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Recent Advances in MR Imaging and Spectroscopy
NR Jagannathan
ONE:
Basic Principles of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Spectroscopy (MRS)
INTRODUCTION
CONCEPTS
Theory
Free Induction Decay (FID) and Fourier Transform (FT)
Relaxation and Contrast
Static Magnetic Field and Gradients
RF Pulse Sequences
Fast Imaging Sequences
Parallel Imaging
Image Processing
Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA)
Diffusion and Perfusion Imaging
Functional MRI
Contrast Enhancement with Exogenous Agents
MRI of Other Nuclei
IN VIVO MR SPECTROSCOPY (MRS)
Depth Resolved Spectroscopy (DRESS)
Image Guided Single Voxel (SV) Methods
Point Resolved Spectroscopy (PRESS)
Stimulated Echo Acquisition Mode (STEAM)
Multivoxel Spectroscopy: Spectroscopic Imaging (SI)
Water Suppression in Proton MRS
APPLICATIONS OF IN VIVO MRS
SUMMARY
TWO:
The Fourier Method of Magnetic Resonance Imaging
THREE:
Advanced Pulse Sequences
APPENDIX
Acknowledgements
FOUR:
Imaging of Intractable Epilepsy
INTRODUCTION
Limbic Lobe and Mesial Temporal Region
Mesial Temporal Region—Anatomy
Imaging of the Mesial Temporal Region
Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumor (DNET)
Gangliogliomas
Rasmussen's Encephalitis
Cortical Dysplasia
FIVE:
Applications of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Stroke Research
INTRODUCTION
Stroke a Global Problem
Need for Research in Stroke
What has MRI to Offer in Stroke
Diffusion-Weighted Imaging—Most Commonly Used MRI Technique in Stroke Research
Evaluation of Potential Neuroprotective Drugs using Diffusion-Weighted Imaging
APPLICATION OF MRI IN OTHER NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS
MRI and Alzheimer's Disease
MRI and Epilepsy
MRS and Psychosis
SIX:
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Breast: A Review
INTRODUCTION
DYNAMIC MR IMAGING OF THE BREAST
Pulse Sequences to Monitor Dynamic Enhancement
Contrast Uptake Modeling
CLASSIFICATION OF BREAST LESIONS
Combining Morphological and Dynamic Contrast Enhancement Features
Feature Extraction
Statistical Analysis for Lesion Classification
SEGMENTATION OF BREAST LESIONS
Neural Network Based Segmentation/Classification
Temporal Correlation of Dynamic Data
Multifeature Segmentation of Pre- and Post-contrast Data
DIFFUSION MR IMAGING
Theory
MR Techniques to Measure Diffusion
Diffusion Imaging of Breast
Diffusion-Weighted Animal Studies
ADC of Breast Tissue in Normal Volunteers
Menstrual Cycle Dependence of ADC of Normal Breast Tissue
In vivo Diffusion Breast Imaging to Characterize Tumors in Human Subjects
PERFUSION IMAGING BY MR
Basis for Contrast-agent Based Perfusion Measurements
Pulse Sequences
Image Analysis79
Perfusion Imaging of Breast Lesions
MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY (MRS)
MR SILICONE IMPLANT IMAGING
Imaging Sequence
MR BREAST COILS
SUMMARY
SEVEN:
MR Imaging of Musculoskeletal System
INTRODUCTION
TECHNICAL ADVANCES
Fast Spin Echo (FSE) Sequences
Gradient Echo (GRE) Sequences
Fat Suppressed Sequences
Role of Contrast
IMAGING OF ARTICULAR CARTILAGE
MUSCULOSKELETAL TUMORS
MARROW IMAGING
MUSCULOSKELETAL INFECTIONS
MRI OF THE HIP
MRI OF THE KNEE
MRI OF THE WRIST
MRI OF THE SHOULDER
INTERVENTIONAL MR IMAGING
EIGHT:
Magnetic Resonance in Multiple Sclerosis
INTRODUCTION
B MRI-based Metrics
C I T2- HYPERINTENSE LESION VOLUMES
C I A: White Matter
C I B: Gray Matter
C I C: Spinal Cord
C II ENHANCING LESIONS
C II A: White Matter
C II B: Gray Matter
C II C: Spinal Cord
C III T1-BLACK HOLES
C III A: White Matter
C III B: Gray Matter
C III C: Spinal Cord
C IV MAGNETIZATION TRANSFER RATIO
C IV A: White Matter
C IV B: Normal Appearing White Matter
C IV C: Gray Matter
C IV D: Spinal Cord
C V ATROPHY
C V A: Brain Atrophy
C V B: Spinal Cord
C VI DIFFUSION IMAGING
C VI A: White Matter
C VI B: Normal Appearing White Matter
C VI C: Gray Matter
C VI D: Spinal Cord
C VII MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY
C VII A: White Matter Lesions
C VII B: Normal Appearing White Matter
C VII C: Gray Matter
C VII D: Whole Brain NAA
C VIII MYELIN IMAGING
C IX T2-HYPOINTENSE AND T1-HYPERINTENSE LESIONS
D COMPOSITE SCORES
Acknowledgements
NINE:
Recent Advances in Functional MRI
INTRODUCTION
MR TECHNOLOGY
Magnetic Field Strength
Gradient Field Strength
Data Handling
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE BOLD RESPONSE
Temporal Characteristics
Spatial Characteristics
Magnitude
Inversion
Correlation with Electrophysiology
DATA EVALUATION
SUMMARY
TEN:
Magnetopharmaceuticals for the Enhancement of MRI Contrast: Current Status and Perspectives
INTRODUCTION
SIGNAL INTENSITY IN MRI
Principles of MR Contrast
Relaxation Mechanisms and Relaxivity Theory
MANIPULATION OF IMAGE CONTRAST
Contrast Enhancement by using Pulse Sequences and other Parameters
Magnetism as it relates to MR Image Contrast
Magnetic Susceptibility
Paramagnetism and its Atomic Origin
Effects of Paramagnetic Materials on Water Proton Relaxation Behavior
Superparamagnetism
Endogenous and Exogenous Contrast Materials
Characteristics of an Ideal Contrast Agent
METALLOPHARMACEUTICALS FOR MRI CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT
Lanthanide Metal Chelates
Gadolinium and its Complexes
Gd-DTPA Chelates
The DO3A Family
Pyridine-containing Macrocycles
Transition Metals
Iron
Manganese(III) Chelates
Paramagnetic Organic Free Radicals
TYPES OF CONTRAST AGENTS
CLINICALLY RELEVANT CONTRAST AGENTS
BIOACTIVATED RESPONSIVE PROBES
Smart Contrast Agents
MR Molecular Imaging and Mapping of Gene Expression
CONTRAST AGENTS IN NEUROSCIENCE
SUMMARY AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
Acknowledgements
ELEVEN:
MR Spectroscopy in White Matter Disease
INTRODUCTION
Information Content of Proton MR Spectra of the Brain
N-Acetyl Aspartate
Choline
Creatine
Lactate
Myo-Inositol
Glutamate and Glutamine
Technical Issues
Regional and Age Variations in Proton Spectra
Multiple Sclerosis
Other Adult White Matter Disorders –CADASIL, Vascular Dementia
Reversible Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome (RPLS)
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM)
Proton MR Spectroscopy in Pediatric White Matter Disease: Leukodystrophies
Peroxisomal Disorders: Zellweger Syndrome, X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy and Adrenomyeloneuropathy
Leukodystrophies with Unique Spectroscopic Characteristics
Canavan Disease
Salla Disease
Sjögren-Larsson Syndrome
Leukoencephalopathy with Vanishing White Matter
Leukoencephalopathy Associated with a Disturbance in the Metabolism of Polyols
Leukoencephalopathy Associated Mitochondrial Diseases
Edematous White Matter
SUMMARY
TWELVE:
MRI and MRS Studies of Cancer
INTRODUCTION
Tumor Vasculature
Tumor Metabolism and Physiology
Hypoxia
Lactate
Choline Compounds
Measuring Cancer Cell Invasion with MRI and MRSI – The ‘Metabolic Boyden Chamber’
Co-registered Vascular and Metabolic Imaging of Solid Tumors
SUMMARY
Acknowledgements
THIRTEEN:
1D and 2D MR Spectroscopy of Human Prostate Cancer
INTRODUCTION
Incidence and Prevalence
Anatomy of the Prostate Gland
Signs and Symptoms
Tools of Diagnosis
Digital Rectal Exam (DRE)
Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA)
Transrectal Ultrasound (TRUS)
Biopsies
Nodal Staging Tools
After Diagnosis
Treatment Options
Role of Magnetic Resonance (MR)
MRI IN DIAGNOSIS AND STAGING OF PC
MR SPECTROSCOPY OF PROSTATE CANCER
One-dimensional Localized MR Spectroscopy
Endorectal Coil
Absolute Concentration
MR Spectroscopic Imaging (MRSI)
Detection of Metabolites Using Localized 2D MRS
SUMMARY
Acknowledgements
FOURTEEN:
Application of MR Spectroscopy –31P Cardiac MRS
INTRODUCTION
Normal Muscle Metabolism
Assessment of Cardiac Metabolism by 31P MRS Using 2-D Chemical Shift Imaging
Cardiac Metabolites in Diseased Cardiac States as Assessed by 31P MR Spectroscopy
In Heart Failure
In Aortic and Mitral Regurgitation
In CAD Patients
Cardiac Spectroscopy: The Indian Experience
Acknowledgement
FIFTEEN:
Proton MR Spectroscopy of Human Breast Cancer
INTRODUCTION
IN VIVO 1H MRS
Patients
MRI and MRS Measurements
Data Analysis
Spectral Characteristics
W-F Ratio Analysis
Choline Analysis
EX VIVO 1H MRS
Patients and Sample Collection
Cytopathological Analysis
NMR Spectroscopy
Spectral Assignments
Amino Acids and Related Compounds
Organic Acids
Lipids
Membrane Components
Other Compounds
Comparison of Normal vs Benign
Comparison of Benign vs Malignant
Comparison on the Basis of Choline
IN VITRO 1H MRS
Sample Collection and Processing
NMR Spectroscopy
Data Analysis
Spectral Assignments
Quantitation of Metabolites
SUMMARY
Acknowledgement
SIXTEEN:
Choline-containing Compounds as Diagnostic, Prognostic and Therapeutic Response Indicators for Breast Cancer
INTRODUCTION
CLINICAL STUDIES
Diagnosis
31P MRS
1H-MRS and MRSI
Prognosis and Therapeutic Response
31P MRS
1H MRS
CLINICAL EX VIVO
Diagnosis
31P MRS
1H MRS
ANIMAL MODELS
Diagnosis
Therapeutic Response
Metabolism
CELL CULTURE
Diagnosis
Multidrug Resistance
Metastatic Potential
Therapeutic Response
Metabolism
PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE SYNTHESIS AND BREAKDOWN
Kennedy Pathway
Choline Transporter
Choline Kinase
CTP:Phosphocholine Cytidylyltransferase
CDP-Choline:1,2-Diacylglycerol Cholinephosphotransferase
Phosphatidylcholine Catabolism
Phospholipase A2
Phospholipase C
Phospholipase D
SUMMARY
Diagnosis
Prognosis and Therapeutic Response
Metabolism
CONCLUSION
SEVENTEEN:
Role of MR Spectroscopy in the Study of Skeletal Muscle Tissues: A Review
INTRODUCTION
ENERGY GENERATION IN SKELETAL MUSCLE
How the Skeletal Muscle Utilizes Glc for Energy Generation?
Krebs' Cycle
How Fatty Acids are Utilized for Energy Generation in Skeletal Muscle?
How Amino Acids are Utilized for Energy Generation in the Skeletal Muscle?
ROLE OF IN VIVO NMR SPECTROSCOPY
31P MRS
1H MRS
IN VITRO NMR SPECTROSCOPY OF MUSCLE TISSUE
Metabolic Profile of Skeletal Muscle
Comparison of Metabolite Concentration among Various Muscle Diseases Studied and Controls
Muscle Metabolism in Muscular Dystrophies
Skeletal Muscle Metabolism in Mitochondrial Myopathy
SUMMARY
Acknowledgements
EIGHTEEN:
Role of 19F and 7Li MRS in Experimental and Human Studies
INTRODUCTION
19F Studies
Psychoactive Drugs
Other Applications of 19F MRS in vivo
7LI STUDIES
Brain Concentration and Pharmacokinetics in Humans
Localization, Animal Models, and Spin Relaxation
Summary and Future Prospects for 19F and 7Li MRS
Acknowledgement
INDEX
TOC
Index
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