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Textbook on Contact Lenses
Amar Agarwal, Athiya Agarwal, Sunita Agarwal, Michael R Spinell
SECTION 1: BASICS
CHAPTER 1:
Anatomy of the Cornea, Limbus and Sclera
CORNEA
LIMBAL ZONE
SCLERA
CHAPTER 2:
Corneal Transparency
INTRODUCTION
FACTORS
ANATOMICAL FACTORS
PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS (Factors that Maintain Corneal Hydration)
CHAPTER 3:
Tear Film Physiology
INTRODUCTION
1. SUPERFICIAL LIPID LAYER
2. MIDDLE AQUEOUS LAYER
3. POSTERIOR MUCIN LAYER
TEAR FILM FORMATION DYNAMICS
NORMAL TEAR DRAINAGE
TEAR COMPOSITION
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF TEARS
TEAR pH
OSMOTIC PRESSURE
OTHER PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF TEAR (Table 3.2)
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF TEAR FLUID
LIPIDS
Cholesterol
PROTEINS
Tear Albumin
Lysozyme
Lactoferrin
Transferrin
Ceruloplasmin
Immunoglobulins
Complement
Glycoproteins
Antiproteinases
METABOLITES
Glucose
Urea
Amino Acids
Lactate
Histamine
Prostaglandins
Catecholamines, Dopamine, Noradrenaline and Dopa
ELECTROLYTES AND HYDROGEN IONS
Sodium
Calcium
Magnesium
Chloride
Bicarbonate
ENZYMES
Enzymes of Energy Producing Metabolisms
Lactate Dehydrogenase
Lysosomal Enzymes
Amylase
Peroxidase
Plasminogen Activator
Collagenase
DRUGS EXCRETED IN TEARS
APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY
HYPOSECRETION OF TEARS
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR TEAR HYPOSECRETIONS (Table 3.10)
Tear Film Break-up Time (BUT)
Schirmer's Test
Vital Dye Staining
Lysozyme Assay
Tear Globulin Assay
Tear Osmolarity
Biopsy of the Conjunctiva
HYPERSECRETION OF TEARS
PHYSIOLOGICAL DIAGNOSTIC TEST FOR HYPERSECRETIONS
Jones I (Primary) Test
Jones II (Secondary Irrigation) Test
Fluorescein Dye Disappearance Test
SPECIAL TESTS
Intubation Dacryocystography
Scintillography (Radionuclide Testing)
Color Doppler Scanography
CHAPTER 4:
Contact Lenses and Ocular Lubrication
CONTACTS AND DRY EYE SYNDROME
CONTACTS AND AIR CONDITIONING
CONTACTS AND COMPUTER VISION SYNDROME
WHY SHOULD WE PREFER PRESERVATIVE-FREE ARTIFICIAL TEARS?
DOES GOOD CORNEAL WETTING ALLOW PATIENTS TO USE CONTACTS OVERNIGHT (WHILE ASLEEP)?
DOES GOOD CORNEAL WETTING AVOID CORNEAL RESHAPING DUE TO HARD CONTACTS?
DOES GOOD CORNEAL WETTING PROTECT FROM ACANTHAMOEBA KERATITIS?
DOCTOR, CAN I MAKE MY OWN TEAR SUBSTITUTE
DOES CORNEAL WETTING EASE CONTACT LENS FITTING?
CONTACT LENS MAINTENANCE AND ARTIFICIAL TEAR SUBSTITUTES
CONTACT LENSES AND GLAUCOMA PATIENTS
GLAUCOMA FILTERING BLEBS
CONTACT LENSES AND OINTMENTS
THERAPEUTIC CONTACT LENSES
WHICH IS OUR PREFERRED ARTIFICIAL TEAR SUBSTITUTE IN CONTACT LENS WEARERS?
CAN WE SAFELY USE CONTACTS AFTER REFRACTIVE SURGERY?
LUBRICATION WITH THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONTACT LENSES
CONTACT LENS CARE
DOCTOR, HOW OFTEN SHOULD I HAVE TO PUT DROPS IN MY EYES WHEN WEARING MY CONTACT LENSES?
DOCTOR, ONE OR MORE DROPS EACH TIME?
DOCTOR, DOES SMOKING A PACK OF CIGARETTES PER DAY MAKE DRY EYES WORSE?
CHAPTER 5:
Contact Lens Materials and Properties
INTRODUCTION
RIGID LENS MATERIALS
SOFT LENS MATERIALS
NON-HEMA MATERIALS
FDA CLASSIFICATION OF HYDROGEL MATERIALS
CONTACT LENS PROPERTIES
CHAPTER 6:
Topographic and Pachymetric Changes Induced by Contact Lenses
INTRODUCTION
REFRACTIVE SURGERY IN CONTACT LENS WEARERS
PARAMETRIC DESCRIPTORS OF CORNEAL TOPOGRAPHY
SOFT LENS-INDUCED CORNEAL CHANGES
RGP LENS-INDUCED CORNEAL CHANGES
CONCLUSION
SECTION 2: CONTACT LENSES DESIGNS AND THEIR FITTINGS
CHAPTER 7:
Advanced Orthokeratology
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
LIMITATIONS OF EARLY ORTHOKERATOLOGY
REVERSE GEOMETRY LENSES
Patient Selection Criteria
Permanency and Regression
Day versus Night Therapy
ADVANCED ORTHOKERATOLOGY
CORNEAL TOPOGRAPHY ASSESSMENT
SAGITTAL HEIGHT FITTING METHOD
POSSIBLE MECHANISMS
POSSIBLE COMPLICATIONS
Corneal Distortion
Corneal Indentation
Central Steepening
Surface Asymmetry and Irregularity
Corneal Erosion or Infection
SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
CHAPTER 8:
Rigid Gas-Permeable Contact Lenses
INTRODUCTION
PMMA REHABILITATION
RGP MATERIALS
RGP DESIGNS
CALCULATIONS
TROUBLESHOOTING
FLUORESCEIN PATTERNS
RGPs FOR PRESBYOPIA
CARE SYSTEMS
FITTING TORIC CORNEAS
FITTING KERATOCONUS
FITTING PENETRATING KERATOPLASTY
FITTING POSTREFRACTIVE SURGERY
REVERSE GEOMETRY LENSES
CHAPTER 9:
Soft Contact Lens Fitting
INTRODUCTION
SOFT LENS HISTORY, MATERIALS AND DESIGN
BASIC FITTING CONCEPTS
REPLACEMENT FREQUENCY
SPHERICAL SOFT LENSES
ASTIGMATIC LENSES
CORRECTION OF PRESBYOPIA
EXTENDED WEAR SOFT LENSES
SPECIAL SITUATIONS
DRY EYE
IRREGULAR ASTIGMATISM
SOFT LENS COMPLICATIONS
SOFT LENS CARE
PATIENT AND PRACTICE MANAGEMENT
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 10:
Advances in Soft Lens Fitting
GENERAL FEATURES OF SOFT LENSES
SELECTION OF LENS PARAMETERS FOR FITTING
EVALUATION OF SOFT LENS FIT
TEAR FILM AND BLINKING EFFECTS ON FITTING
CHARACTERISTICS OF HYDROGEL MATERIALS
MATERIAL CHEMISTRY
WATER CONTENT
THICKNESS
OXYGEN TRANSMISSIBILITY (Dk/t)
CRITICAL Dk/t VALUES
IONIC CHARGE
DEHYDRATION
CHOICE OF SOFT LENS MODALITY
CONVENTIONAL DAILY WEAR LENSES
FORTNIGHTLY/MONTHLY DISPOSABLE LENSES
DAILY DISPOSABLE LENSES
SILICONE-HYDROGEL EXTENDED WEAR DISPOSABLE LENSES
COLORED LENSES
CHOOSING LENSES FOR PATIENTS
HIGH MYOPIA
HYPERMETROPIA
LOW TO MODERATE MYOPIA
ASTIGMATISM
PRESBYOPIA
STEEP CURVATURE CORNEA
PART-TIME WEARER
SYMPTOMS OF DRYNESS
FURTHER INFORMATION
CHAPTER 11:
Special Contact Lens Designs for Unique Problems
INTRODUCTORY COMMENTS
WHAT IS THE PATIENT'S EXACT PROBLEM WHICH THEY WANT TO IMPROVE?
WHAT ARE THE PATIENT'S EXPECTATIONS?
WHAT ARE THE EXPECTATIONS OF PEOPLE WHO ARE CLOSE TO THE PATIENT?
WHAT MODALITIES PRESENTLY EXIST THAT ADDRESS THE PATIENT'S PROBLEM[S] ?
GENERAL COMMENTS ON THE ELEMENTS THAT COMPRISE “LENS PERFORMANCE”
LENS MOVEMENT
LENS POSITION
LENS COMFORT
NATURAL APPEARANCE
VISION
OCULAR HEALTH
OCULAR MEASUREMENTS AND OBSERVATIONS
CORNEAL CURVATURE
HORIZONTAL VISIBLE IRIS DIAMETER
IRIS COLOR AND ARCHITECTURE
PUPILLARY DIAMETER
LENS CONFIGURATIONS
SOLID TRANSLUCENT OR OPAQUE LENS
SOLID TRANSLUCENT OR OPAQUE ANNULUS LENS (FIGURE 11.7)
SOLID OPAQUE IRIS IMAGERY LENS WITH CLEAR OR BLACK PUPIL (FIGURES 11.8 AND 11.9)
SEMI-STOCK PROSTHETIC LENSES
PUPILLARY BLOCK LENS
CORNEAL PROBLEMS
ARCUS SENILIS OR JUVENILIS
SCARRED CORNEAS (FIGURES 11.13 AND 11.14)
MICRO-CORNEA (FIGURES 11.20 TO 11.23)
ABNORMALITIES INVOLVING THE IRIS AND PUPIL
ANISOCORIA
IRIS COLOBOMA
POLYCORIA
ANIRIDIA (FIGURE 11.34)
HETEROCHROMIA
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE LENS
PUPILLARY BLOCK LENS
AMBLYOPIA
DIPLOPIA
PHOTOPHOBIA
COLOR DEFICIENCY
CONCLUDING REMARKS
CHAPTER 12:
Contact Lens Fitting in Refractive Surgery
CONTACT LENS FITTING AFTER RADIAL KERATOTOMY
INDICATIONS FOR CONTACT LENS FITTING IN RK SURGERY
FITTING PROCEDURE
CHOICE OF RGP TRIAL LENSES
FITTING TECHNIQUE
POST FITTING COMPLICATIONS and FAILURES
CONTACT LENS FITTING AFTER PHOTOREFRACTIVE KERATECTOMY (PRK)
INDICATIONS FOR POST-PRK CONTACT LENS FITTING
CONTACT LENS FITTING IN LASIK SURGERY
CONTACT LENS FITTING BEFORE LASIK SURGERY
FELLOW EYE
CORNEAL WARPAGE
CONTACT LENS FITTING IN POST-LASIK PHASE
IMMEDIATE POST LASIK SURGERY PERIOD
EARLY POST-LASIK SURGERY PERIOD
CHAPTER 13:
Toric Contact Lenses
INTRODUCTION
ASTIGMATISM
CONTACT LENS CORRECTION OF ASTIGMATISM
TORIC LENS STABILIZATION METHOD
Prism Ballasting
Truncation
Periballasting (Figure 13.6)
Dynamic Stabilization (Double Slab off)
TORIC SOFT CONTACT LENS FITTING
Prefitting Assessment
Parameters for Successful Fit
TORIC LENS FITTING
Initial Lens Power Selection
USEFUL TIPS FOR TORIC LENS FITTING
DISPENSING AND FOLLOW-UP CARE OF TORIC LENSES (CARE AND MAINTENANCE)
RIGID TORIC CONTACT LENS
BITORIC RGP LENS
FRONT SURFACE TORIC RGP LENS
CHAPTER 14:
Therapeutic Lenses or Bandage Contact Lenses
INDICATIONS OF BCL
FITTING OF BANDAGE CONTACT LENS
PRINCIPLES OF THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY
CHAPTER 15:
Contact Lenses for Children
INTRODUCTION
HOW DOES IT DIFFER FROM ADULT?
INDICATIONS FOR CONTACT LENSES IN CHILDREN
REFRACTIVE
Aphakia
Anisometropia
Myopia
Accommodative Esotropia
Astigmatism
Keratoconus
COSMETIC
Aniridia, Albinism and Nystagmus28
Ocular Disfigurement
THERAPEUTIC USES
Amblyopia and Occlusion
Corneal Ulceration
MISCELLANEOUS USES
SELECTING CONTACT LENS TYPE
HARD CONTACT LENSES
SOFT CONTACT LENSES
SILICONE CONTACT LENSES
DAILY WEAR V/S EXTENDED WEAR
FITTING TECHNIQUE
INSERTION AND REMOVAL
INSERTION
REMOVAL
FOLLOW-UP
CONSIDERATIONS
GENERAL
Age of the Child
Training Parents
OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
Emotional Factor
Lens Loss
Noncompliance
Prescription Changes
COMPLICATIONS
CONCLUSION
SECTION 3: MISCELLANEOUS
CHAPTER 16:
Acanthaemoeba Keratitis
INTRODUCTION
MICROBIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL FEATURES
PATHOLOGY
DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
MEDICAL
Topical Corticosteroids
Penetrating Keratoplasty
CHAPTER 17:
Visual Acuity with Contact Lenses versus LASIK in Myopia
INTRODUCTION
OPTICAL PHYSIOLOGY
RETINAL IMAGE FOR AN EMMETROPE
RETINAL IMAGE FOR A MYOPE
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 18:
The Use of Contact Lenses in the Athletic World
INTRODUCTORY COMMENTS
GENERAL ADVANTAGES OF CONTACT LENSES
DISADVANTAGES OF CONTACT LENSES
EXTERNAL MEASUREMENTS OF THE EYE
PUPIL SIZE
LID STRUCTURE AND LID ACTION
PRESCRIPTION OF THE LENS
CORNEAL CURVATURE
THE INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CORNEAL ASTIGMATISM AND REFRACTIVE ASTIGMATISM
LENS TYPES
RIGID GAS-PERMEABLE LENSES
LENS MATERIAL
LENS DESIGNS
A BASIC RGP LENS DESIGN
A LID-ATTACHMENT LENS DESIGN
ULTRA-THIN LENS DESIGNS
ATHLETIC LENS DESIGNS
ASPHERIC LENS DESIGNS
RIGID GAS-PERMEABLE LENS EVALUATION
LENS POSITION
LENS MOVEMENT
VISION
LENS COMFORT
FLUORESCEIN PATTERNS
POSTWEAR PHYSIOLOGY
SIGNIFICANT POINTS
SOFT LENSES
INTRODUCTORY COMMENTS
LENS MATERIAL
SOFT LENS DESIGN
DIAMETER
ANTERIOR OPTIC ZONE
CENTER THICKNESS
ASTIGMATISM
SOFT LENS EVALUATION
LENS POSITION
LENS MOVEMENT
VISION
COMFORT
POSTWEAR PHYSIOLOGY
THE COMBINATION LENS
SCLERAL LENS DESIGNS
LENSES FOR COLOR DEFICIENCIES
DISPOSABLE OR PLANNED REPLACEMENT LENS SYSTEMS
CONTACT LENSES IN THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT
POSTWEAR OCULAR HEALTH
HYGIENE AND SAFETY AND THE ROLE OF THE ATHLETIC TRAINER
CONCLUDING REMARKS
CHAPTER 19:
Therapeutics of Contact Lens Care System
INTRODUCTION
HARD CONTACT LENSES
RIGID GAS PERMEABLE (RGP) LENSES
DAILY WEAR SOFT CONTACT LENSES
EXTENDED WEAR CONTACT LENSES
DISPOSABLE SOFT CONTACT LENSES
TORIC SOFT LENSES
BIFOCAL CONTACT LENSES
CONTACT LENS CARE PRODUCTS
HARD AND RIGID GAS PERMEABLE LENSES
HARD (PMMA) CONTACT LENS PRODUCTS
STORAGE/SOAKING SOLUTIONS
WETTING SOLUTIONS
CLEANING, SOAKING AND WETTING SOLUTIONS (HARD LENSES)
CLEANING SOLUTIONS AND GELS (HARD LENSES)
RIGID GAS PERMEABLE CONTACT LENS PRODUCT
DISINFECTING/WETTING/SOAKING SOLUTIONS (RGP LENSES)
CLEANING/SOAKING SOLUTIONS (RGP LENSES)
SOFT (HYDROGEL) CONTACT LENS PRODUCTS
CHEMICAL (COLD) SYSTEM
SOFT LENS REWETTING SOLUTIONS
Rinsing/Storage Solutions (Soft Lenses)
Surfactant Cleaning Solutions (Soft Lenses)
Enzymatic Cleaners
Rewetting Solutions (Soft Lenses)
Chemical Disinfection Systems (Soft Lenses)
RECENT ADVANCES IN SOFT CONTACT LENS CARE SYSTEM
APPENDIX 1:
Appendix 1
INDEX
TOC
Index
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