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Textbook of Cervical Spondylosis
PS Ramani
1:
Cervical Spondylosis Introduction
2:
Clinical Anatomy of Cervical Spine
INTRODUCTION
THE CERVICAL SPINE
THE FIRST CERVICAL VERTEBRA
THE INTERVERTEBRAL DISC
THE LIGAMENTS
THE BONY CERVICAL SPINAL CANAL
THE SPINAL CORD
THE NERVE ROOTS
THE VERTEBRAL ARTERY
THE MUSCULATURE
MOVEMENTS OF THE CERVICAL SPINE
MOVEMENTS IN THE CERVICAL SPINE
AXIAL ROTATION
FLEXION/EXTENSION
LATERAL BENDING
ANATOMICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF UNCOVERTEBRAL JOINTS
3:
Applied Anatomy of Cervical Spine
INTRODUCTION
IMPORTANT ROOT LESIONS
IMPORTANT SPINAL CORD LESION
MRC CLASSIFICATION
FRANKEL'S CLASSIFICATION
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD CLASSIFICATION
4:
Cervical Spinal Cord Syndromes
INTRODUCTION
NEW SPINAL CORD IMPAIREMENT ASSESSMENT SCALE
CERVICAL SPINAL CORD SYNDROMES
SPINAL SHOCK
CERVICOMEDULLARY SYNDROME (UPPER CERVICAL CORD TO MEDULLA)
ACUTE CENTRAL CORD SYNDROME
ANTERIOR CORD SYNDROME
POSTERIOR CORD SYNDROME
BROWN-SEQUARD SYNDROME
ACUTE SPINAL CORD SYNDROME WITHOUT RADIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF TRAUMA
ANTERIOR SPINAL ARTERY SYNDROME
CHRONIC POST-TRAUMATIC SPINAL CORD SYNDROME
5:
Age Related Changes in the Cervical Spine
INTRODUCTION
AGE AND RANGE OF MOTION
THE INTERVERTEBRAL DISC
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PAIN IN THE NECK
CONSEQUENCES OF AGE RELATED CHANGES
AGE RELATED SHIFT OF SITE OF LESION
DEGENERATIVE CHANGES IN THE CERVICAL SPINE IN FIGHTER PILOTS
IMPACT OF AGE ON CERVICAL SPINE INJURY
6:
Clinical Biomechanics of Cervical Spondylosis
INTRODUCTION
NATURAL HISTORY
STRUCTURAL DEGRADATION IN THE INTERVERTEBRAL DISC
STABILITY
SEGMENTAL INSTABILITY
THE LIGAMENTS
THE VERTEBRAL BODIES
THE FACET JOINTS
THE PARS INTER-ARTICULARIS
THE SPINAL CORD
MOBILITY AND STABILITY
FACTORS INFLUENCING STABILITY OF THE SPINE
EFFECT OF SETTLED DISC SPACE
HYSTERESIS
THE MOTION SEGMENT
DISC DEGENERATION AND SEGMENTAL INSTABILITY
BIOMECHANICAL OBSERVATIONS
7:
Genetic Susceptibility of Cervical Spondylosis
INTRODUCTION
THE UNDERSTANDING OF PATHOGENESIS
HERIDITARY PREDISPOSITION
8:
Pathology of Cervical Spondylosis
INTRODUCTION
PREDELECTION OF SITES FOR DEGENERATION IN THE CERVICAL SPINE
UNCOVERTEBRAL JOINT
THICKENING OF THE LIGAMENTS
FACETS AND LAMINAE
AGING DEGENERATION IN THE NERVE ROOTS AND THE SPINAL CORD
AGE RELATED CHANGES IN THE NEURAL TISSUE
MICROSCOPIC FINDINGS (NERVE ROOTS)
MICROSCOPIC FINDINGS (SPINAL CORD)
HISTOPATHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN CERVICAL SPONDYLOSIS
SPINAL CORD IN CERVICAL SPONDYLOTIC MYELOPATHY
MICROSCOPIC FINDINGS
VASCULAR INVOLVEMENT
THE SPINAL CANAL
THE INTERVERTEBRAL FORAMEN
OBSERVATIONS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF CSM
OSSIFICATION IN THE POSTERIOR LONGITUDINAL LIGAMENT (OPLL)
MYELOPATHY AND OPLL
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SPONDYLOSIS
DIFFUSE IDIOPATHIC SKELETAL HYPEROSTOSIS (DISH)
INTRODUCTION
PATHOLOGY
APPLIED PATHOLOGY
THE UNCOVERTEBRAL JOINT
THE CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF THE SPINAL CANAL
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
FLUOROSIS
SYRINGOMYELIA AND SYRINGOBULBIA
AXIAL LOAD ON THE CERVICAL SPINE
SPINAL CORD INJURY AND CERVICAL SPONDYLOSIS
THE CERVICAL SPINE AND THE SPINAL CORD IN CENTENARIANS
9:
Cervical Spondylosis in the Elderly
INTRODUCTION
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
PATHOLOGY
TREATMENT
RESULTS
10:
Symptomatology of Cervical Spondylosis
INTRODUCTION
SYMPTOMS OF CERVICAL SPONDYLOSIS
PRINCIPAL SYMPTOMS
CERVICAL SPONDYLOTIC RADICULOPATHY
CERVICAL SPONDYLOTIC MYELOPATHY (CSM)
SENSORY AND MOTOR DISTURBANCES
THE PHYSICAL FINDINGS IN MYELOPATHY CAN BE GROUPED INTO FIVE TYPES
CENTRAL CORD SYNDROME
WORSENING OF MYELOPATHY
MARGINAL SYMPTOMS
CERVICOGENIC HEADACHE
INEXPLICABLE SYMPTOMS
SYMPTOMS SIGNIFYING POOR PROGNOSIS
NATURAL HISTORY OF CERVICAL SPONDYLOTIC RADICULOPATHY
HYPERACTIVE PECTORALIS REFLEX
HIGH CERVICAL DISC LESION
DEGENERATIVE CERVICAL SPONDYLOLISTHESIS
CERVICAL SPONDYLOTIC DYSPHAGIA
11:
Radiology in Cervical Spondylosis
INTRODUCTION
CONVENTIONAL AND COMPUTED RADIOGRAPHY
CT OF THE CERVICAL SPINE WITH AND WITHOUT CONTRAST
CERVICAL MYELOGRAPHY AND CT
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI)
RADIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF CERVICAL SPONDYLOSIS
INJURY TO THE SPINE AND SPONDYLOSIS
COMPARISON BETWEEN CT MYELOGRAPHY AND MRI
MR IMAGING AFTER SURGERY
PLASTICITY OF SPINAL CORD FOLLOWINGDECOMPRESSION AND IMPROVEMENT
12:
Electrophysiology in Cervical Spondylosis
INTRODUCTION
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
NEEDLE ELECTROMYOGRAPHY
F WAVE
SOMATOSENSORY EVOKED POTENTIALS
MAGNETIC STIMULATION
MYELOPATHY AND RADICULOPATHY
13:
Neurological Differential Diagnosis
INTRODUCTION
PAIN IN CERVICAL SPONDYLOSIS
PARAESTHESIAS
RADIATING PAIN MUST BE DIFFERENTIATED FROM MISCELLANEOUS ENTRAPMENT NEUROPATHY
MUSCLE WEAKNESS AND/OR MUSCLE WASTING IS CAUSED EITHER BY NERVE ROOT INVOLVEMENT OR MYELOPATHY
SENSORY LOSS, NUMBNESS AND DYSESTHETIC SENSATION
SPHINCTER DISTURBANCES
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
MOTOR NEURON DISEASE, AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS, MALADIE DE CHARCOT
POLYRADICULITIS, GUILLIAN-BARRA SYNDROME
NEURALGIC SHOULDER AMYOTROPHY
SYRINGOMYELIA
COMBINATION OF NERVE ROOT AND PERIPHERAL NERVE COMPRESSION “DOUBLE CRUSH”
PSYCHOGENIC DISORDERS
14:
Conservative Management of Cervical Spondylosis
INTRODUCTION
THERAPEUTIC MODALITIES
RECONDITIONING/TRAINING THERAPY
HOW TO STRETCH
STABILIZING AIDS (COLLARS AND BRACES)
THE CHOICE OF A COLLAR
INJECTIONS
ERGONOMY
AGE-RELATED THERAPEUTIC CONCEPTS
CHILDREN AND YOUNG ADULTS
ADULTS
AGING POPULATION
MANAGEMENT OF RADICULOPATHY
EXPEDITIOUS SURGERY
RELIEF FROM RADICULAR PAIN
EXPECTATIONS FROM CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT
CONCLUSIONS
15:
Cervical Traction
INTRODUCTION
HALTER TRACTION ON OUT-PATIENT BASIS, INCLUDING HOME CERVICAL TRACTION
FIVE RULES OF THUMB REGARDING CERVICAL TRACTION
EFFICACY OF HOME CERVICAL TRACTION
CONCLUSIONS
16:
Braces for Spondylotic Cervical Spine
PRINCIPLES OF SPINAL BRACING
DRAWBACKS
CONFORMATION OF THE BRACE
MATERIAL OF BRACES
BRACING OF THE CERVICAL SPINE
LIMITED CERVICAL BRACING TECHNIQUES
CERVICAL-SHOULDER BRACING TECHNIQUES
CERVICOTHORACIC BRACING TECHNIQUES
CRANIOTHORACIC FIXATION TECHNIQUES
17:
Development of Cervical Spine Surgery
INTRODUCTION
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
SCIENTIFIC BEGINNING
MODERN SURGERY
UNDERSTANDING BIOMECHANICS
OPLL
Simmons and Keystone (1969)
Nurick (1972)
DISCECTOMY WITHOUT FUSION
FIBULAR STRUT GRAFTS 1976
JUSTIFICATION FOR ANTERIOR APPROACH
CONSENSUS ON OPLL
UNIVERSAL SUPPORT FOR ANTERIOR APPROACH
IMPROVED PATIENT CARE
CONCLUSIONS
18:
Anterior Surgical Approaches to Cervical Spondylosis
INTRODUCTION
ANTERIOR SURGICAL APPROACH
BASIC SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
POSITION OF TUBE
POSITION OF BOLSTER
POSITION OF ANAESTHESIA MACHINE
POSITION OF HEAD
POSITION OF PELVIS
RIGHT OR LEFT SIDE OF THE NECK
THE INCISION
THE RECURRENT LARYNGEAL NERVE
DEEPENING THE INCISION
THE MIDLINE OF THE SPINE
ROBINSON-SMITH TECHNIQUE
SOFT DISC HERNIATION
SPONDYLOTIC OSTEOPHYTES (HARD DISCS)
CLOWARD'S TECHNIQUE
DISC REMOVAL
VERTEBRAL TREPHINE (DRILL HOLE)
NERVE ROOT AND SPINAL CORD DECOMPRESSION
EXCISION OF OSTEOPHYTES
REMOVAL OF BONE GRAFT
INTERBODY FUSION
WOUND CLOSURE
POSTOPERATIVE CARE
PATHOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF EXCISED DISC
MODERN ALTERNATIVES
ANTERIOR PLATING IN ACF
DEVELOPMENT OF KYPHOSIS FOLLOWING ACF
ANTERIOR CERVICAL FORAMINOTOMY
CONCLUSIONS
19:
The Central Corpectomy (Median or Partial, Corpectomy)
INTRODUCTION
CORPECTOMY
OPLL
THE FUSION
PEG AND TROUGH TECHNIQUE
FIBULAR GRAFTS
AUTOGRAFT SUBSTITUTES
CENTRAL CORPECTOMY FOR CSM (IN BRIEF)
CORPECTOMY VERSUS POSTERIOR APPROACH
MANAGEMENT OF CERVICAL SPONDYLOTIC MYELOPATHY (IN BRIEF)
EXCISION OF OSTEOPHYTES
VULNERABILITY OF THE VERTEBRAL ARTERY
COMPLICATIONS OF CORPECTOMY (IN BRIEF)
20:
Outcome in Patients with Cervical Radiculopathy Treated by Anterior Cervical Fusion
INTRODUCTION
MODALITY OF FUSION
CONCLUSIONS
21:
Laminectomy for Cervical Spondylosis
INTRODUCTION
BASIC PATHOLOGY
PITFALLS OF LAMINECTOMY
CONFIGURATION OF SPINE
LENGTH OF DECOMPRESSION
THE OPERATION
CLOSURE
STATIC AND DYNAMIC CHANGES AFTER LAMINECTOMY
CONCLUSIONS
22:
Cervical Laminoplasty
INTRODUCTION
THE LAMINOPLASTY
AIMS OF LAMINOPLASTY
ADVANTAGES OF LAMINOPLASTY
DISADVANTAGES OF LAMINOPLASTY
INDICATIONS FOR LAMINOPLASTY
LONG-TERM RESULTS
COMPLICATIONS
CURVATURE AND ALIGNMENT OF CERVICAL SPINE AFTER LAMINOPLASTY
LAMINOPLASTY IN ELDERLY
CERAMICS AND LAMINOPLASTY
DORSAL SHIFT OF THE CORD AFTER LAMINOPLASTY
IS POSTOPERATIVE NECK AND SHOULDER PAIN AFTER LAMINOPLASTY A COMPLICATION?
DIABETES MELLITUS AND LAMINOPLASTY
LAMINOPLASTY—A CRITICAL REVIEW (2003)
CONCLUSIONS
23:
Posterior Cervical Stabilization with Lateral Mass Plate and Screws—A Technique
INTRODUCTION
THE PRINCIPLES OF POSTERIOR PLATING
GENERAL INFORMATION
THE TECHNIQUE
THE PLATES
TECHNICAL RECOMMENDATIONS
24:
Cages, Implants and Plates for Anterior Cervical Fusion
INTRODUCTION
OPTIONS FOR BONE GRAFTS
AUTOGENIC BONE GRAFTS
ALLOGENIC BONE GRAFTS
ZENOGRAFT BONE
CERAMIC BONE GRAFT SUBSTITUTES
FUSION DEVICES
ANTERIOR CERVICAL CAGES AND SPACERS
TANTALUM BLOCKS
BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEINS
ANTERIOR CERVICAL PLATES
BIOMECHANICS OF PLATING
CONSTRAINED VERSUS UNCONSTRAINED SYSTEMS
BICORTICAL FIXATION
CONTROLLED SUBSIDENCE
MULTILEVEL CORPECTOMIES
JUNCTIONAL PLATING
PLATING SINGLE LEVEL ACF
PLATING FOR REVISION OF A NONUNION
HARDWARE FAILURES
ANTERIOR CERVICAL PLATING PHENOMENON
THE GRAFT SUBSIDENCE AND FUSION
REVISION OF PSEUDOARTHROSIS
COMPARISON OF TITANIUM AND POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE
BONE FORMATION IN CAGES
RADICULOPATHY AND MYELOPATHY AT ADJACENT SITES
SMOKING AND SPONDYLOTIC SURGERY
CONCLUSIONS
25:
To Fuse or not to Fuse
INTRODUCTION
THE FUSION
THE ANTERIOR APPROACH
POSTERIOR FUSION
INDICATIONS FOR FUSION
RADICULOPATHY WITH CSM
THE FUSION
THE ANTERIOR CONTROVERSY
TECHNIQUES OF POSTERIOR FUSION
CONCLUSIONS
26:
Management of Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy: Surgical Options
INTRODUCTION
MANAGEMENT
EXCISION OF OSTEOPHYTES
COMPARISON OF ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR APPROACHES
ANTERIOR APPROACH FOR CERVICAL SPONDYLOTIC MYELOPATHY
TECHNIQUE AND DESCRIPTION
COMPLICATIONS AND TECHNICAL ISSUES
RESULTS OF ANTERIOR SURGERY FOR CERVICAL SPONDYLOTIC MYELOPATHY
CONCLUSIONS
POSTERIOR APPROACH FOR MYELOPATHY
LAMINOPLASTY
RESULTS
COMPLICATIONS
LAMINOPLASTY WITH LATERAL MASS FUSION
QUALITY OF LIFE IN MYELOPATHY
COMPARISON OF MEDICAL AND SURGICAL TREATMENT IN MYELOPATHY
TRAUMA AND CERVICAL SPONDYLOTIC MYELOPATHY
CONCLUSIONS
27:
Management of Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy: A Thought
INTRODUCTION
A COMPARATIVE STUDY
RESULTS
28:
Prediction of Prognosis in Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy
INTRODUCTION
MORPHOMETRY OF THE SPINAL CORD
MORPHOMETRY OF THE SPINAL CORD
RISK FACTORS
MRI FINDINGS
PROGNOSIS IN BROWN-SEQUARD TYPE MYELOPATHY
29:
Acute Central Spinal Cord Syndrome
INTRODUCTION
MECHANISM OF INJURY
RADIOLOGICAL FINDINGS AND CLINICAL FEATURES
CHOICE OF TREATMENT
OTHER FACTORS PREDICTING RECOVERY IN CENTRAL CORD SYNDROME
OUTCOME IN PATIENTS WITHOUT SHOWING BONY INJURY
30:
Whiplash Injury and Cervical Spondylosis
INTRODUCTION
SYMPTOMATOLOGY
INVESTIGATIONS
PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT
CONCLUSIONS
31:
Neurological Deterioration after Surgery in Cervical Spondylosis
INTRODUCTION
KYPHOSIS, INSTABILITY
LAMINECTOMY MEMBRANE
NERVE ROOT PALSY
DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF SPONDYLOSIS AT THE ADJACENT LEVEL
NON-UNION
MALALIGNMENT
32:
Complications of Cervical Spondylotic Surgery
INTRODUCTION
INTUBATION
COMPLICATIONS OF ANTERIOR APPROACH
DONOR SITE COMPLICATIONS
COMPLICATIONS OF DISCOIDECTOMY WITHOUT FUSION
AUTOGRAFTS, ALLOGRAFTS AND BONE SUBSTITUTES
AIRWAY COMPLICATIONS
COMPLICATIONS OF POSTERIOR APPROACH
INFECTION AND HAEMATOMA
CONCLUSIONS
33:
Modern Trends in Cervical Spondylotic Surgery (Functional Spinal Surgery)
INTRODUCTION
MICROENDOSCOPIC POSTERIOR CERVICAL LAMINOFORAMINOTOMY FOR UNILATERAL RADICULOPATHY
ANTERIOR CERVICAL MICROFORAMINOTOMY FOR CERVICAL RADICULOPATHY AND MYELOPATHY
IMPLANTED ARTIFICIAL CERVICAL JOINT
CERVICAL MOTION SEGMENT REPLACEMENT
CONCLUSIONS
Epilogue
INDEX
TOC
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