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Recent Advances in Dermatology
Sanjay Ghosh, Dinesh Hawelia, Susmit Haldar
1:
Apoptosis: Its Role in Different Dermatoses
INTRODUCTION
MORPHOLOGY OF APOPTOSIS
PATHOMECHANISMS OF APOPTOSIS
GENES AND APOPTOSIS
APOPTOSIS AND SKIN DISORDERS
Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis
Lichen Planus and Lichenoid Tissue Reaction (LTR)
Graft-Versus-Host Disease (GVHD)
Malignancies
Autoimmune Disorders
Phototherapy: Underlying Mechanism
CONCLUSIONS
2:
Cell Markers in Dermatology
INTRODUCTION
WHAT ARE CELL MARKERS?
HOW ARE CELL MARKER STUDIES DONE?
PROCEDURE
Immunofluorescence
Flow Cytometry
Immunohistochemistry
WHAT ARE THE COMMON MARKERS USED IN DERMATOLOGY?
Antibodies against Cytoskeletal Antigens
Cytokeratins/Prekeratins
Vimentin
Desmin
Neurofilaments
Actin
Epithelial Membrane Antigen (EMA)
Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)
Miscellaneous
Involucrin
Chromogranin and Synaptophysin
Antibodies against Lysozyme, α-1-antitrypsin and α-I-antichymotrypsin
WHAT ARE THE SITUATIONS WHERE CELL MARKER STUDY IS REQUESTED?
Diagnosis of a Poorly Differentiated Neoplasm
Classifying Spindle Cell Neoplasms
Suspected Malignant Melanoma that Lacks Pigment
S 100 Protein
HMB-45
Diagnosis of Histiocytic Disorders
Classification of Vascular Neoplasms
Diagnosing and Classifying Lymphomas
Leucocyte Common Antigen (LCA, CD45)
T Cell Lymphomas
T Cell Pseudolymphoma/Lymphocytoma Cutis
Pagetoid Reticulosis
Granulomatous Slack Skin
Lymphomatoid Papulosis
Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (ALCL)
Angiocentric Lymphomas
Mycosis Fungoides
B Cell Lymphomas
Hodgkin's Lymphoma (HL)
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma (NHL)
Diagnosing and Classifying Leukemias
Leukemia Cutis
SUMMARY
3:
Cutaneous Tuberculosis: Recent Perspective
METHODOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CLINICAL FEATURES
TUBERCULIDS
CUTANEOUS TUBERCULOSIS IN THE IMMUNOSUPPRESSED HOST
PATHOGENESIS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
4:
The Spectrum of Leukocytoclastic Vasculitis: Etiology, Classification and Approach to Management
BACKGROUND
ETIOPATHOGENESIS
CLASSIFICATION
A QUICK OVERVIEW OF SYNDROMES ASSOCIATED WITH LEUKOCYTOCLASTIC VASCULITIS
Wegener's Granulomatosis
Churg-Strauss Syndrome
Microscopic Polyangiitis
Henoch-Schünlein Purpura
Cryoglobulinemic Vasculitis
Acute Hemorrhagic Edema of Childhood
Cutaneous Polyarteritis Nodosa
Erythema Elevatum Diutinum
Granuloma Faciale
Neutrophilic Dermatosis (pustular vasculitis) of the Dorsal Hands
Serum Sickness
Urticarial Vasculitis
APPROACH TO DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
5:
Emergencies in Pediatric Dermatology
INTRODUCTION
PEDIATRIC SIGNIFICANCE
CLASSIFICATION
PEDIATRIC DERMATOLOGICAL EMERGENCIES
Cellulitis2
Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome3 (Ritter-Lyell Syndrome)
Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus Infection4
Neonatal Candidiasis5
Urticaria and Angioedema6
Hereditary Angioedema7
Drug Eruptions8 (Dermatitis Medicamentosa)
Kawasaki Syndrome9
Generalized Exfoliative Dermatitis10
Erythema Multiforme11
Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis12
Collodion Baby13
Meningococcal Disease14
Graft Versus Host Disease15
Epidermolysis Bullosa16
Junctional Epidermolysis Bullosa (JEB)
Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa (DEB)
Linear IgA Disease17
Pemphigus18
Hemangiomas19
Histiocytosis X20
Mastocytosis21
Acrodermatitis Enteropathica22
Sclerema Neonatorum23
Leiner's Disease24
ACUTE SKIN FAILURE25
What are the Consequences of ASF?
Management of ASF
Criteria for Poor Prognosis of ASF
Monitoring of Children with ASF26
INTENSIVE SKIN CARE UNITS (ISCU)
CONCLUSION
6:
Cutaneous Adverse Drug Reactions to Systemic Drugs: Recent Update
SOURCES OF INFORMATION
NATURE OF THE CUTANEOUS ADVERSE DRUG REACTION
Exanthematous/Morbillform/Maculopapular Drug Eruption
Hypersensitivity Syndrome Reaction
Exfoliative Dermatitis/Erythroderma
Urticaria, Angioedema and Serum Sickness
Eczematous Drug Eruption
Photosensitive Drug Eruption
Erythema Multiforme, Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis
Fixed Drug Eruption
Lichenoid Drug Eruption
Psoriasiform Drug Reaction
Drug Induced Pustular Eruption
Vasculitis
Drug Induced Pseudolymphoma Syndrome
Drug Induced Erythema Nodosum
Blistering Drug Eruption
Linear IgA Bullous Dermatosis
Drug Induced Pemphigus
Drug Induced Pemphigoid
Drug Induced Pseudo-porphyria
Drug Induced Lupus Erythematosus
Scleromatoid Tissue Reaction
CADR TO ANTI-RETROVIRAL THERAPY
CONCLUSION
7:
The Scleroderma Disorders: An Update
CLASSIFICATION
Drawbacks of Current Classification System
PATHOGENESIS
Vascular Changes
Immunologic Activity
Increased Fibroblast Activity and Collagen Synthesis
ETIOLOGY
Genetic Factors
Infectious Agents
Morphea/LSA: Borrelia Controversy
Non-infectious Environmental Agents
Drugs
Microchimerism
Why Scleroderma Common in Female?
MANIFESTATIONS AND DIAGNOSIS
Diagnosis
Serological Tests
PROGNOSIS
MANAGEMENT
Vascular Therapy
Immuno-Modulation Therapy
Antifibrotic Therapy
Other Therapeutic Agents
Therapy for Cutaneous Involvement
8:
Patch Testing: An Overview
ALLERGENS
VEHICLES
TAPES
PATCH TEST UNITS/DEVICES
TECHNIQUE OF PATCH TESTING
INTERPRETATION OF PATCH TEST RESULTS
False Positive Reactions
False Negative Reactions
PATCH TESTING OF UNKNOWN SUBSTANCES
COMPLICATIONS OF PATCH TESTING
SENSITIVITY, SPECIFICITY, ACCURACY, AND RELEVANCE OF PATCH TEST REACTION
PHOTOPATCH TESTING
OTHER TESTS FOR ALLERGIC CONTACT DERMATITIS
Open Tests
Usage Tests
Repeated Open Application Test (ROAT)
Intradermal Tests
9:
Laboratory Diagnosis and Treatment of Common Sexually Transmitted Diseases: An Update
GENITAL ULCER DISEASES
Primary Syphilis
Chancroid
Donovanosis
Lymphogranuloma Venereum (LGV)
Genital Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Infection
First Clinical Episode of Genital Herpes
Recurrent Eisodes of HSV Disease
For Suppressive Therapy for Recurrent Genital Herpes
URETHRITIS, CERVICITIS AND/OR VAGINITIS RELATED STDS
Gonorrhea
Non-gonococcal Urethritis (NGU)
Trichomoniasis
Chlamydia Infection
Bacterial Vaginosis
OTHER SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES
Anogenital Warts
Sexually Acquired Hepatitis
10:
Narrowband UV-B Phototherapy: A Newer Advance in the Treatment of Vitiligo
WHAT IS NARROWBAND UV-B THERAPY?
METHOD OF USE
RESPONSE TO TREATMENT
SIDE EFFECTS
MECHANISM OF ACTION OF NARROWBAND UV-B
CLINICAL STUDIES
NEWER DEVELOPMENTS
Narrowband UV-B Micro-phototherapy
308-nm Excimer Laser Therapy
CONCLUSIONS
11:
Newer Drugs in Dermatology: Systemic
MYCOPHENOLATE MOFETIL
Mechanism of Action
Pharmacokinetics6,7
Indications and Dosage
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Drug Interaction
IVERMECTIN
Mechanism of Action
Pharmacokinetics
Indications and Dosage
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
THALIDOMIDE
Mechanism of Action
Pharmacokinetics
Indications and Dosage
Contraindications77
Adverse Effects
INFLIXIMAB
Mechanism of Action
Pharmacokinetics
Indications and Dosage
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Conclusion
BEXAROTENE
Mechanism of Action
Pharmacokinetics
Indications and Dosage
Adverse Effects
12:
Newer Drugs in Dermatology: Topical
TACROLIMUS
Mechanism of Action
Pharmacology
Clinical Uses
Atopic Dermatitis (AD)
Other Uses
Side Effects
Dosage and Administration10
PIMECROLIMUS
Mechanism of Action
Pharmacology
Clinical Uses
Atopic Dermatitis (AD)
Other Uses
Dosage and Administration
IMIQUIMOD
Mechanism of Action
Pharmacology
Clinical Uses
Anogenital Warts
Non-genital Warts
Other Uses
Side Effects
Safety Profile
CIDOFOVIR
Mechanism of Action
Pharmacology
Clinical Uses
HPV Infections
Molluscum Contagiosum Virus (MCV) Infection
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Infection
Kaposi's Sarcoma
Smallpox
Future Research
Conclusion
TAZAROTENE
Mechanism of Action
Pharmacology
Clinical Uses
Psoriasis
Acne Vulgaris
Other Uses
Safety and Side Effects
Drug Interaction
13:
Wound Dressings: Newer Concepts
INTRODUCTION: THE MOIST ENVIRONMENT IN WOUND HEALING
PROPERTIES OF AN IDEAL DRESSING MATERIAL
WHAT TO LOOK FOR WHEN MAKING A CHOICE?
BROAD VARIETIES OF DRESSING MATERIALS
Alginate
Hydrocolloid Dressings
Hydrogel Dressings
Foam Dressings
Vapour Permeable Films and Membranes
Low Adherence Dressings and Wound Contact Materials
Odour Absorbent Dressings
Surgical Absorbents
Conclusion
14:
Computer and Digital Photography: Newer Tools in Dermatological Practice
BASICS OF DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHY1–3
Charge Couple Device (CCD)
Resolution
Compression
Storage of Images
Transfer of Images to a Computer
SELECTING A DIGITAL CAMERA
COMPUTER REQUIREMENTS FOR DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHY
ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHY
APPLICATIONS OF DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHY
Clinical Practice
Digital Epiluminescence Microscopy
Research
Education
Communication
Telemedicine
INDEX
TOC
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