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Physiology for Nurses
SM Raju, Bindu Madala
CHAPTER 1:
Acid-base Review and Regulation
ACID-BASE REVIEW
Acid Production (volatile and fixed)
Bicarbonate Production
Buffers in Body Fluids (Table 1.1)
Acidosis
Respiratory Acidosis
Metabolic Acidosis
Alkalosis
Respiratory Alkalosis
Metabolic Alkalosis
BUFFERS (Table 1.1)
Phosphate Buffering System
Protein Buffer System
Red blood cells
Bicarbonate Buffer System
Special Role of H2CO3/HCO3 (Carbonic acid/bicarbonate) system
Respiratory Response
Renal Response
Reclamation of Filtered HCO3−
Regeneration of Lost HCO3− (or generation of new HCO3−)
Tissue Cells Response
CHAPTER 2:
Body Fluids and Electrolytes
CHAPTER 3:
Hemoglobin
HEMOGLOBIN
Myoglobin Structure has Several Important Features (Fig. 3.1)
Hemoglobin is more Intricate than Myoglobin
Differences between Fetal (α2γ2) and Adult (α2β2)
Hemoglobin
Structural Basis of Allosteric Effects
How does BPG lower oxygen affinity of hemoglobin?
How does CO2 lower oxygen affinity of hemoglobin?
Thalassemias
CHAPTER 4:
Autonomic Nervous System
CHAPTER 5:
Central Nervous System, Learning and Memory
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM: ANATOMY AND ORGANIZATION
The Nervous System has Peripheral and Central Units
The Central Nervous System has Several Patterns of Organization
Sensory/motor
White Matter and Gray Matter
Decussations and Commisures
Spinal Cord Injuries Disconnect Parts of the Body from the Brain
Glial Cells Support the Brain in Many Ways
The Brain is Immersed in Cerebrospinal Fluid
There is a Barrier Between the Brain and the Blood
The Brain is Covered by Tough Meninges and is Protected by Bone
The Brain has a Hierarchical Organization
The Brain Uses Energy at a Rate of 10 Watts
Central Nervous System Special Centers (Fig. 5.2)
Fissures Divide the Brain into Several Distinct Regions
The Medulla Oblongata has Centers for Basic Life Support
The Pons Connects the Cerebellum to the Brainstem
The Cerebellum Coordinates Body Movements
The Midbrain has Centers for Optic and Auditory Reflexes
The Diencephalon is the Thalamus, Hypothalamus and Pineal
The Thalamus is a Sensory Relay Station
The Hypothalamus is the Major Center for Control of the Internal Environment
The Limbic System
The Cerebrum Serves Higher Mental Functions
The Corpus Callosum Connects the Right and Left Hemispheres of the Cortex
Functions are Localized in Different Regions of the Cortex
Sensory Functions
Motor Functions
Perception
The Brain is Altered by Experience
We Store Enormous Amounts of Information in the Brain
Some Simple Types of Learning
Different Stages of Learning Seem to Take Place in Different Structures of the Brain
Accidents and Diseases Reveal Some of the Anatomy of Memory
The case of ‘X’ following surgery
Korsakoff's syndrome:
Memory Storage Seems to be a Sequential Process with Several Steps
Memory Involves Changes in Synapses
Long-term Memory Involves Protein Synthesis
An Enriched Environment Promotes Brain Development
CHAPTER 6:
Cranial Nerves
CHAPTER 7:
Sensory Physiology
CHAPTER 8:
Cardiovascular System
CHAPTER 9:
Digestion and Metabolism Concepts
CHAPTER 10:
Endocrines: Survey and General Principles
CHAPTER 11:
Reproductive Physiology
REPRODUCTION
But There are Some Advantages
Reproduction Without Sex, and Sex Without Reproduction Both Occur in Nature
Sex is the transfer of genes from one cell to another
The sexual lifestyle is characterized by:
In Humans (and Other Mammals) Sex is Determined Genetically
Sex Organs Develop from a Unisex Gonad
Phenotypic Sex May Differ from Genetic and Gonadal Sex
Both Sexes Form Gametes by Meiosis
Male Reproductive Anatomy
In the Male, Gametes are Formed Continuously by Meiosis
Pituitary Hormones Control the Menstrual Cycle and Sperm Development
Production of Mature Sperm Requires About 60 days
Sperm Maturation Requires a Temperature Below Core Body Temperature
Three Glands Add Secretions to the Sperm Suspension
Erection of the Penis Requires Specialized Vascular Tissue
Ejaculation is a Spinal Reflex (Sympathetic System)
Female Reproductive Anatomy
In the Human Female, Meiosis is Arrested Twice
Female Gamete Formation is Initiated in the Embryo
Female Gametes Mature in the Ovary in a Monthly Menstrual Cycle
Two Anterior Pituitary Hormones Control the Menstrual Cycle
Menstrual Cycle and Development of Gametes in Ovaries
Menstrual Cycle: Uterine Lining
Menstrual Cycle: Production of Estrogen and Progesterone
During Sexual Intercourse Large Numbers of Sperm are Deposited in the Vagina
Sperm Undergoes a Long, Hazardous Journey to Fertilize an Egg
Fertilization Causes Rapid Changes Leading to Zygote Formation
As the Zygote Moves Down the Fallopian Tube its Cells Divide to Form a Blastocyst
Implantation Occurs About 7 Days After Fertilization
The Placenta Takes Over Some of the Hormone Secretion Required for Pregnancy
hCG is the Basis of the Pregnancy Test
Stages of Fetal Development
Birth/Parturition
Lactation
CONTRACEPTION
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
CHAPTER 12:
Respiratory Physiology
CHAPTER 13:
Renal Physiology
CHAPTER 14:
Contractile Proteins (Muscles)
ACTIN
Muscle Contracts When Myosin Cross-bridges Attach to Actin and the Molecule Bends
ATP is required for Both Contraction and Relaxation of Muscle
Calcium triggers Muscle Contraction
In Muscle Ca++ is Stored in the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
In Cardiac and Smooth Muscles Special Junctions help spread the Excitation from One Cell to Another
CHAPTER 15:
Nutrition
CHAPTER 16:
Blood
INDEX
TOC
Index
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