Index

Essentials of Surgery Sunil Chumber

SECTION 1: GENERAL SURGERY
1:History of Surgery: An Enlightening Story
- SURGERY IN ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL TIMES
- HISTORY OF MODERN SURGERY
- EVOLUTION OF SCIENTIFIC METHODS IN SURGERY DURING THE 19TH AND 20TH CENTURY
- DEVELOPMENT OF SURGERY IN THE MODERN TIMES
- INDIAN CONTRIBUTION TO THE PRACTICE OF SURGERY
  - The Era of Sushruta
- SURGEONS AND THE NOBEL PRIZE
2:Response of the Body to Injury
- INJURY AND SURGICAL STRESS
  - Trauma and Blood Volume
  - Volume Reduction, Hypoperfusion and the Low Flow State
    - Volume Reduction (Hypovolemia)
    - Low-Flow State
- THE SYSTEMIC (PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL) RESPONSE TO INJURY
  - Endocrine Response to Trauma
  - Metabolic Response to Trauma and Stress
- CLINICAL COURSE AND RECOVERY FOLLOWING INJURY
3:Shock
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SHOCK
- CLASSIFICATION OF SHOCK
- CLINICAL FEATURES OF SHOCK
- MONITORING OF A PATIENT IN SHOCK
- MANAGEMENT OF A PATIENT IN SHOCK
4:Fluids, Electrolytes and Acid-base Balance
- BASIC PHYSIOLOGY
- DISORDERS OF FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE
- REGULATION OF ACID-BASE BALANCE
- CLINICAL DISTURBANCES OF ACID-BASE BALANCE
- DISORDERS OF CALCIUM, PHOSPHORUS AND MAGNESIUM
5:Hemostasis and Disorders of Surgical Bleeding
- HEMOSTASIS
- NORMAL HEMOSTASIS
- HEMORRHAGE
- MEDICAL HEMOSTASIS
- INHERITED DISORDERS OF COAGULATION (Fig. 5.4)
- ACQUIRED DISORDERS OF COAGULATION
  - Laboratory Diagnosis
  - Treatment
    - Vitamin K Deficiency
- DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION
- PLATELET DISORDERS
  - Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)
    - Laboratory Diagnosis
    - Treatment
  - Inherited Platelet Function Disorders
- BLOOD COMPONENT THERAPY
  - Typing and Crossmatching
  - Complications of Blood Transfusions (Table 5.13)
6:Metabolism and Nutrition in Surgical Patients
- NORMAL METABOLISM
- METABOLISM DURING STARVATION
- METABOLISM DURING SURGERY, TRAUMA AND SEPSIS
- NUTRITION IN SURGICAL PATIENTS
SECTION 2: WOUNDS AND INFECTIONS
7:Wounds
- HEALING OF WOUNDS: THE PHYSIOPATHOLOGY
- TYPE OF WOUNDS
- TYPES OF HEALING
- FACTORS INFLUENCING WOUND HEALING
  - General Factors
  - Local Factors
- CARE OF WOUNDS
- CLOSURE OF WOUNDS
- COMPLICATIONS OF HEALING
8:Ulcers, Sinus and Fistula
- ULCER
- SINUS
- FISTULA
  - Causes of Persistence of Fistula or Sinus
  - Treatment of a Fistula
9:Surgical Infections
- INFECTION
- SURGERY AND INFECTION
10:Specific Infections
- MYCOBACTERIAL DISEASES
- LEPROSY
- COMMON BACTERIAL INFECTIONS
- COMMON FUNGAL INFECTIONS
- COMMON VIRAL INFECTIONS
- SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES
11:Sepsis and Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome
- MULTIPLE ORGAN DYSFUNCTION SYNDROME
12:Surgeons and Communicable Diseases
- RISKS
SECTION 3: PREPARATION FOR SURGERY
13:Principles of Anesthesia
- THE HISTORY OF ANESTHESIA
- BASIC ANESTHETIC PHARMACOLOGY
  - Intravenous Nonopiate Anesthetics
  - Volatile Anesthetic Agents
- ADJUNCTS IN ANESTHESIA—NARCOTIC AND MUSCLE RELAXANTS
- PHYSIOLOGY OF THE NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
  - Differentiation Between a Depolarizing and a Non Depolarizing Block (Table 13.4)
- THEORIES OF ANESTHESIA
- ANESTHESIA EQUIPMENT
- SPINAL, EPIDURAL AND CAUDAL BLOCK
- GIVING A ROUTINE GENERAL ANESTHETIC
- POSTANESTHESIA CARE AND CARE OF THE UNCONSCIOUS PATIENT
14:Preoperative Preparation and Postoperative Care
- PREOPERATIVE PREPARATION
- POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT
- DISCHARGE
15:Surgical Intensive Care
- DEVELOPMENT OF INTENSIVE CARE UNIT
- MECHANISM OF ORGAN FAILURE
- MONITORING IN A CRITICALLY ILL PATIENT
- SUPPORTIVE TREATMENT IN CRITICALLY ILL PATIENTS
16:Complications of Surgery
- AVOIDANCE OF COMPLICATIONS
SECTION 4: TRAUMA AND BURNS
17:Trauma
- EXTENT OF PROBLEM
- PRIMARY PREVENTION
- SECONDARY PREVENTION
  - Prehospital Care
- DISASTER MANAGEMENT: HOW TO PLAN AND EXECUTE?
- TRAUMA RESUSCITATION
  - Primary Survey
  - Secondary Survey
    - History
    - Transfer to Definitive Care
- DEFINITIVE TREATMENT OF SPECIFIC INJURIES
- GUNSHOT AND BLAST INJURIES
18:Thermal, Chemical and Electrical Injuries
- BURN
  - Types of Thermal Injury
- STRUCTURE OF THE SKIN
- INHALATIONAL INJURY
  - Supportive Care
    - Control of Infection
    - Nutritional Support
- COLD INJURY
- ELECTRICAL INJURIES
- CHEMICAL INJURIES
  - Pathophysiology
  - Management
    - Hydrotherapy
SECTION 5: SPECIALTIES THAT ASSIST A SURGEON
19:Radiology for the Surgeon
- WHAT ARE ‘X-RAYS’?
- IMAGING APPROACH TO ORGAN SYSTEMS
20:Nuclear Medicine
- INVESTIGATIVE TECHNIQUES
  - Advantages of Nuclear Imaging
- SCINTIGRAPHY (IMAGING) OF ORGANS
- POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY
21:Pathology for the Surgeon
- CYTOLOGY
- BIOPSY
- FROZEN SECTION
- SPECIAL TECHNIQUES
- BIOPSY OF SPECIFIC TISSUES
22:Microbiology for the Surgeon
- HOSPITAL ENVIRONMENT AND INFECTION
- LABORATORY TECHNIQUES (For Diagnosis of Surgical Infections)
- MICROBIOLOGY IN CLINICAL PRACTICE
23:Principles of Oncology
- INTRODUCTION
- CANCER SCENARIO: INDIA AND GLOBAL
- MAGNITUDE OF CANCER PROBLEM IN INDIA
- MANAGEMENT OF CANCER PATIENTS
- TREATMENT MODALITIES
- PRINCIPLES OF RADIOTHERAPY
- PHYSICS OF RADIOTHERAPY AND EQUIPMENTS
  - Physics of Radiation Therapy
  - Radiation Dose
- RADIOTHERAPY EQUIPMENT
- BASICS OF RADIATION BIOLOGY
- CHEMOTHERAPY—PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE
- PRINCIPLES OF CHEMOTHERAPY
SECTION 6: IMMUNOLOGY AND TRANSPLANTATION
24:Immunology
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORY OF IMMUNOLOGY
- INTRODUCTION TO IMMUNOLOGY
- IMMUNITY
- INNATE IMMUNITY
  - Outer Surfaces of the Body
    - Physiochemical Barriers
    - Other Physiological Barriers
  - Internal Tissues of the Body
- ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
  - Molecular Elements of Acquired Immunity
    - Antigen
  - Cellular Elements of Acquired Immunity
- INNATE AND ACQUIRED IMMUNITY MAY ACT SINGLY, IN COMBINATION OR IN CONTINUUM
- IN SUMMARY
- STRATEGY OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
- IMMUNE RESPONSE IN MICROBIAL IMMUNITY AND DISEASE OF IMMUNITY
- IMMUNE RESPONSE TO AN ANTIGENIC STIMULUS IS A MULTISTEP PHENOMENON
- IMMUNITY MAY BE EXPRESSED IN THREE FORMS: APPROPRIATE, IMPAIRED AND INAPPROPRIATE
- INTRAVENOUS IMMUNOGLOBULIN (IVIg) PREPARATIONS
  - Inappropriate Immunity
- IMMUNOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS RELEVANT TO THE MANAGEMENT OF THE PATIENT
- IMMUNOLOGY AT A GLANCE
  - Landmark in Immunology and Turning-point in History
25:Transplantation
- INTRODUCTION
- TYPES OF GRAFTS
- TRANSPLANTATION OF INDIVIDUAL ORGANS
26:Death and Organ Donation
- INTRODUCTION
- ORGAN DONATION AND RETRIEVAL
SECTION 7: SKIN, HAND AND FOOT AND BREAST
27:Skin
- FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE SKIN
- SURGICAL CONDITIONS OF THE SKIN
28:Plastic Surgery
- GENERAL PRINCIPLES
- SKIN GRAFTING
- FLAPS
  - Free Flap (Microvascular Flap)
    - Indication for Free Flap Reconstruction
    - Survival of Flaps
- TISSUE EXPANSION
- SUCTION LIPECTOMY
- IMPLANT AND BIOMATERIALS
29:Hand and Foot
- HAND
- FOOT
30:Soft Tissue Tumors
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS
  - Radiology
  - Tissue Diagnosis
    - Types of Biopsy
- CLASSIFICATION OF SOFT TISSUE TUMORS
- GRADING OF SOFT TISSUE SARCOMA
- PROGNOSTIC FACTORS
  - Clinicopathological Prognostic Factors
  - Molecular Prognostic Factors
- NATURAL HISTORY AND BIOLOGIC BEHAVIOR OF SOFT TISSUE TUMORS
- STAGING OF SOFT TISSUE SARCOMA
- TREATMENT OF SOFT TISSUE TUMORS
31:Breast
- EMBRYOLOGY AND ANATOMY
- CONGENITAL ANOMALIES
- NIPPLE DISCHARGE
- TUMORS OF THE BREAST
SECTION 8: HEAD AND NECK
32:Face and Salivary Gland
- FACE
- THE SALIVARY GLANDS
  - Anatomy
- SALIVARY GLAND TUMORS
  - Benign Tumors
  - Malignant Tumors
- INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS (TABLE 32.3)
33:Teeth and Jaw
- DENTAL ANATOMY, HISTOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY
  - Structure of Teeth
- DISEASES OF TEETH
34:Neck
- ANATOMY
- EMBRYOLOGY OF THE NECK IN RELATION TO DEVELOPMENTAL PROBLEMS
- CERVICAL LYMPHADENOPATHY AND MALIGNANCY
- NECK DISSECTION
  - Types of Neck Dissection
  - Surgical Technique of Radical Neck Dissection
- CAROTID BODY TUMORS
35:Oral Cavity and Tongue
- ANATOMY
- INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS
- NEOPLASMS OF THE ORAL CAVITY AND TONGUE
  - Etiological Factors
  - Premalignant Lesions of the Oral Cavity
- PATHOLOGY OF ORAL CANCERS
36:Pharynx
- ANATOMY
- DISEASES OF PHARYNGEAL LYMPHOID TISSUE
- PHARYNX
  - Pharyngeal Pouch
  - Malignant Diseases of the Pharynx
SECTION 9: ENDOCRINE SURGERY
37:Thyroid
- EMBRYOLOGY
- ANATOMY
- PHYSIOLOGY OF THE THYROID HORMONES
- THYROID FUNCTION TESTS
  - Dynamic Tests of Thyroid Function
  - Serum Calcitonin
    - Serum Thyroglobulin
- EMBRYOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES
- PATHOLOGICAL STATES OF THYROID ENLARGEMENT
- THYROTOXICOSIS/HYPERTHYROIDISM
- TUMORS OF THE THYROID
- THYROIDITIS
38:Parathyroids
- ANATOMY
- PHYSIOLOGY
- CALCITONIN
- HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
- HYPOPARATHYROIDISM
  - Clinical Features
    - Treatment of Hypocalcemia
39:Adrenal Gland
- HISTORY
- EMBRYOLOGY
- ANATOMY
- ADRENAL CORTEX
- ADRENAL MEDULLA
- SURGERY OF THE ADRENAL GLANDS
  - Open Surgical Approaches
  - Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy
40:Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia
- DEFINITIONS
- MEN TYPE TYPE 1
SECTION 10: GASTROINTESTINAL SURGERY
41:Acute Abdomen
- INTRODUCTION
- ABDOMINAL PAIN
- ASSESSEMENT OF THE PATIENT WITH AN ACUTE ABDOMEN (Figs 41.2 to 41.5*)
- COMMON CAUSES OF ACUTE ABDOMEN
42:Esophagus
- EMBRYOLOGY
- ANATOMY
- PHYSIOLOGY
- ESOPHAGEAL DISEASE
- ESOPHAGEAL MOTILITY DISORDERS
  - Achalasia Cardia
  - Diffuse Esophageal Spasm
- TUMORS OF THE ESOPHAGUS
  - Benign Tumors
  - Carcinoma of the Esophagus
43:Stomach and Duodenum
- SURGICAL ANATOMY
- CONGENITAL DISEASES
- ACQUIRED DISEASES
  - Peptic Ulcer
- NEOPLASMS OF THE STOMACH
- ACQUIRED DUODENAL DISEASES
  - Benign Duodenal Conditions
  - Tumors of the Duodenum
44:Small Intestine
- EMBRYOLOGY
- ANATOMY
- STRUCTURE OF THE SMALL INTESTINE
- PHYSIOLOGY
  - Digestion
  - Immune Function
  - Hormonal Secretion
  - Intestinal Motility
- INVESTIGATION OF THE SMALL INTESTINE
  - Structural Tests
    - Radiological Tests
  - Tests of Small Intestinal Function
- SMALL BOWEL OBSTRUCTION
  - Mechanical Small Bowel Obstruction
  - Causes of Obstruction
  - Epidemiology
  - Types of Obstruction
  - Pathophysiology
  - Clinical Features
  - Investigations
    - Plain Abdominal Films in Erect and Supine Position
  - Treatment
    - Resuscitation of the Patient
    - Operative Management
  - Special Situations
- ILEUS
  - Clinical Features
  - Treatment
- NEONATAL GASTROINTESTINAL OBSTRUCTIONS
  - History
  - Physical Findings and Radiologic Studies
  - Jejunoileal Atresia and Stenosis
- MECONIUM ILEUS
  - Clinical Presentation
  - Investigations
  - Treatment
- MECONIUM PERITONITIS
- MALROTATION
  - Clinical Features
  - Radiology
  - Treatment
  - Management of a Neonate with Gastrointestinal Obstruction
- BLIND LOOP SYNDROME
  - Clinical Features
  - Diagnosis
  - Treatment
- SHORT GUT SYNDROME
  - Pathophysiology
  - Clinical Features
  - Treatment
- SMALL INTESTINAL DIVERTICULAE
  - Incidence
  - Clinical Features
  - Diagnosis
  - Treatment
- TYPHOID AND ITS SURGICAL COMPLCATIONS
  - Pathogenesis
  - Clinical Presentation
  - Diagnosis
  - Perforated Typhoid Ulcer
  - Bleeding Typhoid Ulcer
    - Bleeding
  - Typhoid Cholecystitis
- ABDOMINAL TUBERCULOSIS
  - Epidemiology
  - Pathogenesis
  - Pathology
    - Pathology
  - Clinical Features
  - Symptoms and Signs due to Specific Organ involved
  - Diagnosis
    - Tissue Diagnosis
    - Radiology
  - Treatment
    - Surgical Treatment
    - Medical Management
  - Acute Intussusception in Infants and Children
  - Clinical Features
  - Diagnosis
- MECKEL'S DIVERTICULUM
  - Clinical Features
  - Treatment
- GASTROINTESTINAL DUPLICATIONS
  - Clinical Presentations
  - Diagnosis and Treatment
- INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE
- CROHN'S DISEASE
  - Incidence and Etiology
  - Pathology
  - Clinical Features
  - Investigations
    - Radiology
  - Treatment
    - Medical Management
    - Surgical Management
- INGESTED FOREIGN BODIES
- INTESTINAL FISTULAE
  - Classification
  - Etiology
  - Effects of Fistula and the Status of the Patient
  - Management
- TUMORS OF THE SMALL INTESTINE
  - Benign Tumors
  - Malignant Tumors
    - Clinical Features
    - Treatment
  - Carcinoid Tumors
    - Clinical Manifestations
    - Treatment
45:Colon and Rectum
- EMBRYOLOGY AND ANATOMY
- PHYSIOLOGY
  - Motility
    - Colonic Bacterial Flora and Bowel Preparation
- CONGENITAL DISEASES OF THE LARGE BOWEL
- INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE
- VOLVULUS
- TUMORS OF THE COLON
46:Anal Canal and Minor* Anorectal Conditions
- EMBRYOLOGY
- ANATOMY
- ANORECTAL ANOMALIES
  - Anorectal Malformation
    - Management of Anorectal Malformations
- (MINOR) ANORECTAL CONDITIONS
- CANCER OF THE ANAL CANAL
47:Appendix
- SURGICAL ANATOMY
  - Blood Supply
  - Common Anatomical Positions (Fig. 47.1)
- ACUTE APPENDICITIS
- TUMORS OF THE APPENDIX
SECTION 11: HEPATOBILIARY AND PANCREAS AND SPLEEN
48:Liver
- EMBRYOLOGY
- ANATOMY
  - Functional Anatomy
  - Blood Supply and Drainage
- BILIARY DRAINAGE
  - Microscopic Anatomy
- FUNCTIONS OF THE LIVER AND LIVER FUNCTION TESTS
  - Liver Imaging Techniques
  - Other Invasive Diagnostic Investigations
- DISEASES OF THE LIVER
- TUMORS OF THE LIVER
  - Benign Tumors
  - Malignant Tumors
- LIVER TRAUMA
- PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF LIVER RESECTION
49:Portal Vein
- ANATOMY OF THE PORTAL VENOUS SYSTEM
- PORTAL HYPERTENSION
50:Gallbladder and Biliary Ducts
- EMBRYOLOGY
- GALLBLADDER
- CHOLEDOCHAL CYST
- BILIARY ATRESIA
- GALLSTONE DISEASE
51:Pancreas
- EMBRYOLOGY
- ANATOMY
  - Relations of the Pancreas
  - Blood Supply
- PHYSIOLOGY OF THE PANCREAS
- CONGENITAL ANOMALIES
52:Spleen
- ANATOMY
  - Blood Supply
- PHYSIOLOGY
  - Functions of the Spleen
- SPLENECTOMY
- SPLENECTOMY
  - Preoperative Preparation
    - Vaccination
  - Open Splenectomy
    - Complications
SECTION 12: ABDOMINAL WALL, PERITONEUM, HERNIA AND MINIMAL ACCESS SURGERY
53:Abdominal Wall, Umbilicus, Mesentery and Omentum
- ABDOMINAL WALL
  - Infections of the Abdominal Wall
- UMBILICUS
  - Diseases of Omphalomesenteric Duct (Fig. 53.1)
- MESENTERY
  - Diseases of Mesentery
- OMENTUM
  - Diseases of Omentum
    - Omental Cysts
    - Torsion of Omentum
54:Peritoneum and Retroperitoneum
- PERITONEAL CAVITY
- RETROPERITONEUM
55:Diaphragm
- EMBRYOLOGY
- ANATOMY
  - Nerve Supply
  - Openings in the Diaphragm
- LESIONS OF DIAPHRAGM
  - Diaphragmatic Hernia
56:Hernias
- ANATOMY
  - Relations of the Inguinal Canal
    - Deep Ring
    - Superficial Ring
  - Contents of the Inguinal Canal
- DEFINITION
- TYPES OF HERNIAE
- COMPLICATIONS OF HERNIA
57:Minimal Access Surgery
- HISTORY OF LAPAROSCOPIC SURGERY
- MINIMAL ACCESS SURGERY
- LAPAROSCOPIC SURGERY
- MINIMAL ACCESS SURGERY IN GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
SECTION 13: PEDIATRIC SURGERY OTOLARYNGOLOGY AND OPHTHALMIC EMERGENCIES
58:Pediatric Surgery
- NEONATAL PHYSIOLOGY
  - Classification of Neonates
  - Specific Physiologic Adaptation Processes in the Neonate
- RESPIRATORY DISTRESS
  - Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
  - Eventration of Diaphragm
- NEONATAL NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS
- PEDIATRIC SOLID TUMORS
59:Emergencies of Ear, Nose and Throat
- FOREIGN BODIES
- NECK TRAUMA
- AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION
  - Medical Management
    - Heimlich Maneuver and Positioning Maneuvers
  - Carotid Blow-out
- EPISTAXIS
  - Management
    - Ancillary Management
- DEEP NECK INFECTIONS
  - Fascial Spaces
- FACIOMAXILLARY TRAUMA
60:Ophthalmic Emergencies
- GENERAL APPROACH TO OPHTHALMIC EMERGENCIES
- MAJOR OPHTHALMIC EMERGENCIES OR OPHTHALMIC EMERGENCY ‘SYNDROMES’
SECTION 14: ORTHOPEDICS
61:General Principles of Fracture Management
- INTRODUCTION
- ANATOMY OF BONE
- FRACTURE
62:Fractures of the Upper Limb
- FRACTURE OF THE CLAVICLE
- FRACTURE OF SCAPULA
- FRACTURE OF THE ARM
- FRACTURES OF THE FOREARM
- ELBOW JOINT
- FRACTURES OF WRIST JOINT
63:Fractures of the Lower Limb
- FRACTURES OF THE PELVIS
  - Classification
  - Complications of Pelvic Fractures
- FRACTURE AND DISLOCATIONS OF HIP
  - Classification
- FRACTURES OF NECK OF THE FEMUR
- INTERTROCHANTERIC FRACTURES
- SUBTROCHANTERIC FRACTURES
- FRACTURES OF THE SHAFT OF THE FEMUR
- FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL THIRD OF THE FEMUR
- INTERCONDYLAR FRACTURES
- FRACTURES OF FEMORAL CONDYLES
  - Classification
  - Treatment
- FRACTURES OF THE PATELLA
- FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL TIBIA
- KNEE DISLOCATION
- FRACTURES OF TIBIA AND FIBULA
- FRACTURES AND DISLOCATIONS OF THE ANKLE
  - Classification
- FRACTURES AND DISLOCATIONS OF THE FOOT
64:Congenital Deformities and Degenerative Disorders of the Musculoskeletal System
- INTRODUCTION
- CLASSIFICATION
- CONGENITAL DEFORMITIES OF THE LOWER LIMB
- CONGENITAL DEFORMITIES OF THE UPPER LIMB
- CONGENITAL DEFORMITIES OF THE TRUNK
- CONGENITAL VERTEBRAL DEFORMITIES
  - Congenital Scoliosis
  - Congenital Kyphosis
- DEGENERATIVE DISEASE OF THE KNEE JOINT
- DEGENERATIVE DISEASE OF THE HIP JOINT
- DEGENERATIVE DISORDERS OF THE SPINES
  - Cervical Spondylosis
  - Lumbar Spondylosis
65:Infections of Bones and Joints
- OSTEOMYELITIS
- SOME UNCOMMON BONE AND JOINT INFECTIONS
66:The Spine
- INJURIES OF THE SPINE
  - Neurological Injuries
    - Primary
    - Secondary
  - Pattern of Neurological Injuries
    - Complete Neurological Deficit
    - Incomplete Neurological Deficit
- CERVICAL SPINE INJURIES
- DEFORMITIES OF SPINE
- VERTEBRAL TUBERCULOSIS
67:Tumors of Bones and Joints
- BONE TUMOR
- APPROACH TO A PATIENT WITH BONE TUMOR
- OSTEOBLASTIC TUMORS
- CHONDROBLASTIC TUMORS
SECTION 15: GYNECOLOGY
68:Gynecology for Surgeons
- ECTOPIC PREGNANCY
- FIBROID (LEIOMYOMA) UTERUS
- OVARIAN CYSTS AND OVARIAN NEOPLASMS
  - Neoplastic Cysts of Ovary
- PELVIC PERITONITIS
- PELVIC ABSCESS
  - Surgical Treatment of Pelvic Abscess
- ABNORMAL VAGINAL BLEEDING
69:Contraception
- METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION
70:Infertility
- CAUSES OF INFERTILITY
  - Male Factor
    - Evaluation of Male Infertility
  - Female Factors
- WORK-UP OF A COUPLE WITH INFERTILITY
  - Evaluation
  - Treatment
    - Male Factors
    - Female Factors
SECTION 16: UROLOGY
71:Kidney and Ureter
- EMBRYOLOGY
- ANATOMY
- URETER
  - Blood Supply
- INVESTIGATION OF THE URINARY TRACT
  - Laboratory Tests
    - Urine Examination
    - Blood Urea and Creatinine Levels
  - Radiology
    - Radionuclide Imaging
    - Endoscopy
- CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE KIDNEY AND URETER
- INJURIES TO THE KIDNEY
- INJURY TO THE URETER
  - Evaluation
  - Treatment
- OBSTRUCTION IN THE URETER
- URINARY LITHIASIS
- TREATMENT OF KIDNEY STONES
- URETERIC STONE
- VESICAL STONE
- INFECTIONS OF THE KIDNEY
- NEOPLASMS OF THE KIDNEY
72:Urinary Bladder and Prostate
- ANATOMY
  - Urinary bladder
  - Prostate Gland
- CONGENITAL DISORDERS OF URINARY BLADDER
- PROSTATE
73:Testis and Scrotum
- ANATOMY
- TORSION OF THE TESTIS (SPERMATIC CORD)
- VARICOCELE
  - Clinical Features
  - Treatment
- HYDROCELE
  - Investigations
  - Treatment
    - Idiopathic Hydrocele
    - Secondary Hydrocele
- EPIDIDYMO-ORCHITIS
  - Acute Epididymo-orchitis
  - Chronic Epididymo-orchitis
    - Investigations
    - Treatment
- TESTICULAR TUMORS
74:Penis and Urethra
- ANATOMY
  - Arterial Supply
  - Venous Drainage
    - Lymphatic Drainage
    - Nerve Supply
- PENIS
- URETHRA
  - Congenital Anomalies
  - Acquired Disorders
SECTION 17: VASCULAR SURGERY
75:Lymphatics and Lymph Nodes
- ANATOMY
- PHYSIOLOGY
- LYMPHATICS
  - Lymphangioma
- LYMPHEDEMA
  - Primary Lymphedema
  - Secondary Lymphedema
- LYMPHANGITIS
  - Acute Lymphangitis
- LYMPH NODE
- LYMPHOMAS
  - Hodgkin's (Lymphoma or) Disease (HD)
  - Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma (NHL)
76:Arteries
- ACUTE ARTERIAL OCCLUSION
77:Veins
- VARICOSE VEINS
- VENOUS THROMBOSIS
78:Pulmonary Embolism
- PULMONARY EMBOLISM
- NONTHROMBOEMBOLIC PULMONARY EMBOLISM
  - Pulmonary Gas Embolism
    - Prevention and Treatment
  - Pulmonary Fat Embolism
79:Amputation, Rehabilitation and Reimplantation
- INDICATIONS FOR AMPUTATION
- TECHNIQUES OF AMPUTATION
- LOWER LIMB AMPUTATIONS (FIG. 79.1)
- UPPER LIMB AMPUTATIONS (Fig. 79.8)
- COMPLICATIONS OF AMPUTATION SURGERY
  - Early Complications
  - Late Complications
- REHABILITATION AFTER LIMB AMPUTATION
- REIMPLANTATION
SECTION 18: THORACIC SURGERY
80:Lungs, Pleura and Chest Wall
- ANATOMY
- INVESTIGATIONS OF A CHEST CASE
- CHEST
  - Chest Injuries
  - Injuries to Mediastinal Structures
- PLEURA
- THE LUNG
- CHEST WALL
81:Mediastinum
- ANATOMY
- CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS OF MEDIASTINAL MASSES
SECTION 19: CARDIAC SURGERY AND NEUROSURGERY
82:Cardiac Surgery
- CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS
- CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE
  - Cardiac Development
  - Classification
- VALVULAR HEART DISEASE
- HEART VALVE SUBSTITUTES
  - Choice of Valve Substitute
  - Prosthetic Heart Valve Disease
    - Important Aspects of Follow-up Care of Mechanical Valves
- ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE
83:Neurosurgery
- RECENT ADVANCES IN NEUROSURGERY
- HEAD INJURY
- PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURIES
- BRAIN TUMORS
- INFECTIONS
SECTION 20: MORE THAN SURGERY
84:Medical Ethics and Medicolegal Aspects of Surgery
- MEDICAL CODES AND OATHS
  - Hippocratic Oath
- MEDICAL ETHICS
85:Care of Terminally Ill Patients
- INTRODUCTION
- PALLIATIVE CARE FOR CANCER PATIENTS
- COMMON SYMPTOMS IN ADVANCED CANCER PATIENTS
86:Instruments, Sutures and Machines
- INSTRUMENTS USED IN GENERAL SURGICAL PRACTICE
- MATERIALS FOR TISSUE APPROXIMATION AND WOUND CLOSURE
87:Laboratory Values of Clinical Importance

INDEX

TOC
Index

Chapter Notes