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Textbook of Sociology for Physiotherapy Students
KP Neeraja
1:
Introduction
METHODS OF SOCIAL INVESTIGATIONS
Social Survey Approach
Definition
Characteristics
Subject Matter of Social Survey
Uses of Survey Method
Advantages of Survey Approach
Disadvantages
Types of Survey
Descriptive Survey
Evaluation Survey
Comparative Survey
Activity Analysis
Trend Studies
Short-term Survey
Long-term Survey
Exploratory Survey
Developmental Studies
Cross-sectional Studies
Regular or Adhoc Survey
Official Survey
Non-official Survey
Direct Survey (Personal/Primary Survey)
Indirect Survey/Secondary Survey
Postal Survey
Initial Survey
Repetitive Survey
Open Survey
Confidential Survey
Comprehensive Survey
Limited Survey
The Process of Survey Research
CASE STUDY
Introduction
Evaluation and Scope
Objects of Case Study
Definition
Meaning
Characteristics of Case Study Method
Methods of Data Collection
Assumptions
Phases Involved in Case Study
Advantages
Disadvantages
OPINION POLL METHOD
QUESTIONNAIRE
Definition
Questionnaire (Survey Instrument)
Items
Respondents
Interviewer
Characteristics of Questionnaire
Analytical Questions
Clarity and Concise/Precise
Linguistic, Completeness and Grammatical Consistency
Steps in Questionnaire Construction
Introduction/Instruction
Elements of Questioning Method
Content of Questioning
Order/Sequence of Questions
Problems in Construction of Questionnaire
Advantages of Questionnaire
Disadvantages
Types
Structured Question
Pictorial Question
Open Ended Question
Closed Ended Question
Types of Closed Questionnaire
Dichotomous Items
Multiple-choice Questions
Cafeteria Questions
Closed Ended with Ordered Choice or Objective Type
Closed Ended with Unordered Response Choices
Partially Closed Ended Questions
Step Ladder/Rank Order Questions
Checklist or Matrix Questions
Graphic Rating Scale
Direct Vs Indirect Approach or Coming in Front Door vs Coming in Back Door
OBSERVATION
Meaning
Definition
Four Broad Questions that Confront the Researcher
Features
Phenomena Amenable to Observation
Units of Observation
Steps in Observation schedule
Quantifying Observation
Recording
Testing
Advantages
Disadvantages
Aids to Observation
Observational Sampling
Observational Methods
Unstructured Observation
Structured Observation
Types
THE INTERVIEW
Definition
Characteristics
Objectives
Instrument for Interview
Preparatory Process on Technique of Interview
Process of Interview
Technique of Interview
Qualities of Good Interviewer
Types
Advantages
Disadvantages
Importance of Study of Sociology with Special Reference to Health Care Professionals
Relationship of Sociology with other Social Disciplines
Sociology and Social Psychology
Sociology and Economics
Sociology and Anthropology
History and sociology
Sociology and Political sociology
Biology and Sociology
Application of Knowledge of Sociology in Physiotherapy
Application of Knowledge of Sociology in Occupational Therapy
2:
Sociology and Health
CONCEPT OF HEALTH
Changing Concept of Health
Biomedical Concept
Ecological Concept
Psychosocial Concept
Holistic Concept
Coordinating Concept
Definition of Health
PHILOSOPHY OF HEALTH
Dimensions
Physical Dimension
Social Dimension
Spiritual Dimension
Emotional Dimension
Mental Dimension
Characteristics of Mentally Healthy Individual
Vocational Dimension
Non-medical Dimension
Positive Health
Spectrum of Health
Determinants of Health
Heredity
Environment
Indicators of Health
Concept of Community Health
Definition
Concept of Disease
Definition
Spectrum of Disease
Supernatural Theory
Germ Theory
Multi-factorial Theory
Synonyms of Disease
Natural History of Disease
Host Factor
Environmental Factors
Risk Groups/Target Groups
Spectrum of Disease/Gradient of Infection
Iceberg Phenomenon of Disease
Social Consciousness
Perception of Illness
Social Factors Affecting Health Status
Social Factors Affecting Illness
Decision Making in Taking Treatment
Pre-disposing Factors in Decision-making
INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIETY
Individualisation
Definition
Aspects of Individualisation
Society
Definition
Meaning of Society
Elements of Society
Characteristics of society
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIETY
Historical Evidences
Role of Physiotherapist in Indian Society
Direct Health Care Provider to the Community
As a Health Educator
Manager and Supervisor
Planner
Researcher
HEREDITY AND ENVIRONMENT
HEREDITY
Nature of Heredity
Determinants
Principles
Laws
Importance of Heredity in Education
ENVIRONMENT
Definition
Types of Environment
Emotional Environment
Social Environment
Cultural Environment
Function of Environment
Role of Environment
Importance of Heredity and Environment
The Role of Parents
Role of Teacher
Physical Development
Mental Development
Social Development
3:
Social System
SOCIAL VALUES
Definition
Meaning
Function
Aspects of Values
Conflicts between Values
SOCIALISATION
Definition
Concept of Socialisation
Meaning
Aims
Characteristics
Importance
Process
Factors in Socialisation Process
Imitation
Suggestion
Identification
Language
Role of Socialisation
Theories of Socialisation/Development of the Self
Cooley's Theory (Looking-glass self)
George Herbert Mead's Theory
Sigmund Freud's Theory
W I Thomas Theory
Durkheim's Theory
Stages of Socialisation
The Oral Stage (first stage)
The Anal Stage (second stage)
Oedipal Stage (third stage)
Adolescence Stage (fourth stage)
Types Classification
Agencies
Family and Parents
School
Teachers
Playmates, Peer Group/Friends
Religion
Literature and Mass Media
State
Elements of Socialisation
Influence of Social Factors in Personality Development
Factors or Variables to be Considered in Personality Analysis
Social Factors
School
Environment
Socialisation in Hospitals
Language
Identification
Suggestion
Imitation
Socialisation in the Rehabilitation of the Clients
Definition of Rehabilitation
Types
4:
Social Groups
5:
Family
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
General Characteristics
IMPORTANCE OF FAMILY
Social Control in Family
Functions
Types of Family
On the Basis of Authority
On the Basis of Residence
On the Basis of Ancestry
On the Basis of Marriage
Based on Dominance
MODERN FAMILY
Meaning
Structure
Recent Trends in Modern Family
Problems of Modern Family
Disorganisation of Modern Family
Causes of Instability in Modern Family
Changes in the Modern Family
JOINT FAMILY
Definition
Characteristics
Advantages
Disadvantages
Factors Causing Disintegration of Joint Family
Basic needs of Family
Impact of Sickness on the Family
FAMILY PLANNING
Introduction
Definition
Scope of Family Planning Services
Health Aspects of Family Planning
Women's Health
Foetal Health
Child Health
Child Growth, Development and Nutrition
PSYCHOSOMATIC ILLNESS
Introduction
Definition
Aetiology
Characteristics
Common Psychosomatic Disorders
Psychopathology
Diagnosis
Treatment
6:
Community
INTRODUCTION
Definition
Meaning
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNITY (CHARACTERISTICS)
Size of Community
Regulation of Relations
Dependency
Benefits of Community Life
Types
RURAL COMMUNITY
Introduction
Definition of Village
Definition of Rural Community
Meaning (Village Community)
Characteristics of Village or Rural Community
Hazards of Ruralities (Problems of Villages)
Remedial Measures to Overcome Rural Problems
Goals
URBAN COMMUNITY
Introduction
Definition
Features of Urban Community
Namelessness
Homelessness
Class Extremes
Social Heterogeneity
Social Distance
Energy and Speed
Secondary Control
Social Mobility
Voluntary Associations
Individuality
Lack of Community Feeling
Lack of Unity in the Family
Moral Laxity
Unbalanced Personality
Rationalism
Dynamism
Segmentation
Bureaucratic organisation
Interpersonal Relationship
Size of Population
Density of Population
Hazards of Urbanisation
Causes
Problems
Family Disharmony
Housing and Slum Formation
Depersonalisation
Potable Water Supply
Drainage
Transport and Traffic
Power Shortage
Psychosocial Aspects of Urbanisation
Solutions to Urban Problems
Health Hazards Associated with Urbanisation
Causes
Strategies to Improve Urban Health Problems
PUBLIC HEALTH
Definition
Role of Urban Community in Maintaining Public Health
Role of Rural Community in Maintaining Public Health
Role of Community in Determining Beliefs, Practices and Home Remedies in Treatment
Health Beliefs in Community
Home Remedies for Certain Diseases
TRIBE
Introduction
Definition
CHARACTERISTICS OF TRIBE
Economic and Political Conditions
Tribal Problems
Tribal Welfare Activities
7:
Culture and Health
INTRODUCTION
Definition
Meaning
Characteristics
Types of Culture
Functions of Culture
Organisation of Culture
Cultural Trait
Cultural Pattern
Cultural Area
Folk Ways
Mores
Norms
Laws
Customs
Nature
Social Importance of Customs
Cultural Variations/Cultural Growth
Factors of Cultural Variations
Process of Cultural Variation
Cultural Diffusion
Accommodation
Cross Fertilisation
Acculturisation
Assimilation
Accumulation
Enculturisation
Ethnocentrism
Components of Culture
Symbols
Language
Values
Norms
Folkways
Mores
Laws
Sanctions
Beliefs
Non-normative Ways of Behaviour
Subculture of Medical Workers
CULTURAL LAG
Impact of Culture on Human Behaviour
Culture Induced Symptoms and Diseases
Civilisation
Definition
Cultural Factors Affecting Health and Diseases
Customs
Beliefs
8:
Social Stratification
FACTORS OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
Difference in Human Being
Biological Group
Birth
Based on Race
Socio-cultural Basis
Equilibrium
Forms of Social Stratification
Basis for Class Stratification
Caste System
Definition
Characteristics
Merits of Caste System (Conditions favouring Caste system)
Demerits (Unfavourable factors)
Features of Modern Caste System and its Trends
Causes for the Changes in Caste System
9:
Social Change
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
Nature
FACTORS AFFECTING SOCIAL CHANGE
MAIN TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS
Introduction of Machines in Industries
Development of the Means of Communication
Development of Means of Transport
Development of New Agricultural Techniques
SOCIAL EFFECTS OF TECHNOLOGY
Process of Social Change
SOCIAL EVOLUTION
Definition
Meaning
Principles of Social Evolution
The Concept of Social Evolution in Sociological Studies
SOCIAL PROGRESS
Definition
Factors Influencing Nature of Social Progress
Ingredients of Social Progress
Nature/Characteristics
Development
Social Deviation and Social Change
Definition
Types
Factors Facilitating Deviance
Social Significance of Deviant Behaviour
Disorganisation
Benefits Towards Social Organisation
Social Change and Human Adaptation
Changes in Family Organisation and Relations
Changes in Social Life
The Effects of Social Change on State
SOCIAL WELFARE PLANNING IN INDIA
Objectives
Welfare Activities—Goals
Steps in Organisation of Social Welfare
Social Change and Stress
Definition of Stress
Social Change and Health Programmes
Social Planning
Definition
Aims
Difficulties in Implementing Social Planning
Social Planning in India
The Role of Social Planning in the Improvement of Health and Rehabilitation Pre-planning
Steps in Planning Cycle
10:
Social Control
11:
Social Problems
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
Every Social Problem Implies Three Things
Nature of Social Problem
Classification of Social Problem
JUVENILE DELINQUENCY
Definition
Causes of Juvenile Delinquency
Social Causes
Defects in the School
Influence of Cinemas or Movies
Physical Abnormalities
War and Post-war Condition
Social Disorganisation
Displacement
Psychological Causes
Personality Defects
Economic Causes
CONTROL OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY
Behaviour Therapy
Family Therapy
Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency
UNEMPLOYMENT
Definition
FORMS (TYPES)
Causes
Personal Factors
Technological Factor
Economic Factor
Excessive Increase in the Population
Limited Land
Lack of Subsidiary Industries
Agriculture depends upon Rain
Unscientific and Absolute Methods of Cultivation
Subdivision of Land
Main Reasons given for Unemployment among the Educated were
Disorganisation of Agriculture
Evil Effect of Unemployment
Unemployment and Personal Disorganisation
Unsteady Employment
New Entrants
Unemployment and Low Health
Unemployment and Family Disorganisation
Unemployment and Community Disorganisation
Remedial Measures for Unemployment
Removal of Personal Disabilities
Economic Development to Remove Poverty and Unemployment
Development of Agriculture
Removal of Seasonal Unemployment
Unemployment Owing to Difficulties in the Migration of Labour and Change in Technology
Remedies for Agriculture Unemployment
PROSTITUTION
Definition
Constituents
Elements
Causes
Causes of Prostitution in Unmarried Person
Among Married Persons
Among Widowers
For Women
Among Males
Type
The Overt Prostitute
Clandestine Group
Evil Effects of Prostitution
Personal Disorganisation
Family Disorganisation
Community Disorganisation
Legislation and Prostitution
Social Control of Prostitution
Prevention of Prostitution
Prevention of Prostitution (Act 1923)
Social Aspects of Sexually Transmitted Diseases
POVERTY
Definition
Types
Measurement of Poverty
Per Capita Income
Causes of Poverty
Political Factor
Biological Factor
Poverty and Disorganisation
Remedial Measures for Poverty
Anti-poverty Programmes
Aims
Socio-economic Programmes (1958)
Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP 1972–73)
Training of Rural Youth for Self-employment (TRYSEM 15th Aug, 1979)
Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP, 1980, Oct 2nd)
Employment Guarantee Scheme (EGS 1981)
Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA 1982–83)
Employment and Income Generating Training cum Employment cum Production Units (1982–83)
Self Employment to Educated Unemployment Youth (SEEUY 1983–84)
Self Employment Programme for Urban Poor (SEPUP 1986)
Support to Training cum Employment Programmes for Women (STEP 1986)
Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY 1989)
Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS 1993)
Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY April, 1999)
Self Help Groups (SHGS)
Development of Women and Children in Urban Areas (DWCUA)
Grants in Aid for Assistance
BEGGARY
Definition
Causes
Types
Able-bodied Adult Beggar
Able-bodied Child Beggar
Hereditary Beggar
Sick or Diseased Beggar
Infirm or Old
Techniques Employed
Remedial Measures
ALCOHOLISM
Introduction
Definition
Properties of Alcohol
Process of Alcoholism
Types of Drinkers
Moderate Drinkers
Problem Drinkers
Causes of Drinking
PATHOGENESIS IN ALCOHOLISM
Clinical Features
Evil Effects of Alcoholism
Complication of Alcohol Dependence
Medical
Psychiatric Disorders
Treatment
Therapeutic Modalities
Psychotherapy
Cue Exposure Technique
Supportive Psychotherapy
Behaviour Modification Techniques
Family Therapy
Treatment of the Client with Withdrawal Effects
Detoxification
Alcohol Deterrent Therapy
PROBLEMS OF WOMEN IN MODERN INDIA
Introduction
Increasing Crimes Against Women
Female Children are Becoming Victims of Discrimination
Health Problems for Women
Problems of Working Women
OVER-POPULATION
Population Problems have Many Facets
Rapid Population Growth and its Impact
Evil Effects/Consequences of Over Population
Population Growth and National Income
Changes in the Environment
Need for Population Control
UNMARRIED MOTHERS
SOLVATION OF SOCIAL PROBLEMS
SOCIAL PLANNING
Definition
Aims
Difficulties in Implementing Social Planning
Social Planning in India
12:
Social Security
DISABILITY ACT (1995)
The Cardinal Rights of the Disabled Act
Rehabilitation
Limitations of Disability Act, 1995
Role of Physiotherapist, Social Worker in the Implementation of the Disabled Act
Merits and Demerits of Social Legislation
13:
Social Work
METHODS OF SOCIAL WORK
Social Case Work
Indication
Components
Stages
Case Study
Diagnosis
Treatment
Social Group Work
Purposes
Principles of Group Work
Methods and Activities
Community Organisation
Steps in Community Organisation
Methods, Techniques and Media
Social Action
Techniques of Social Action
Social Work Administration
Process
Social Research
FIELD OF SOCIAL WORK
Child Welfare Services
Youth Welfare
Women's Welfare Services
Services for the Aged
Services for the Infirmaries
Welfare Services for the Handicapped Individuals
Social Defence
Community Welfare Services
ROLE OF MEDICO-SOCIAL WORKER (MSW)
The Areas of Work by the MSW
14:
Evaluation
INTRODUCTION
Educational Evaluation
Meaning
Scope of Evaluation
Characteristics of a Good Evaluation
Principles of Evaluation
Purposes of Evaluation
FUNCTIONS OF EVALUATION
Educational Programme
Evaluation and Teacher
Evaluation and Administrator
Evaluation—Students
Types of Evaluation
Feasibility Evaluation
Formative Evaluation
Certifying Evaluation or Summative Evaluation
Maintenance Evaluation
Student Evaluation
Aims
Steps in Student Evaluation
EVALUATION TOOLS
Evaluating the Student
Methods of Evaluation
Methods of Assessing Attitude
Tools to Assess Skills
Cognitive Tests
Educational Test or Achievement Tests
Standardised Tests
Characteristics
Teacher-made Test
Uses
Limitations
Qualitative Techniques
TYPES OF QUESTIONS
Essay Type Examinations or Essay Test
Features of Essay Questions
Types of Essay Questions
Extended Response
Restricted Responses
Principles for Preparing Essay Type Test
Scoring Problem
Advantages
Disadvantages
Short Open Answer Type Tests (Restricted response tests)
Principles for Preparing Short Type Item
Advantages
Disadvantages
Objective Type Tests
Forms of Objective Type Tests
Merits of Objective Type
Disadvantages
Limitations
Multiple Choice Items
Directions for Preparation of Multiple-choice Items
Advantages
Disadvantages
Variations of the Multiple-choice Format
One Correct Answer
Best answer
Analogy Type
Reserve Type/Negative Variety of Multiple-choice Item
Limitations of Multiple-choice Items
The alternate-response Items
True and False Items
Directions for Preparation of True or False Items
Right-wrong Variety
Cluster Variety
The Context-dependent Items
Objective Test Item based on Pictorial Materials
Interpretative Test
Uses
Limitations
Advantages of Alternate Response Items
Limitations
Matching Type Item
Directions for Preparation of Matching Type Items
Uses of Matching Tests
Advantages
Limitations
Problem-situation Test
Advantages
Disadvantages
Oral Examinations
Aim
Advantages
Disadvantages
Practical Examination
Purposes
Physical Arrangements for Conduct of Examination
Procedure
Advantages
Disadvantages
Question Bank
Purposes of Question Bank
15:
Leadership
INTRODUCTION
Definition
Meaning
Nature
Elements in Leadership
Principles of Leadership
ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF LEADERSHIP
Psychoanalysis
Heredity
Social Stimulation
Personality
Emergence of a Leader
Leadership Training
Internal Organisational Exposure
Autonomy and Accountability
Opportunities for Interaction
Setting Challenging but Realistic Goals
Job Rotation
Theories Related to Leadership
Charismatic Leadership/Great Man Theory
Limitations
Trait Theory
Implications
Limitations
Behaviour Theory
Implications
Limitations
Situational Trait Theory/Contingency Theory
Situational Behaviour Theories
Path-goal Theory
The Expectancy Theory
Elements
Theory of Balance
Direct Leadership
Supportive Leadership Behaviour
Participative Leadership Behaviour
Achievement Oriented Behaviour
The Competencies of Leadership
Coach Style
Receiving Style
Physical Qualities
Intellectual Qualities
Moral Qualities
Social Qualities
TYPES OF LEADERSHIP
Importance of Leadership
Functions of Leader
Structure the Situation/Surrogator for Individual Responsibility
Controlling Group Behaviour
Speaking for the Group/Group Representative
Helping the Group to Achieve the Goals and Potentials
Autocratic Leadership/Authoritarian Leadership/Directive Leadership/Monothetic Style
Categories of Autocratic Leadership
Strict Autocrat
Benevolent Autocrat
Incompetent Autocrat
Advantages of Autocratic Leadership
Disadvantages
Democratic leadership/Participative leadership/Consultative leadership
Advantages
Limitations
Laissez-faire Leadership
Bibliography
INDEX
TOC
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