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Textbook of Pathology
Harsh Mohan
SECTION I: GENERAL PATHOLOGY
1:
Introduction to Pathology
DEFINITION OF PATHOLOGY
HEALTH AND DISEASE
TERMINOLOGY IN PATHOLOGY
EVOLUTION OF PATHOLOGY
FROM RELIGIOUS BELIEFS TO RATIONAL APPROACH (ANTIQUITY TO AD 1500)
ERA OF GROSS PATHOLOGY (AD 1500 TO 1800)
ERA OF TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT AND CELLULAR PATHOLOGY (AD 1800 TO 1950S)
MODERN PATHOLOGY (1950s TO DAWN OF 21ST CENTURY)
SUBDIVISIONS OF PATHOLOGY
2:
Techniques for the Study of Pathology
AUTOPSY PATHOLOGY
SURGICAL PATHOLOGY
SPECIAL STAINS
ENZYME HISTOCHEMISTRY
BASIC MICROSCOPY
IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
CYTOGENETICS
MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY
FLOW CYTOMETRY
OTHER METHODS FOR CELL PROLIFERATION ANALYSIS
COMPUTERS IN PATHOLOGY LABORATORY
3:
Cell Injury and Cellular Adaptations
THE NORMAL CELL
CELL STRUCTURE
MOLECULAR INTERACTIONS BETWEEN CELLS
CELL CYCLE
ETIOLOGY OF CELL INJURY
PATHOGENESIS OF CELL INJURY
PATHOGENESIS OF ISCHAEMIC AND HYPOXIC INJURY
MORPHOLOGY OF CELL INJURY
MORPHOLOGY OF REVERSIBLE CELL INJURY
SUBCELLULAR ALTERATIONS IN CELL INJURY
INTRACELLULAR ACCUMULATIONS
FATTY CHANGE (STEATOSIS)
INTRACELLULAR ACCUMULATION OF PROTEINS
INTRACELLULAR ACCUMULATION OF GLYCOGEN
PIGMENTS
A. ENDOGENOUS PIGMENTS
B. EXOGENOUS PIGMENTS
MORPHOLOGY OF IRREVERSIBLE CELL INJURY (CELL DEATH)
AUTOLYSIS
NECROSIS
APOPTOSIS
GANGRENE
PATHOLOGIC CALCIFICATION
CELLULAR ADAPTATIONS
ATROPHY
HYPERTROPHY
HYPERPLASIA
METAPLASIA
DYSPLASIA
CELLULAR AGING
CELLULAR BASIS
ORGAN CHANGES IN AGING
4:
Immunopathology Including Amyloidosis
COMPONENTS OF IMMUNE SYSTEM
HUMAN LEUCOCYTE ANTIGEN (HLA) SYSTEM
DISEASES OF IMMUNITY
IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISEASES
ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS)
HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS (IMMUNOLOGIC TISSUE INJURY)
AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES
PATHOGENESIS OF AUTOIMMUNITY
TYPES AND EXAMPLES OF AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES
TRANSPLANT REJECTION
AMYLOIDOSIS
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL NATURE OF AMYLOID
PATHOGENESIS OF AMYLOIDOSIS
CLASSIFICATION OF AMYLOIDOSIS
A. SYSTEMIC AMYLOIDOSIS
B. LOCALISED AMYLOIDOSIS
STAINING CHARACTERISTICS OF AMYLOID
DIAGNOSIS OF AMYLOIDOSIS
PATHOLOGIC CHANGES IN AMYLOIDOSIS OF ORGANS
5:
Haemodynamic Disorders
INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
NORMAL WATER AND ELECTROLYTE BALANCE (GIBBS-DONNAN EQUILIBRIUM)
ACID-BASE BALANCE
PRESSURE GRADIENTS AND FLUID EXCHANGES
DISTURBANCES OF BODY FLUIDS AND ELECTROLYTES
OEDEMA
DEFINITION AND TYPES
PATHOGENESIS OF OEDEMA
PATHOGENESIS AND MORPHOLOGY OF IMPORTANT TYPES OF OEDEMA
OVERHYDRATION
DEHYDRATION
DISTURBANCES OF ELECTROLYTES
COMBINED SODIUM AND WATER DEFICIENCY
ABNORMALITIES OF THE pH OF BLOOD
HAEMODYNAMIC DISTURBANCES
I. DISTURBANCES IN THE VOLUME OF CIRCULATING BLOOD
HYPERAEMIA AND CONGESTION
MORPHOLOGY OF CVC OF ORGANS
HAEMORRHAGE
SHOCK
II. CIRCULATORY DISTURBANCES OF OBSTRUCTIVE NATURE
THROMBOSIS
EMBOLISM
ISCHAEMIA
INFARCTION
6:
Inflammation and Healing
INFLAMMATION
INTRODUCTION
ACUTE INFLAMMATION
I. VASCULAR EVENTS
II. CELLULAR EVENTS
CHEMICAL MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION
REGULATION OF INFLAMMATION
THE INFLAMMATORY CELLS
FACTORS DETERMINING VARIATION IN INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
MORPHOLOGY OF ACUTE INFLAMMATION
SYSTEMIC EFFECTS OF ACUTE INFLAMMATION
FATE OF ACUTE INFLAMMATION
CHRONIC INFLAMMATION
GENERAL FEATURES OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION
SYSTEMIC EFFECTS OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION
TYPES OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION
GRANULOMATOUS INFLAMMATION
EXAMPLES OF GRANULOMATOUS INFLAMMATION
TUBERCULOSIS
TYPES OF TUBERCULOSIS
LEPROSY
SYPHILIS
ACTINOMYCOSIS
SARCOIDOSIS (BOECK'S SARCOID)
HEALING
REGENERATION
REPAIR
WOUND HEALING
HEALING IN SPECIALISED TISSUES
7:
Infectious and Parasitic Diseases
INTRODUCTION
DISEASES CAUSED BY BACTERIA, SPIROCHAETES AND MYCOBACTERIA
PLAGUE
ANTHRAX
WHOOPING COUGH (PERTUSSIS)
GRANULOMA INGUINALE
STAPHYLOCOCCAL INFECTIONS
STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS
CLOSTRIDIAL DISEASES
DISEASES CAUSED BY FUNGI
MYCETOMA
CANDIDIASIS
SUPERFICIAL MYCOSIS
DISEASES CAUSED BY VIRUSES
VIRAL HAEMORRHAGIC FEVERS
SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME (SARS)
VARICELLA ZOSTER VIRUS INFECTION
HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION
LYMPHOGRANULOMA VENEREUM
CAT-SCRATCH DISEASE
RABIES
DISEASES CAUSED BY PARASITES
AMOEBIASIS
MALARIA
FILARIASIS
CYSTICERCOSIS
TORCH COMPLEX
8:
Neoplasia
NOMENCLATURE AND CLASSIFICATION
CHARACTERISTICS OF TUMOURS
I. RATE OF GROWTH
II. CLINICAL AND GROSS FEATURES
III. MICROSCOPIC FEATURES
IV. LOCAL INVASION (DIRECT SPREAD)
V. METASTASIS (DISTANT SPREAD)
MECHANISM AND BIOLOGY OF INVASION AND METASTASIS
PROGNOSTIC MARKERS
GRADING AND STAGING OF CANCER
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PREDISPOSITION TO NEOPLASIA
CANCER INCIDENCE
EPIDEMIOLOGIC FACTORS
CARCINOGENESIS: ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS OF CANCER
VIRAL CARCINOGENESIS
VIRUSES AND HUMAN CANCER: A SUMMARY
CLINICAL ASPECTS OF NEOPLASIA
TUMOUR-HOST INTER-RELATIONSHIP
EFFECT OF TUMOUR ON HOST
HOST RESPONSE AGAINST TUMOUR (IMMUNE SURVEILLANCE OF CANCER)
DIAGNOSIS OF CANCER
9:
Environmental and Nutritional Diseases
INTRODUCTION
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
AIR POLLUTION
TOBACCO SMOKING
CHEMICAL AND DRUG INJURY
THERAPEUTIC (IATROGENIC) DRUG INJURY
NON-THERAPEUTIC TOXIC AGENTS
ALCOHOLISM
LEAD POISONING
CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING
DRUG ABUSE
ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS
INJURY BY PHYSICAL AGENTS
THERMAL AND ELECTRICAL INJURY
INJURY BY RADIATION
NUTRITIONAL DISEASES
OBESITY
STARVATION
PROTEIN-ENERGY MALNUTRITION
DISORDERS OF VITAMINS
TRACE ELEMENTS
DIET AND CANCER
10:
Genetic and Paediatric Diseases
GENETIC DISEASES—INTRODUCTION
DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS
CYTOGENETIC (KARYOTYPIC) ABNORMALITIES
SINGLE-GENE DEFECTS (MENDELIAN DISORDERS)
STORAGE DISEASES (INBORN ERRORS OF METABOLISM)
DISORDERS WITH MULTIFACTORIAL INHERITANCE
OTHER PAEDIATRIC DISEASES
SECTION II: SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY
11:
The Blood Vessels and Lymphatics
ARTERIES
NORMAL STRUCTURE
ARTERIOSCLEROSIS
SENILE ARTERIOSCLEROSIS
HYPERTENSIVE ARTERIOLOSCLEROSIS
MÖNCKEBERG'S ARTERIOSCLEROSIS (MEDIAL CALCIFIC SCLEROSIS)
ATHEROSCLEROSIS
ARTERITIS
I. INFECTIOUS ARTERITIS
II. NON-INFECTIOUS ARTERITIS
ANEURYSMS
DEFINITION
CLASSIFICATION
FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA
VEINS
NORMAL STRUCTURE
VARICOSITIES
VARICOSE VEINS
PHLEBOTHROMBOSIS AND THROMBOPHLEBITIS
LYMPHATICS
NORMAL STRUCTURE
LYMPHANGITIS
LYMPHOEDEMA
TUMOURS AND TUMOUR-LIKE LESIONS
A. BENIGN TUMOURS AND HAMARTOMAS
B. INTERMEDIATE GRADE TUMOURS
C. MALIGNANT TUMOURS
12:
The Heart
NORMAL STRUCTURE
PATTERNS AND CLASSIFICATION OF HEART DISEASES
HEART FAILURE
CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE
I. MALPOSITIONS OF THE HEART
II. SHUNTS (CYANOTIC CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE)
III. OBSTRUCTIONS (OBSTRUCTIVE CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE)
ISCHAEMIC HEART DISEASE
EFFECTS OF MYOCARDIAL ISCHAEMIA
ANGINA PECTORIS
ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
CHRONIC ISCHAEMIC HEART DISEASE
SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH
HYPERTENSIVE HEART DISEASE
COR PULMONALE
RHEUMATIC FEVER AND RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE
NON-RHEUMATIC ENDOCARDITIS
VALVULAR DISEASES AND DEFORMITIES
MITRAL STENOSIS
MITRAL INSUFFICIENCY
AORTIC STENOSIS
AORTIC INSUFFICIENCY
CARCINOID HEART DISEASE
MYXOMATOUS DEGENERATION OF MITRAL VALVE (MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE)
MYOCARDIAL DISEASE
MYOCARDITIS
I. INFECTIVE MYOCARDITIS
II. IDIOPATHIC (FIEDLER'S) MYOCARDITIS
III. MYOCARDITIS IN CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES
IV. MISCELLANEOUS TYPES OF MYOCARDITIS
CARDIOMYOPATHY
A. PRIMARY CARDIOMYOPATHY
B. SECONDARY CARDIOMYOPATHY
PERICARDIAL DISEASE
PERICARDIAL FLUID ACCUMULATIONS
PERICARDITIS
TUMOURS OF THE HEART
PRIMARY TUMOURS
SECONDARY TUMOURS
PATHOLOGY OF CARDIAC INTERVENTIONS
13:
The Haematopoietic System
BONE MARROW
HAEMATOPOIESIS
HAEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS
BONE MARROW EXAMINATION
RED BLOOD CELLS
ERYTHROPOIESIS
ANAEMIA—GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
ANAEMIA OF BLOOD LOSS
HYPOCHROMIC ANAEMIA
IRON DEFICIENCY ANAEMIA
SIDEROBLASTIC ANAEMIA
ANAEMIA OF CHRONIC DISORDERS
MEGALOBLASTIC ANAEMIA
PERNICIOUS ANAEMIA
HAEMOLYTIC ANAEMIAS
GENERAL ASPECTS
I. ACQUIRED (EXTRACORPUSCULAR) HAEMOLYTIC ANAEMIAS
A. IMMUNOHAEMOLYTIC ANAEMIAS
B. MICROANGIOPATHIC HAEMOLYTIC ANAEMIA
C. HAEMOLYTIC ANAEMIA FROM DIRECT TOXIC EFFECTS
D. PAROXYSMAL NOCTURNAL HAEMOGLOBINURIA (PNH)
E. HAEMOLYTIC ANAEMIA IN SPLENOMEGALY
II. HEREDITARY (INTRACORPUSCULAR) HAEMOLYTIC ANAEMIA
A. HEREDITARY ABNORMALITIES OF RED CELL MEMBRANE
B. HEREDITARY DISORDERS OF RED CELL INTERIOR
APLASTIC ANAEMIA AND OTHER PRIMARY BONE MARROW DISORDERS
APLASTIC ANAEMIA
MYELOPHTHISIC ANAEMIA
PURE RED CELL APLASIA
MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES
WHITE BLOOD CELLS
GRANULOPOIESIS
LYMPHOPOIESIS
MATURE LEUCOCYTES IN HEALTH AND DISEASE
Eosinophils
INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS
LEUKAEMOID REACTIONS
LEUKAEMIAS
DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION
ETIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS (LEUKAEMOGENESIS)
ACUTE LEUKAEMIAS
Treatment
CHRONIC LEUKAEMIAS
CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (CML)
CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA (CLL)
HAIRY CELL LEUKAEMIA
OTHER MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS
POLYCYTHAEMIA VERA
MYELOID METAPLASIA WITH MYELOFIBROSIS
ESSENTIAL THROMBOCYTOSIS
PLATELETS AND HAEMORRHAGIC DIATHESIS
THROMBOPOIESIS
HAEMORRHAGIC DIATHESIS (BLEEDING DISORDERS)
INVESTIGATIONS OF HAEMOSTATIC FUNCTION
HAEMORRHAGIC DIATHESES DUE TO VASCULAR DISORDERS
HAEMORRHAGIC DIATHESES DUE TO PLATELET DISORDERS
COAGULATION DISORDERS
Fibrinolytic Defects
DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION (DIC)
BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSION
BLOOD GROUP ANTIGENS AND ANTIBODIES
BLOOD TRANSFUSION
BLOOD COMPONENTS
HAEMOLYTIC DISEASE OF NEWBORN
14:
The Lymphoid System
LYMPH NODES
NORMAL STRUCTURE
REACTIVE LYMPHADENITIS
MALIGNANT LYMPHOMAS
HODGKIN'S DISEASE
NON-HODGKIN'S LYMPHOMAS
LYMPH NODE METASTATIC TUMOURS
PLASMA CELL DISORDERS
MULTIPLE MYELOMA
WALDENSTRÖM'S MACROGLOBULINAEMIA
HEAVY CHAIN DISEASES
LANGERHANS' CELL HISTIOCYTOSIS
SPLEEN
NORMAL STRUCTURE
SPLENOMEGALY
HYPERSPLENISM
EFFECTS OF SPLENECTOMY
SPLENIC RUPTURE
TUMOURS
THYMUS
NORMAL STRUCTURE
THYMIC HYPOPLASIA AND AGENESIS
THYMIC HYPERPLASIA
THYMOMA
15:
The Respiratory System
LUNGS
NORMAL STRUCTURE
PAEDIATRIC LUNG DISEASE
CONGENITAL CYSTS
BRONCHOPULMONARY SEQUESTRATION
NEONATAL RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (HYALINE MEMBRANE DISEASE)
BRONCHOPULMONARY DYSPLASIA
ATELECTASIS AND COLLAPSE
BRONCHIOLITIS AND BRONCHIOLITIS OBLITERANS
SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME
PULMONARY VASCULAR DISEASE
ADULT RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (ARDS)
PULMONARY HYPERTENSION
PULMONARY INFECTIONS
PNEUMONIAS
A. BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA
B. VIRAL AND MYCOPLASMAL PNEUMONIA (PRIMARY ATYPICAL PNEUMONIA)
C. OTHER TYPES OF PNEUMONIAS
LUNG ABSCESS
FUNGAL INFECTIONS OF LUNG
PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS
CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE
I. CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
II. EMPHYSEMA
III. BRONCHIAL ASTHMA
IV. BRONCHIECTASIS
CHRONIC RESTRICTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE
I. PNEUMOCONIOSES
II. IMMUNOLOGIC LUNG DISEASE
III. COLLAGEN-VASCULAR DISEASE
IV. IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY FIBROSIS
TUMOURS OF LUNGS
BRONCHOGENIC CARCINOMA
NEUROENDOCRINE TUMOURS (BRONCHIAL CARCINOID)
HAMARTOMA
METASTATIC LUNG TUMOURS
PLEURA
NORMAL STRUCTURE
INFLAMMATIONS
NON-INFLAMMATORY PLEURAL EFFUSIONS
PNEUMOTHORAX
TUMOURS OF PLEURA
MESOTHELIOMA
16:
The Eye, ENT and Neck
EYE
NORMAL STRUCTURE
CONGENITAL LESIONS
INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS
VASCULAR LESIONS
MISCELLANEOUS CONDITIONS
TUMOURS AND TUMOUR-LIKE LESIONS
EAR
NORMAL STRUCTURE
INFLAMMATORY LESIONS
MISCELLANEOUS CONDITIONS
TUMOURS AND TUMOUR-LIKE LESIONS
NOSE AND PARANASAL SINUSES
NORMAL STRUCTURE
INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS
TUMOURS
PHARYNX
NORMAL STRUCTURE
INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS
TUMOURS
LARYNX
NORMAL STRUCTURE
INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS
TUMOURS
NECK
NORMAL STRUCTURE
CYSTS OF NECK
TUMOURS
17:
The Oral Cavity and Salivary Glands
ORAL SOFT TISSUES
NORMAL STRUCTURE
DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES
MUCOCUTANEOUS LESIONS
INFLAMMATORY DISEASES
PIGMENTARY LESIONS
TUMOURS AND TUMOUR-LIKE LESIONS
A. TUMOUR-LIKE LESIONS
B. BENIGN TUMOURS
C. ORAL LEUKOPLAKIA (WHITE LESIONS)
D. MALIGNANT TUMOURS
OTHER MALIGNANT TUMOURS
TEETH AND PERIODONTAL TISSUES
NORMAL STRUCTURE
DENTAL CARIES
PERIODONTAL DISEASE
EPITHELIAL CYSTS OF JAW
A. INFLAMMATORY CYSTS
B. DEVELOPMENTAL CYSTS
ODONTOGENIC TUMOURS
A. BENIGN ODONTOGENIC TUMOURS
B. MALIGNANT ODONTOGENIC TUMOURS
SALIVARY GLANDS
NORMAL STRUCTURE
SALIVARY FLOW DISTURBANCES
SIALADENITIS
TUMOURS OF SALIVARY GLANDS
A. BENIGN SALIVARY GLAND TUMOURS
ADENOMAS
B. MALIGNANT SALIVARY GLAND TUMOURS
18:
The Gastrointestinal Tract
OESOPHAGUS
NORMAL STRUCTURE
CONGENITAL ANOMALIES
MUSCULAR DYSFUNCTIONS
HAEMATEMESIS OF OESOPHAGEAL ORIGIN
INFLAMMATORY LESIONS
TUMOURS OF OESOPHAGUS
STOMACH
NORMAL STRUCTURE
GASTRIC ANALYSIS
A. TESTS FOR GASTRIC SECRETIONS
B. TESTS FOR GASTRIN
CONGENITAL ANOMALIES
MISCELLANEOUS ACQUIRED CONDITIONS
INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS
GASTRITIS
PEPTIC ULCERS
HAEMATEMESIS AND MELAENA OF GASTRIC ORIGIN
TUMOURS AND TUMOUR-LIKE LESIONS
A. TUMOUR-LIKE LESIONS (POLYPS)
B. BENIGN TUMOURS
C. MALIGNANT TUMOURS
SMALL INTESTINE
NORMAL STRUCTURE
CONGENITAL ANOMALIES
INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION
ISCHAEMIC BOWEL DISEASE (ISCHAEMIC ENTEROCOLITIS)
NECROTISING ENTEROCOLITIS
INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (CROHN'S DISEASE AND ULCERATIVE COLITIS)
OTHER INFLAMMATORY LESIONS OF THE BOWEL
INFECTIVE ENTEROCOLITIS
PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS ENTEROCOLITIS (ANTIBIOTIC-ASSOCIATED DIARRHOEA)
MALABSORPTION SYNDROME
DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION
CLINICAL FEATURES
INVESTIGATIONS
IMPORTANT TYPES OF MAS
SMALL INTESTINAL TUMOURS
APPENDIX
NORMAL STRUCTURE
APPENDICITIS
TUMOURS OF APPENDIX
LARGE INTESTINE
NORMAL STRUCTURE
CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS
COLITIS
MISCELLANEOUS LESIONS
MISCELLANEOUS INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS
LARGE INTESTINAL POLYPS AND TUMOURS
I. COLORECTAL POLYPS
A. NON-NEOPLASTIC POLYPS
B. NEOPLASTIC POLYPS
C. FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS SYNDROMES
II. OTHER BENIGN TUMOURS
III. MALIGNANT COLORECTAL TUMOURS
IV. TUMOURS OF THE ANAL CANAL
CAUSES OF GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING
PERITONEUM
NORMAL STRUCTURE
PERITONITIS
IDIOPATHIC RETROPERITONEAL FIBROSIS
MESENTERIC CYSTS
TUMOURS
19:
The Liver, Biliary Tract and Exocrine Pancreas
LIVER
NORMAL STRUCTURE
LIVER FUNCTION TESTS
I. TESTS FOR MANUFACTURE AND EXCRETION OF BILE
II. SERUM ENZYME ASSAYS
III. TESTS FOR METABOLIC FUNCTIONS
IV. IMMUNOLOGIC TESTS
V. ANCILLARY DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
JAUNDICE—GENERAL
NORMAL BILIRUBIN METABOLISM
CLASSIFICATION AND FEATURES OF JAUNDICE
NEONATAL JAUNDICE
HEREDITARY NON-HAEMOLYTIC HYPERBILIRUBINAEMIAS
NEONATAL HEPATITIS
BILIARY ATRESIAS
REYE'S SYNDROME
HEPATIC FAILURE
CIRCULATORY DISTURBANCES
I. HEPATIC VENOUS OBSTRUCTION
II. PORTAL VENOUS OBSTRUCTION
III. HEPATIC ARTERIAL OBSTRUCTION
LIVER CELL NECROSIS
VIRAL HEPATITIS
CLINICOPATHOLOGIC SPECTRUM
IMMUNOPROPHYLAXIS AND HEPATITIS VACCINES
OTHER INFECTIONS AND INFESTATIONS
CHOLANGITIS
PYOGENIC LIVER ABSCESS
AMOEBIC LIVER ABSCESS
HEPATIC TUBERCULOSIS
HYDATID DISEASE (ECHINOCOCCOSIS)
CHEMICAL AND DRUG INJURY
CIRRHOSIS
PATHOGENESIS
CLASSIFICATION
SPECIFIC TYPES OF CIRRHOSIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND COMPLICATIONS OF CIRRHOSIS
PORTAL HYPERTENSION
HEPATIC TUMOURS AND TUMOUR-LIKE LESIONS
TUMOUR-LIKE LESIONS
BENIGN HEPATIC TUMOURS
MALIGNANT HEPATIC TUMOURS
BILIARY SYSTEM
NORMAL STRUCTURE
CONGENITAL ANOMALIES
CHOLELITHIASIS (GALLSTONES)
CHOLECYSTITIS
TUMOURS OF BILIARY SYSTEM
BENIGN TUMOURS
MALIGNANT TUMOURS
EXOCRINE PANCREAS
NORMAL STRUCTURE
DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES
PANCREATITIS
TUMOURS AND TUMOUR-LIKE LESIONS
20:
The Kidney and Lower Urinary Tract
KIDNEY
NORMAL STRUCTURE
RENAL FUNCTION TESTS
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF RENAL DISEASE (RENAL FAILURE)
CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS
CYSTIC DISEASES OF KIDNEY
A. MEDULLARY SPONGE KIDNEY
B. NEPHRONOPHTHIASIS-MEDULLARY CYSTIC DISEASE COMPLEX
GLOMERULAR DISEASES
DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
PATHOGENESIS OF GLOMERULAR INJURY
I. IMMUNOLOGIC MECHANISMS
C. Secondary Pathogenetic Mechanisms (Mediators of Immunologic Injury)
II. NON-IMMUNOLOGIC MECHANISMS
SPECIFIC TYPES OF GLOMERULAR DISEASES
I. PRIMARY GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
IgA Nephropathy (Synonyms: Berger's Disease, IgA GN)
Chronic Glomerulonephritis (Synonym: End-Stage Kidney)
II. SECONDARY GLOMERULAR DISEASES
TUBULAR DISEASES
ACUTE TUBULAR NECROSIS
TUBULOINTERSTITIAL DISEASE
RENAL VASCULAR DISEASES
I. HYPERTENSIVE VASCULAR DISEASE
EFFECTS OF HYPERTENSION
II. THROMBOTIC MICROANGIOPATHY
III. RENAL CORTICAL NECROSIS
OBSTRUCTIVE UROPATHY
UROLITHIASIS
HYDRONEPHROSIS
TUMOURS OF KIDNEY
BENIGN TUMOURS
Cortical Adenoma
Oncocytoma
Other Benign Tumours
MALIGNANT TUMOURS
LOWER URINARY TRACT
NORMAL STRUCTURE
CONGENITAL ANOMALIES
INFLAMMATIONS
TUMOURS
TUMOURS OF THE BLADDER
TUMOURS OF RENAL PELVIS AND URETERS
TUMOURS OF URETHRA
21:
The Male Reproductive System and Prostate
TESTIS AND EPIDIDYMIS
NORMAL STRUCTURE
CONGENITAL ANOMALIES
INFLAMMATIONS
MISCELLANEOUS LESIONS
TESTICULAR TUMOURS
CLASSIFICATION
ETIOLOGIC FACTORS
HISTOGENESIS
CLINICAL FEATURES AND DIAGNOSIS
GERM CELL TUMOURS
Seminoma
Spermatocytic Seminoma
SEX CORD-STROMAL TUMOURS
MIXED GERM CELL-SEX CORD STROMAL TUMOURS
OTHER TUMOURS
PENIS
NORMAL STRUCTURE
CONGENITAL ANOMALIES
INFLAMMATIONS
TUMOURS
BENIGN TUMOURS
PREMALIGNANT LESIONS (CARCINOMA IN SITU)
Bowenoid Papulosis
MALIGNANT TUMOURS
PROSTATE
NORMAL STRUCTURE
PROSTATITIS
NODULAR HYPERPLASIA
CARCINOMA OF PROSTATE
22:
The Female Genital Tract
VULVA
NORMAL STRUCTURE
BARTHOLIN'S CYST AND ABSCESS
NON-NEOPLASTIC EPITHELIAL DISORDERS
VULVAL TUMOURS
VAGINA
NORMAL STRUCTURE
VAGINITIS
TUMOURS
CERVIX
NORMAL STRUCTURE
CERVICITIS
TUMOURS
MYOMETRIUM AND ENDOMETRIUM
NORMAL STRUCTURE
NORMAL CYCLIC CHANGES
EFFECTS OF HORMONES
DYSFUNCTIONAL UTERINE BLEEDING (DUB)
ENDOMETRITIS AND MYOMETRITIS
ADENOMYOSIS
ENDOMETRIOSIS
ENDOMETRIAL HYPERPLASIAS
TUMOURS OF ENDOMETRIUM AND MYOMETRIUM
FALLOPIAN TUBES
NORMAL STRUCTURE
INFLAMMATIONS
ECTOPIC TUBAL PREGNANCY
TUMOURS AND TUMOUR-LIKE LESIONS
OVARIES
NORMAL STRUCTURE
NON-NEOPLASTIC CYSTS
OVARIAN TUMOURS
ETIOPATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL FEATURES AND CLASSIFICATION
I. TUMOURS OF SURFACE EPITHELIUM (COMMON EPITHELIAL TUMOURS)
II. GERM CELL TUMOURS
III. SEX CORD-STROMAL TUMOURS
IV. MISCELLANEOUS TUMOURS
V. METASTATIC TUMOURS
PLACENTA
NORMAL STRUCTURE
HYDATIDIFORM MOLE
CHORIOCARCINOMA
23:
The Breast
NORMAL STRUCTURE
INFLAMMATIONS
FIBROCYSTIC CHANGE
GYNAECOMASTIA (HYPERTROPHY OF MALE BREAST)
BREAST TUMOURS
FIBROADENOMA
PHYLLODES TUMOUR (CYSTOSARCOMA PHYLLODES)
INTRADUCTAL PAPILLOMA
CARCINOMA OF THE BREAST
A. NON-INVASIVE (IN SITU) CARCINOMA
B. INVASIVE CARCINOMA
C. PAGET'S DISEASE OF THE NIPPLE
GRADING, STAGING AND PROGNOSIS
24:
The Skin
NORMAL STRUCTURE
DERMATOSES
I. GENETIC DERMATOSES
II. NON-INFECTIOUS INFLAMMATORY DERMATOSES
III. INFECTIOUS DERMATOSES
IV. GRANULOMATOUS DISEASES
V. CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES
VI. NON-INFECTIOUS BULLOUS DERMATOSES
VII. SCALING DERMATOSES
VIII. METABOLIC DISEASES OF SKIN
TUMOURS AND TUMOUR-LIKE LESIONS
I. TUMOURS AND CYSTS OF THE EPIDERMIS
II. ADNEXAL (APPENDAGEAL) TUMOURS
III. MELANOCYTIC TUMOURS
IV. TUMOURS OF THE DERMIS
V. CELLULAR MIGRANT TUMOURS
25:
The Endocrine System
GENERAL PRINCIPLES
NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEM
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
PITUITARY GLAND
NORMAL STRUCTURE
HYPERPITUITARISM
HYPOPITUITARISM
PITUITARY TUMOURS
ADRENAL GLAND
NORMAL STRUCTURE
ADRENOCORTICAL HYPERFUNCTION (HYPERADRENALISM)
ADRENOCORTICAL INSUFFICIENCY (HYPOADRENALISM)
PRIMARY ADRENOCORTICAL INSUFFICIENCY
SECONDARY ADRENOCORTICAL INSUFFICIENCY
HYPOALDOSTERONISM
TUMOURS OF ADRENAL GLANDS
ADRENOCORTICAL TUMOURS
MEDULLARY TUMOURS
THYROID GLAND
NORMAL STRUCTURE
FUNCTIONAL DISORDERS
HYPERTHYROIDISM (THYROTOXICOSIS)
HYPOTHYROIDISM
THYROIDITIS
HASHIMOTO'S (AUTOIMMUNE, CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC) THYROIDITIS
SUBACUTE LYMPHOCYTIC THYROIDITIS
SUBACUTE GRANULOMATOUS THYROIDITIS
RIEDEL'S THYROIDITIS
GRAVES' DISEASE (DIFFUSE TOXIC GOITRE)
GOITRE
THYROID TUMOURS
THYROID CANCER
PARATHYROID GLANDS
NORMAL STRUCTURE
HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
HYPOPARATHYROIDISM
PARATHYROID TUMOURS
ENDOCRINE PANCREAS
NORMAL STRUCTURE
DIABETES MELLITUS
ISLET CELL TUMOURS
MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA (MEN) SYNDROMES
POLYGLANDULAR AUTOIMMUNE (PGA) SYNDROMES
26:
The Musculoskeletal System
SKELETAL SYSTEM
NORMAL STRUCTURE OF BONE
NORMAL STRUCTURE OF CARTILAGE
OSTEOMYELITIS
FRACTURE HEALING
DISORDERS OF BONE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT (SKELETAL DYSPLASIAS)
METABOLIC AND ENDOCRINE BONE DISEASES
PAGET'S DISEASE OF BONE (OSTEITIS DEFORMANS)
TUMOUR-LIKE LESIONS OF BONE
BONE TUMOURS
BONE-FORMING (OSTEOBLASTIC) TUMOURS
CARTILAGE-FORMING (CHONDROBLASTIC) TUMOURS
EWING'S SARCOMA AND PRIMITIVE NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOUR (PNET)
CHORDOMA
METASTATIC BONE TUMOURS
JOINTS
NORMAL STRUCTURE
OSTEOARTHRITIS
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
SUPPURATIVE ARTHRITIS
TUBERCULOUS ARTHRITIS
GOUT AND GOUTY ARTHRITIS
PSEUDOGOUT (PYROPHOSPHATE ARTHROPATHY)
PIGMENTED VILLONODULAR SYNOVITIS AND GIANT CELL TUMOUR OF TENDON SHEATH (NODULAR TENOSYNOVITIS)
CYST OF GANGLION
BURSITIS
SKELETAL MUSCLES
NORMAL STRUCTURE
NEUROGENIC DISEASES
MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
DENERVATION ATROPHY
MYOPATHIC DISEASES (MYOPATHIES)
MUSCULAR DYSTROPHIES
27:
Soft Tissue Tumours
GENERAL FEATURES
TUMOURS AND TUMOUR-LIKE LESIONS OF FIBROUS TISSUE
FIBROHISTIOCYTIC TUMOURS
TUMOURS OF ADIPOSE TISSUE
SKELETAL MUSCLE TUMOURS
TUMOURS OF UNCERTAIN HISTOGENESIS
TUMOUR-LIKE LESIONS
MYOSITIS OSSIFICANS
28:
The Nervous System
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
NORMAL STRUCTURE
DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES
HYDROCEPHALUS
INFECTIONS
MENINGITIS
ENCEPHALITIS
CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASES
A. ISCHAEMIC BRAIN DAMAGE
B. INTRACRANIAL HAEMORRHAGE
TRAUMA TO THE CNS
DEMYELINATING DISEASES
MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES
TUMOURS OF THE CNS
GLIOMAS
OTHER PRIMARY INTRAPARENCHYMAL TUMOURS
TUMOURS OF MENINGES
METASTATIC TUMOURS
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
NORMAL STRUCTURE
PATHOLOGIC REACTIONS TO INJURY
PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY
NERVE SHEATH TUMOURS
29:
Diagnostic Cytopathology
INTRODUCTION
EXFOLIATIVE CYTOLOGY
I. FEMALE GENITAL TRACT
APPLICATIONS OF PAP SMEAR
II. RESPIRATORY TRACT
III. GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
IV. URINARY TRACT
V. BODY FLUIDS
A. EFFUSIONS
B. FLUIDS OF SMALL VOLUME
VI. BUCCAL SMEARS FOR SEX CHROMATIN BODIES
TECHNIQUES IN EXFOLIATIVE CYTOLOGY
INTERVENTIONAL CYTOLOGY
I. FINE NEEDLE ASPIRATION CYTOLOGY
II. IMPRINT CYTOLOGY
III. CRUSH SMEAR CYTOLOGY
IV. BIOPSY SEDIMENT CYTOLOGY
APPENDIX:
Normal Values
WEIGHTS AND MEASUREMENTS OF NORMAL ORGANS
LABORATORY VALUES OF CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Further Reading
SECTION I: GENERAL PATHOLOGY
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO PATHOLOGY
CHAPTER 2: TECHNIQUES FOR STUDY OF PATHOLOGY
CHAPTER 3: CELL INJURY AND CELLULAR ADAPTATIONS
CHAPTER 4: IMMUNOPATHOLOGY INCLUDING AMYLOIDOSIS
CHAPTER 5: HAEMODYNAMIC DISORDERS
CHAPTER 6: INFLAMMATION AND HEALING
CHAPTER 7: INFECTIOUS AND PARASITIC DISEASES
CHAPTER 8: NEOPLASIA
CHAPTER 9: ENVIRONMENTAL AND NUTRITIONAL DISEASES
CHAPTER 10: GENETIC AND PAEDIATRIC DISEASES
SECTION II: SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY
CHAPTER 11: BLOOD VESSELS AND LYMPHATICS
CHAPTER 12: THE HEART
CHAPTER 13: THE HAEMATOPOIETIC SYSTEM
CHAPTER 14: THE LYMPHOID SYSTEM
CHAPTER 15: THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
CHAPTER 16: THE EYE, ENT AND NECK
CHAPTER 17: THE ORAL CAVITY AND SALIVARY GLANDS
CHAPTER 18: THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
CHAPTER 19: THE LIVER, BILIARY TRACT AND EXOCRINE PANCREAS
CHAPTER 20: THE KIDNEY AND LOWER URINARY TRACT
CHAPTER 21: THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM AND PROSTATE
CHAPTER 22: THE FEMALE GENITAL TRACT
CHAPTER 23: THE BREAST
CHAPTER 24: THE SKIN
CHAPTER 25: THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
CHAPTER 26: THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
CHAPTER 27: SOFT TISSUE TUMOURS
CHAPTER 28: THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
CHAPTER 29: DIAGNOSTIC CYTOPATHOLOGY
APPENDIX: NORMAL VALUES
INDEX
TOC
Index
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