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Textbook of Physiology for Dental Students
R Chandramouli, HC Tandan
1 UNIT:
Cell Structure and Function
CELL
Structure
Nucleus
Chromosome
Mitochondria
Golgi Apparatus
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Granular Endoplasmic Reticulum
Agranular Endoplasmic Reticulum
Lysosome
Centrosome
Cell Division
Mitosis
Meiosis
Amitosis
MEMBRANE TRANSPORT
2 UNIT:
Types of Tissues
3 UNIT:
Blood
INTRODUCTION: COMPOSITION AND FUNCTIONS
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Determination of Specific Gravity
VISCOSITY
Reaction of Blood
Composition
PLASMA PROTEINS
Functions
ESR
FRAGILITY OF ERYTHROCYTES
ERYTHROPOIESIS (Fig. 3.1)
Stem Cell (Uncommitted and Pleuripotent)
Committed and Unipotent Stem Cell
Proerythroblast
Early Normoblast
Intermediate Normoblast
Late Normoblast
Reticulocyte
Erythrocyte
Regulation of Erythropoiesis
Hypoxia
Erythropoietin
Thyroxine, Cortisol and Growth Hormone
Androgens
Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamine)
Folic Acid
Pyridoxine (Vit B6)
Metals
HAEMOGLOBIN
Structure of Haemoglobin
Types of Haemoglobin
Derivatives of Haemoglobin
Fate of Haemoglobin
Blood Indices
Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)
Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin (MCH)
ANAEMIA
Granulocytes
I. Neutrophil
II. Eosinophil
III. Basophil
Agranulocytes
I. Lymphocyte
II. Monocyte
Arneth Count
Function of Leucocytes
LEUCOPOIESIS
Functions
Purpura
Platelet Formation
PROCESS OF CLOTTING
Role of Platelets
Generation of Prothrombin Activator
Intrinsic Pathway (Fig. 3.6)
Extrinsic Pathway (Fig. 3.7)
Formation of Fibrin (Role of Fibrin Stabilising Factor)
Fibrinolysis
Inhibitors of Clotting (Mechanisms which keep the Blood in a Fluid State)
Antithrombin III
Protein C
Heparin
Vascular Endothelium
Fibrinolysis
Intravascular Thrombosis
Anticoagulants
Salts
DRUGS
Heparin
Dicoumarol
Tests for Clotting
Clotting Time
Bleeding Time
Prothrombin Time
Thromboplastin Generation Test
Clotting Disorders
Haemophilia
Haemophilia A or Classical Haemophilia
Haemophilia B or Christmas Disease
Determination of Blood Group
Rh Factor
Rh Incompatibility
M and N Factors
Blood Transfusion
Precautions During Blood Transfusion
Hazards of Incompatible Transfusion
The Innate Immunity
The Acquired Immunity
I. Cell-mediated Immunity
II. Humoral-mediated Immunity
Abnormalities of Immune Mechanisms
Functions
LYMPH
Composition
Functions
4 UNIT:
Cardiovascular System
REGULATION OF CARDIAC OUTPUT
Venous Return
Left Ventricular Contraction
Right Ventricular Contraction
Negative Intrathoracic Pressure
Skeletal Muscle Pump
Valves in the Veins
Vene Motor Tone
Starling's Law of the Heart
Determination of Cardiac Output
Fick's Principle
Indicator Dilution Technique
Systolic Pressure
Diastolic Pressure
Physiological Variations
Cardiovascular System
Determination of Blood Pressure
Direct Method
Indirect Method
Palpatory Method
Auscultatory Method
Factors Influencing Blood Pressure
Systolic Pressure
Maintenance of Arterial Blood Pressure
Diastolic Pressure
Regulation of Blood Pressure
Short Term Regulation
Long Term Regulation
Short Term Regulation (Fig. 4.10)
Reflex from Higher Centres
Long Term Regulation
Hypertension
VENOUS PULSE
Regulation of Coronary Circulation
Capillary Circulation
Capillary
Functions of Capillaries
Cardiac Responses to Exercise
Stroke Volume
Circulatory Responses
Regional Blood Flow
Arteriovenous O2 Difference
Anaerobic Threshold
Respiratory Changes
Changes in Muscle
Irreversible Shock
5 UNIT:
Respiratory System
FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY
GAS TENSIONS
DIFFUSION OF GASES
Diffusion of Oxygen
Diffusion of Carbon Dioxide
Oxygen Dissociation Curve
Factors Influencing Oxygen Release (BOHR EFFECT)
Coefficient of Oxygen Utilisation
Physical Solution
Carbamino Compounds
Bicarbonates
Haldane Effect
Medullary Centres
Dorsal Group
Ventral Group
Apneustic Centre
Pneumotaxic Centre
Respiratory Reflexes
Hering-Breuer Inflation Reflex
Hering-Breuer Deflation Reflex
Irritant Receptors
‘J’ Receptors
Proprioceptors
Higher Centres
Chemical Regulation
Hypoxia
Hypoxic Hypoxia
Anaemic Hypoxia
Stagnant Hypoxia
Histotoxic Hypoxia
Effects of Hypoxia
Acclimatisation to High Altitude
Immediate Changes
Delayed Changes
Asphyxia
Cyanosis
Apnoea
Hyperpnoea
Dyspnoea
Cheyne-Stokes Respiration
Biot's Breathing
Dysbarism
6 UNIT:
Digestive System
ORGANISATION AND FUNCTION
SALIVARY SECRETION
Composition
Functions
Mechanism of Secretion
Unconditioned Reflex
Conditioned Reflex
GASTRIC SECRETION
Composition
Functions
Mechanism of HCl Secretion (Fig. 6.4)
REGULATION OF GASTRIC SECRETION
Phases of Gastric Secretion
Nervous Mechanism
Cephalic Phase
Hormonal Mechanism (Chemical)
Gastric Phase
Intestinal Phase
Functions of Stomach
Effects of Removal of Stomach
Gastric Analysis
PANCREATIC SECRETION
Composition
Digestive
Functions
Regulation of Pancreatic Secretion
Nervous Phase
Chemical Phase
BILE
Composition of Bile
Functions of Bile
Regulation of Bile Secretion
Gallbladder
SUCCUS ENTERICUS
Organic Constituents
Functions
Regulation of Secretion
LARGE INTESTINE
Functions of the Large Intestine
Faeces
Bile Formation
Functions Related to Blood
Metabolic Functions
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Fats
Excretory Function
Storage
Defensive
Jaundice
Mastication
Deglutition
Movements of Stomach
Movements of the Small Intestine
Small Intestine Motility
Segmental Peristalsis
Movements of the Large Intestine
Haustral Contractions
Mass Peristalsis
DEFECATION
7 UNIT:
Vitamins and Metabolism
8 UNIT:
Excretory System and Body Fluids
INTRODUCTION
Functions of the Kidney
NEPHRON
Bowman's Capsule
Glomerular Filtration
TUBULAR FUNCTIONS
COMPOSITION OF URINE
Abnormal Constituents
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
Renal Plasma Flow
Filtration Fraction
Urea Clearance
Changes in GFR
Mineralocorticoids
Third Factor
Renin-angiotensin
Extracellular Fluid (ECF)
Intracellular Fluid (ICF)
Determination
BLOOD VOLUME
Determination
Direct Method
Indirect Methods
Dye Method
Radioactive Method
Regulation of Blood Volume
Subcutaneous Layer
Apocrine Glands
Functions of the Skin
BODY TEMPERATURE
REGULATION OF BODY TEMPERATURE
9 UNIT:
Endocrine Glands and Reproduction
INTRODUCTION
MODE OF ACTION OF HORMONES
Classification of Endocrine Glands
Vestigial Glands
Recurrent Glands
Control of Endocrinal Secretion
ANTERIOR PITUITARY
Clinical Disorders
Prolactin
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing Hormone (LH or ICSH)
Control of Secretion
POSTERIOR PITUITARY
Thyroid Hormone
Synthesis
Functions of Thyroxine
Disorders of Secretion
Hypothyroidism
Cretinism
HYPERTHYROIDISM
Thyrotoxicosis (Graves' Disease)
Exophthalmos
Symptoms of Hyperthyroidism
Calcium
Distribution of Plasma Calcium
Absorption of Calcium
Calcium in Bone
Calcium Excretion
Calcium Regulation
Functions
PHOSPHORUS
Functions
Tetany
Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica
Effects of Hyperparathyroidism
CALCITONIN
Actions
Regulation
INSULIN
Functions
Regulation of Secretion
Diabetes Mellitus
Glucagon
Control of Secretion
ADRENAL CORTEX
Mineralocorticoid
Functions
Control of Secretion
Glucocorticoids
Functions
Blood and Immunity
Other Effects of Cortisol
Control of Secretion
Clinical Disorders
Addison's Disease
Cushing's Syndrome (Hypersecretion)
Adrenal Androgens (Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and Androstenedione
ADRENAL MEDULLA
Adrenaline or Epinephrine
Noradrenaline or Norepinephrine
Physiological Effects
Functions
THYMUS
Functions
PINEAL GLAND
INTRODUCTION
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
FEMALE SEX HORMONES
Oestrogens
Physiological Actions
Other actions
Progesterone
Physiological Actions
Relaxin
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
PREGNANCY AND PARTURITION
Functions of Placenta
Pregnancy Tests
Changes in Pregnancy
Parturition
LACTATION
MALE SEX HORMONE
Physiological Effects
REGULATION OF SECRETION
Inhibin
Semen
FAMILY PLANNING
Methods Employed in Female
Oral Contraceptives
Rhythm Method
Intrauterine Contraceptive Device (IUCD)
Surgical Method
Methods Employed in Male
Use of Condom
Surgical Method
Coitus Interruptus
10 UNIT:
Nerve
BIOELECTRICAL POTENTIALS
Resting Membrane Potential
Action Potential
All or None Law
Strength-Duration
Chronaxie
Refractory Period
Glial Cells
Structure of Neuron
Axoplasmic Transport
Myelin Formation
Conduction in a Non-myelinated Nerve Fibre
Classification of Nerve Fibres
11 UNIT:
Muscle
SKELETAL MUSCLE
Sarcomere
Myosin
Actin
Tropomyosin
Troponin
Sarcotubular System
Changes During Muscle Contraction
Mechanical
Chemical Changes
Thermal Changes
Motor Unit
Electromyogram
Neuromuscular Blocking
12 UNIT:
Nervous System
INTRODUCTION
Central Nervous System
SYNAPSE
Properties of Synapse
SENSORY ORGANISATION
Visceral Pain
Inhibition of Pain
Sensory Cortex
Characteristics of Reflex Action
Inhibition
Spinal Shock
Hemisection of Spinal Cord (Brown Sequard Syndrome)
MOTOR TRACTS
Lesion of Pyramidal Tract
Extrapyramidal Tracts
Functions of Extrapyramidal Tracts
Lesions of Motor Tract
MOTOR ORGANISATION
Functions
Connections (Figs 12.13 and 12.14)
Functions
Clinical Manifestations
Connections
Functions
Clinical Manifestations
Stretch Reflex
Righting Reflexes
Statokinetic Reflexes
Vestibulocular Reflex
Motion Sickness
CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE
SPEECH
RETICULAR FORMATION
Connections
Functions
ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM (EEG)
Alpha Wave
Beta Wave
Delta Wave
Theta Wave
SLEEP
Slow Wave Sleep
REM Sleep
Afferents
Efferents
Functions
Functions
Sympathetic System
Functions
Parasympathetic System
Functions
13 UNIT:
Special Senses
INTRODUCTION
FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF EYE
Eyeball
Sclerocornea
Choroid
Retina
Photoreceptors
Photochemistry of Vision (Rhodopsin Cycle) (Fig. 13.3)
VISUAL PATHWAY
LIGHT REFLEX
ACCOMMODATION
REFRACTIVE ERRORS OF EYE
AQUEOUS HUMOR
Functions
FIELD OF VISION
COLOUR VISION
ORGAN OF CORTI
MECHANISM OF HEARING
Auditory Pathway
Tests for Hearing
Rinne's Test
Weber's Test
TASTE
Taste bud
Taste Pathway
OLFACTION
INDEX
TOC
Index
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