel
  • Santoshi Prabhu
  • Lecturer, KEM hospital, Mumbai
  • NA Dastur
  • Honorary Professor,
  • Seth GS Medical College and Grant Medical College
  • Consultant Obstetrician and Gynecologist and Head of Unit
  • Nowrosjee Wadia Maternity Hospital, Mumbai
  • Parikshit D Tank
  • Senior Registrar–Obstetrics and Gynaecology
  • Seth GS Medical College and Nowrosjee Wadia Maternity Hospital, Mumbai
  • Prakash Bhatt
  • Consultant gynaecologist, Surat.
  • 12Prof Chandrawati
  • Prof Emeritus
  • Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
  • Chatrapati Sahu ji Maharaj Medical University (upgraded KG's Medical College), Lucknow
  • Priti Kumar
  • Consultant
  • Obstetrician and Gynaecologist
  • Sunflower Medical Centre, Lucknow
  • Mandakini Parihar
  • Director, Mandakini IVF Center, Mumbai
  • Hon Associate Professor Obs./Gyn
  • KJ Somaiya Medical College and Hospital, Mumbai
  • Nandita Palshetkar
  • Consultant, Lilavati Assisted Conception Unit
  • Hrishikesh Pai
  • Consultant Gynaecologist and IVF
  • Specialist Lilavati Hospital, Mumbai
  • Director, ‘Babies and US’ IVF Centre Hon. Asst Prof; DY Patil Medical College
  • Sejal Desai
  • Clinical Assistant, Lilavati Assisted Conception Unit
  • Rishma Dhillon Pai
  • Consultant Gynaecologist
  • Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai
  • Medical Director- Every Woman Cliniq, 203,
  • Om Chambers, Kemps Corner, Mumbai
  • Rajendra S Sankpal
  • Chief Gynecologic Endoscopic Surgeon
  • Global Hospital & Research Center, Mumbai
  • CN Purandare
  • Hon. Obstetrician and Gynaecologist
  • Sir JJ Group of Hospital, Mumbai
  • Hon Prof, Obst and Gyn
  • Grant Medical College, Mumbai
  • Consultant, Obst Gyn
  • Bombay Hospital, Mumbai Secretory General FOGSI,
  • President Mumbai OBGYN Society 2003-2004 Joint Associate Editor
  • Journal FOGSI
  • RM Saraogi
  • HON. & HOD –Obstetrics & Gynaecology
  • Dr. R.N.Cooper Hospital
  • Hon. Professor, Seth G.S.Medical College
  • Hon Dr. B.L.Nanavati Hospital
  • Director Saraogi Hospital
  • Madhuri Patel
  • Associate Professor
  • Grant Medical College and Cama and Albless hospital Mumbai
  • Prakash V Pawar
  • Practicising Obstetrician and Gynaecologist, Thane
  • Ex.Hon Obstetrician and Gynaecologist at Civil Hospital, Thane
  • Hon.Obstetrician and Gynaecologist Terana Medical college, Navi Mumbai
  • Chairperson of Ethics and Medico Legal Committee of FOGSI
  • Vimla P Pawar
  • Consultant Obstetrician and Gynecologist
  • Nozer Sheriar
  • Consultant Obstetrician and Gynecologist
  • Holy Family, Masina and Parsee General Hospitals
  • Gynecological Endoscopist
  • Bhatia and BARC Hospitals
  • Chairperson
  • MTP Committee, FOGSI
  • Member
  • Medical Advisory Panel, FPAI
  • Nagendra Sardeshpande
  • Consultant Obstetrician and Gynecologist
  • Brahman Sabha Hospital
13PREFACE
Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding encompasses patients of a variety of ages from adolescent to those nearing menopause. In gynaecological practice there are several methods of treatment, but the choice of the right one which will benefit the patient requires indepth knowledge of endocrinology, haematology and surgery. The very fact that there are controversies in the management suggests the complexity of the condition.
The definition has undergone modifications in the last decade to encompass the etiological factors of the disease.
Newer drugs and different techniques of surgery are constantly being evolved to conservatively treat DUB patients in order to avoid hysterectomy in the early age group.
We have made a modest effort to compile information on the subject to give an update. The contributors include haematologists, gynaecologists and endocrinologists who have worked extensively in their respective fields and we hope that this book will be a reference book for consultants and students alike.
Chittaranjan N Purandare14