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Manual of Ophthalmic Diagnosis
E Ahmed
1:
Differential Diagnosis of Ocular Symptoms and Signs
OCULAR SYMPTOMS
Acute Red Eye
Causes
Investigations
Gradual Visual Loss in Senile Age-group
History
Examination
Causes
Acute Painless Visual Loss
Causes
Investigations for Acute Painless Visual Loss
Acute Painful Visual Loss
Causes
Transient Visual Loss (Amaurosis Fugax)
Causes
Ocular Pain
Causes
Orbital Pain
Causes
Investigations for Headaches
History
Complete Ocular Examination
Examination
Watering
Causes
Burning Sensation of Eyes
Causes
Conjunctival Discharge
Causes
Metamorphopsia (Distorsion of vision), Micropsia (Objects Appearing Smaller) and Macropsia (Objects Appearing Larger)
Causes
Double Vision (Diplopia)
Causes
Diplopia may be Horizontal, Vertical or Torsional
Itching of Eyes
Causes
Foreign Body Sensation
Causes
Photophobia
Causes
Night Blindness
Causes
Spots in Front of the Eye(s)
Causes
Haloes Round Lights
Causes
Flashes of Light (Photopsia)
Causes
Chromatopsia (Coloured Vision)
Causes
OCULAR SIGNS
Prominent Corneal Nerves
Causes
Heterochromic Irides
Causes
Iridescent Lens Particles
Causes
Acute Rise of Intraocular Pressure
Causes
Bone Corpuscle Pigment in the Fundus
Causes
Decreased Vision but Normal Fundus
Causes
Differential Diagnosis
Sheathing of the Retinal Veins (Periphlebitis)
Causes
Embolus in the Ocular Fundus
Macular Exudates
Causes
Chorioretinal Fold
Causes
Blind Spot Enlargement
Causes
Scotomata
Central and Centrocaecal Scotomas (Figs 1.5 and 1.6)
Arcuate (Bjerrum) Scotoma (Fig. 1.7)
Altitudinal Hemianopia
Causes
Binasal Hemianopia
Causes
Bitemporal Hemianopia (Fig. 1.8)
Causes
Homonymous Hemianopia (Fig.1.9)
Causes
Constriction of the Peripheral Fields
Causes
Quadrantanopia (Figs 1.10 to 1.12)
Dilated Episcleral Vessels
Causes
Decreased Scleral Rigidity
Causes
Extrinsic Muscle Thickening
Causes
Ocular Hypotony
Causes
Progressive Hypermetropia
Causes
Progressive Myopia
Causes
Colour Blindness (Figs 1.14A and B)
Inherited
Acquired
Hyphaema
Causes
Hypopyon
Restricted Ocular Motility
Causes
2:
Diseases of the Orbit
ANATOMY OF THE ORBIT—(See Fig. 2.1)
PROPTOSIS
Classification
Anatomical
According to Age Group of Patients
Investigations of Proptosis
History
Examination
Acute Orbital Cellulitis
Causes
Clinical Characteristics
Investigations
Examination
Orbital Pseudotumours
Clinical Characteristics
Specific Features of the Individual Types of Pseudotumours
Investigations
Differential Diagnosis
Dysthyroid Exophthalmos
Clinical Characteristics
Investigations
Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis
Causes
Clinical Characteristics
Carotido-cavernous Fistula
Causes
Clinical Characteristics (Fig. 2.4)
Investigations
Orbital Varix
Clinical Characteristics of Proptosis (Figs 2.5 and 2.6)
Investigations
Sphenoid Ridge Meningioma
Clinical Characteristics
Optic Nerve Glioma
Clinical Characteristics
Investigations
Lymphangioma
Clinical Characteristics
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Clinical Characteristics
Acute Leukaemia
Clinical Characteristics
Capillary Haemangioma
Clinical Characteristics
Malignant Orbital Tumours
Cystic Lesions
Causes
Dermoid Cyst
Clinical Characteristics (Fig. 2.7)
Shallow Orbits
Causes
Intermittent Proptosis
Causes
Pulsatile Proptosis
Causes
Enophthalmos (Fig. 2.8)
Causes
3:
Diseases of the Eyelids
ANATOMY
EXAMINATION OF THE EYELIDS
Palpebral Aperture
Position of the Eyelid and Lid Margin
Other Examinations
Average Normal Values
DIFFUSE LID SWELLING
Causes
Inflammatory
Non-inflammatory
Preseptal Cellulitis
Clinical characteristics
Differential diagnosis
Investigations
INFECTIONS OF LIDS
Causes
Lid Inflammations
Blepharitis
Clinical Characteristics
Chalazion (Fig. 3.4)
Clinical Characteristics
Stye (Fig. 3.5)
Clinical Characteristics
Tarsitis
Clinical Characteristics
Dermatitis
Causes
Molluscum Contagiosum
Clinical Characteristics
DISORDERS OF LID MARGINS
Entropion
Clinical Characteristics (Fig. 3.6)
Investigations
Ectropion
Clinical Characteristics (Fig. 3.7)
Investigations
PTOSIS
Classification
Congenital Ptosis
Neurogenic Ptosis
Myogenic Ptosis
Differential diagnosis
Investigations
Simple Congenital Ptosis
Clinical Characteristics
Myogenic Ptosis due to Myasthenia Gravis
Clinical Characteristics (Figs 3.11 and 3.12)
Marcus Gunn Jaw Winking Phenomenon
Clinical Characteristics (Figs 3.13 and 3.14)
Specific Types of Ptosis
Pseudoptosis
Causes
DISORDERS OF THE EYELASHES
Trichiasis
Clinical Characteristics
Madarosis
Causes
Poliosis
Causes
NODULAR LID SWELLING
Causes
Tumours of the Lids
Papilloma
Clinical Characteristics
Seborrhoeic Keratosis
Keratoacanthoma
Clinical Characteristics
Xeroderma Pigmentosum, see p. 337.
Basal Cell Carcinoma (Fig. 3.15)
Clinical Characteristics
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Clinical Characteristics
Carcinoma of Meibomian Gland
Clinical Characteristics
Differential Diagnosis
Carcinoma of Gland of Zeis
Clinical Characteristics
PIGMENTED LESIONS OF THE EYELID
Naevi
Oculodermal Melanocytosis (Naevus of Ota)
Precancerous Melanosis
Clinical Characteristics
Malignant Melanoma
Clinical Characteristics
VASCULAR TUMOURS
Cavernous Haemangioma
Clinical characteristics
Capillary Haemangioma
Clinical Characteristics
Naevus Flammeus
Clinical Characteristics
ULCERATIVE AND INFILTRATIVE LESIONS
CYSTIC LESIONS OF THE EYELID
Cyst of Zeis' Gland
Clinical Characteristics
Cyst of Moll's Gland
Clinical Characteristics
Sebaceous Cyst
Clinical Characteristics
Milia
Clinical Characteristics
Epidermal Inclusion Cyst
Clinical Characteristics
Superficial Dermoid Cyst
Clinical Characteristics (Fig. 3.16)
LID RETRACTION (Fig. 3.17)
Causes
Myogenic
Neurogenic
Paradoxical
Mechanical
Physiological
Miscellaneous
MISCELLANEOUS LID DISORDERS
Phthiriasis Palpebrarum
Dermatochalasis
Clinical Characteristics
Blepharochalasis
Clinical Characteristics
Facial Palsy
Clinical Characteristics
Essential Blepharospasm
Clinical Characteristics
EYELID MANIFESTATIONS OF SYSTEMIC DISEASES
Xanthelasma (Fig. 3.18)
Clinical Characteristics
Investigations
Other Systemic Diseases causing Lid Manifestations
FREQUENT BLINKING
Causes
INFREQUENT BLINKING
Causes
4:
Diseases of the Lacrimal Apparatus
ANATOMY OF THE LACRIMAL APPARATUS
DRY EYE SYNDROME
Classification
Causes
Tear Deficient Dry Eye
Evaporative Dry Eye
Clinical Characteristics
Differential Diagnosis
Investigations
STEVENS-JOHNSON SYNDROME (ERYTHEMA MULTIFOME MAJOR)
Causes
Clinical Characteristics
Differential Diagnosis
SJÖGREN'S SYNDROME
Causes
Clinical Characteristics
Investigations
HYPERSECRETION OF TEAR
Causes
PARADOXIC LACRIMATION (CROCODILE TEARS)
Causes
Clinical Characteristics
ACUTE DACRYOADENITIS
Clinical Characteristics
CHRONIC DACRYOADENITIS
Clinical Characteristics
LACRIMAL GLAND TUMOURS
Palpable Mass in the Upper and Outer Region of the Orbit
Causes
Investigations
Examination
PLEOMORPHIC ADENOMA (BENIGN MIXED CELL TUMOUR)
Clinical Characteristics
DACRYOPS
Clinical Characteristics
ATROPHY OF THE LACRIMAL GLAND
Causes
DISLOCATION OF LACRIMAL GLAND
Causes
EPIPHORA
Causes
In the Punctum and Canaliculus
In the Lacrimal Sac
In the Nasolacrimal Duct
In the Inferior Nasal Meatus
Failure of the Lacrimal Pump
Investigations
History
Examination
Special Examination
Causes
CANALICULITIS
Clinical Characteristics
CHRONIC DACRYOCYSTITIS
ACUTE DACRYOCYSTITIS
Clinical Characteristics
Differential Diagnosis
Facial Cellulitis
Acute Frontal Sinusitis
Acute Ethmoid Sinusitis
TUMOURS OF THE LACRIMAL SAC
Clinical Characteristics
5:
Diseases of the Conjunctiva
ANATOMY OF THE CONJUNCTIVA
INVESTIGATIONS IN CASE OF AN ACUTE RED EYE
History
Examination
CONJUNCTIVITIS
Classification
Acute Mucopurulent Conjunctivitis
Causes
Clinical Characteristics (Fig. 5.3)
Acute Purulent Conjunctivitis
Causes
Gonococcal Ophthalmia
Clinical Characteristics
Membranous and Pseudomembranous Conjunctivitis
Causes
Clinical Characteristics of Membranous and Pseudomembranous Conjunctivitis
Follicular Conjunctivitis
Causes
Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis
Clinical Characteristics
Pharyngoconjunctival Fever
Clinical Characteristics
Epidemic Haemorrhagic Conjunctivitis
Clinical characteristics
Primary Herpes
Clinical Characteristics
Adenoviral Keratoconjunctivitis
Trachoma Conjunctivitis
Clinical Characteristics
Molluscum Contagiosum
Clinical Characteristics
Chronic Toxic Conjunctivitis
Causes
Clinical Characteristics
Allergic Conjunctivitis
Allergic Dermatoconjunctivitis
Clinical Features
Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis
Clinical Characteristics
Differential Diagnosis
Phlyctenular Keratoconjunctivitis
Clinical Characteristics
Atopic Keratoconjunctivitis
Clinical Characteristics
Giant Papillary Conjunctivitis
Clinical Characteristics (Fig. 5.9)
Large Papillae on the Upper Tarsal Conjunctiva
Causes
Superior Limbic Keratoconjunctivitis
Clinical Characteristics
Cicatrizing Conjunctivitis
Causes
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (Erythema Multiforme Major)
Clinical Characteristics
CONJUNCTIVITIS DUE TO MISCELLANEOUS CAUSES
Causes
SYMPTOMATIC CONDITIONS
Arterial (Active) Conjunctival Hyperaemia
Causes
Venous (passive) Conjunctival Hyperaemia
Causes
Clinical Characteristics
Subconjunctival Haemorrhages
Causes
Clinical Characteristics
Chemosis
Causes
Clinical Characteristics
Conjunctival Xerosis
Causes
Clinical Characteristics of Epithelial Xerosis-WHO Classification
Symblepharon
Causes
Conjunctival Pigmentation
Causes
Acquired Conjunctival Pigmentation
Causes of Secondary Melanosis
Flat Deep Conjunctival Pigmentation
Clinical Characteristics
Congenital Pigmentation
NON-PIGMENTED CONJUNCTIVAL LESIONS
Degenerative Conditions
Pinguecula
Clinical Characteristics (Fig. 5.11)
Pterygium
Clinical Characteristics (Fig. 5.12)
Concretions (Lithiasis)
Clinical Characteristics
Granuloma
Causes
Bitot's Spots
Clinical Characteristics
CONJUNCTIVAL CYST (Fig. 5.14)
Clinical Characteristics of Lymphatic Cysts
CONJUNCTIVAL TUMOURS
Classification
a. Epithelial
b. Mesoblastic-like Lipoma
1. Vascular
2. Pigmented
C. Peripheral Nerve Tumours
Epibulbar Dermoid
Clinical Characteristics
Dermolipoma
Clinical Characteristics (Fig. 5.15)
Papilloma
Clinical Characteristics
Intraepithelial Epithelioma
Clinical Characteristics
Capillary Haemangioma
Clinical Characteristics
Lymphangioma
Clinical Characteristics
Naevus
Clinical Characteristics (Fig. 5.16)
Melanoma
Clinical Characteristics
Melanocytoma
Clinical Characteristics
Non-pigmented Melanoma
Malignant Melanoma
Clinical Characteristics
6:
Diseases of the Cornea
STRUCTURE OF THE CORNEA, (See Fig. 6.1)
METHODS OF EXAMINATION
Morphologic Classification of Keratitis
Epithelial
Lesions of Bowman's Membrane and Anterior Stroma
Stromal
Lesions of Descemet's membrane
Endothelial
CENTRAL ULCERATIVE KERATITIS
Bacterial Corneal Ulcer
Causes
Clinical Characteristics (Figs 6.5 and 6.6)
Investigations for Infective Corneal Ulcer
Examination
Corneal Opacity
VIRAL CORNEAL ULCER
HSV Keratitis
Infective
Non-infective
Dendritic Keratitis
Clinical Characteristics
Differential Diagnosis
Necrotizing Stromal Keratitis
Clinical Characteristics
Disciform Keratitis
Clinical Characteristics
Differential Diagnosis of HSV Keratitis
Investigations of HSV keratitis
History
Examination
Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus (Fig. 6.10)
Clinical Characteristics
MYCOTIC CORNEAL ULCER
MARGINAL ULCERATIVE KERATITIS (Fig. 6.12)
Bacterial Marginal Ulcer
Causes
Trachoma
Acanthamoeba Keratitis
Clinical Characteristics
Differential Diagnosis
Investigations
Allergic Ulcer
Mooren's Ulcer
Clinical Characteristics
Differential Diagnosis
Systemic Diseases causing Marginal Corneal Ulcer
NON-ULCERATIVE KERATITIS
Punctate Epithelial Erosions (PEE)
Causes
Clinical Characteristics
Punctate Epithelial Keratitis (PEK)
Clinical Characteristics
Thygeson's SPK
Clinical Characteristics
Punctate Subepithelial Keratitis (PSK)
Clinical characteristics
Nummular Keratitis
Clinical Characteristics
Stromal Keratitis
Interstitial Keratitis (IK)
Causes
Clinical Characteristics
NON-INFECTIOUS KERATITIS
Exposure Keratopathy (Keratitis e lagophthalmo)
Clinical Characteristics
Atheromatous Ulcer
ENDOTHELIAL LESIONS
Keratic Precipitates (KP)
Clinical Characteristics
Epithelial Oedema
Causes
Clinical Characteristics
Stromal Oedema
Causes
Corneal Deposits
Corneal Pigmentation
Melanin
Haematogenous
Metallic
Stahli-Hudson Line
Clinical Characteristics
Ferry's Line
Stocker's Line
Clinical Characteristics
Fleischer's Ring
Clinical Characteristics
Kayser-Fleischer Ring
CORNEAL DEGENERATIONS
Classification
Those Due to Ageing
Those Unrelated to Ageing
Arcus Senilis
Clinical Characteristics
Dellen
Causes
Clinical Characteristics
White Limbal Girdle
Clinical Characteristics
Band-shaped Keratopathy
Causes
Clinical Characteristics
Examination
Salzmann Nodular Degeneration
Causes
Clinical Characteristics
Lipoid Degeneration
Clinical Characteristics
Amyloid Degeneration
Climatic Keratopathy
Clinical Characteristics
Terrien Marginal Degeneration
Clinical Characteristics
Differential Diagnosis
Hyaline Degeneration
Coats' White Ring
Cornea Farinata
Clinical Characteristics
Mosaic Shagreen
Clinical characteristics
CORNEAL DYSTROPHIES
Classification
Epithelial
Anterior Membrane (Bowman Membrane)
Stromal
Endothelial
Meesmann's Juvenile Epithelial Dystrophy
Cogan Microcystic Dystrophy (Finger Print Map Dot Dystrophy)
Clinical Characteristics
Bleb-like Dystrophy
Vortex Dystrophy
Causes
Clinical Characteristics
Reis-Bucklers Ring-like Dystrophy
Clinical Characteristics (Fig. 6.13)
Grayson-Wilbrandt Anterior Membrane Dystrophy
Granular, Macular and Lattice Dystrophies
Clinical Characteristics (Figs 6.14 to 6.16)
Central Crystalline Dystrophy
Clinical Characteristics
Fuchs' Dystrophy and Cornea Guttata
Clinical Characteristics (Fig. 6.17)
Keratoconus (Conical Cornea, Ectatic Corneal Dystrophy)
Clinical Characteristics of Anterior Type
Congenital Hereditary Endothelial Dystrophy (CHED)
Clinical Characteristics
Keratectasia
Clinical Characteristics
ABNORMAL SIZE OF THE CORNEA
MISCELLANEOUS DISORDERS
Filamentary Keratopathy
Causes
Clinical Characteristics
Sclerosing Keratitis
Clinical Characteristics
Peripheral Thinning of the Cornea
Causes
Diminished Corneal Sensation
Causes
Pannus
Causes
7:
Diseases of the Sclera
INVESTIGATIONS FOR EPISCLERITIS AND SCLERITIS
EPISCLERITIS
Diffuse Episcleritis
Clinical Characteristics
Nodular Episcleritis
Clinical Characteristics (Fig. 7.1)
Differential Diagnosis
SCLERITIS
Diffuse Anterior Scleritis
Clinical Characteristics
Nodular Anterior Scleritis
Clinical Characteristics of Nodule (Fig. 7.2)
Necrotizing Scleritis with Inflammation
Clinical Characteristics
Necrotizing Scleritis without Inflammation (Scleromalacia Perforans)
Clinical Characteristics
Differential Diagnosis of Scleromalacia Perforans
Posterior Scleritis
Clinical Characteristics
Investigations for Posterior Scleritis
Examination
LOCALIZED SCLERAL DISCOLOURATION
Diffuse Scleral Discolouration
Causes
Staphyloma
Scleral Necrosis
Causes
8:
Disorders in the Anterior Chamber
DEPTH AND CONTENT OF THE ANTERIOR CHAMBER
Shallow Anterior Chamber
Causes
Investigations
Leaking Bleb
Clinical Characteristics
Excessive Filtration
Clinical Characteristics
Pupil Block
Clinical Characteristics
Malignant Glaucoma
Clinical Characteristics
Very Deep Anterior Chamber
Causes
Irregular Depth of the Anterior Chamber
Causes
Hyphaema
Causes
Cells in the Aqueous
Aqueous Flare
Causes
Plasmoid Aqueous
Causes
Fibrinous Exudates
Causes
Hypopyon
Causes
Pseudohypopyon
Causes
Vitreous in the Anterior Chamber
Causes
Other Abnormal Matters in the Anterior Chamber
Pigments in the Angle of Anterior Chamber
Causes
Peripheral Anterior Synechia
Causes
Blood in Schlemm's Canal
Causes
9:
Diseases of the Uveal Tract
ANATOMY, (see Fig. 9.1)
UVEITIS
Classification
Anterior Uveitis (iridocyclitis)
Investigations
Differential Diagnosis
Idiopathic Anterior Uveitis
Clinical Characteristics
Acute Iritis
Clinical Characteristics
Chronic Iridocyclitis
Clinical Characteristics
Glaucomatocyclitic Crisis (Posner-Schlossmann Syndrome)
Clinical Characteristics
Behcet's Syndrome
Clinical Characteristics
Diagnosis
Endophthalmitis
Cause
Clinical Characteristics
Cyclitis
Clinical Characteristics
Intermediate Uveitis (Pars Planitis)
Clinical Characteristics
Investigations
Differential Diagnosis
Posterior Uveitis
Causes
Clinical Characteristics
Investigations
Differential Diagnosis
Active Chorioretinitis
Clinical Characteristics
Healed Chorioretinitis
Clinical Characteristics (Fig. 9.4)
Choroidal Tuberculosis
Clinical Characteristics
Differential Diagnosis
Toxoplasmosis
Clinical Characteristics (Fig. 9.5)
Syphilis
Clinical Characteristics
Sarcoidosis
Clinical Characteristics
Panuveitis
Causes
Idiopathic Specific Uveitis Syndromes
Acute Posterior Multifocal Placoid Pigment Epitheliopathy (APMPPE)
Clinical Characteristics
Serpiginous (Helicoid or Geographic) Peripapillary Choroidopathy
Clinical Characteristics
Birdshot Retinochoroidopathy
Clinical Characteristics
Recurrent Multifocal Choroiditis
Clinical characteristics
Multiple Evanescent White Dot Syndrome (MEWDS)
Clinical Characteristics
Presumed Ocular Histoplasmosis
Clinical Characteristics
Sympathetic Ophthalmitis
Clinical Characteristics
Differential Diagnosis
RETINAL VASCULITIS
Uveitis in Children
Laboratory Investigations
Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis
Clinical Characteristics
Acute Choroiditis
Clinical Characteristics
Panophthalmitis
Causes
Clinical characteristics
Uveitis with Secondary Glaucoma
Causes
Rubeosis Iridis
Causes
Clinical Characteristics (Fig. 9.7)
Neovascularization of the Choroid
Causes
Clinical characteristics
Uveal Effusion Syndrome
Clinical Characteristics
DEGENERATIVE CHANGES IN THE UVEA
Essential Iris Atrophy
Clinical Characteristics
Primary Choroidal Atrophy
Secondary Choroidal Atrophy
Iris Cysts
Clinical Characteristics
Special Examinations
Hyperchromia of Iris
Ectropion Uveae
Causes
Iris Atrophy
Causes
Clinical Characteristics (Fig. 9.8)
Iridodonesis (Tremulousness of Iris)
Causes
Clinical Characteristics
10:
Pupillary Disorders
PATHWAYS OF PUPILLARY LIGHT REFLEX, (see Fig.10.1)
Small Pupil (Miosis)
Causes
Physiological Anisocoria
Clinical Characteristics
Horner's Syndrome
Clinical Characteristics
Adie's Pupil
Clinical Characteristics (Fig. 10.3)
Argyll Robertson Pupil
Clinical Characteristics (Fig. 10.4)
Myotonic Dystrophy
Clinical Characteristics
Large Pupil (Mydriasis)
Causes
Oculomotor Nerve Palsy
Clinical Characteristics
Parinaud's Dorsal Midbrain Syndrome
Clinical Characteristics
Abnormalities of Pupil Shape
Causes
Axenfeld-Rieger Anomaly
Clinical Characteristics
Unequal Size of the Pupils (Anisocoria)
Causes
Investigations in Anisocoria (Fig. 10.5)
History
Examination
Irregular Pupil
Causes
Essential Atrophy of the Iris
Clinical Characteristics
Abnormal Pupillary Reflex
Causes
Light-Near Dissociation of Pupillary Reactions
Causes
Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect (Marcus Gunn pupil)
Causes
Paradoxic Pupillary Reaction
Causes
White Pupil in Childhood
11:
Diseases of the Crystalline Lens
ANATOMY OF THE CRYSTALLINE LENS
INVESTIGATIONS IN ACQUIRED CATARACT
Senile Cortical Cataract
Clinical Characteristics (Fig. 11.3)
Secondary Cataract
Snowflake Cataract
Clinical Characteristics
Stellate Posterior Cortical Cataract
Clinical Characteristics
Rosette-shaped Cataract
Clinical Characteristics
Localized Cataract
Nuclear Cataract
Clinical Characteristics
Anterior Capsular Cataract
Causes
Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome
Clinical Characteristics
True Exfoliation
Pigmentation on Anterior Lens Capsule
Causes
Posterior Subcapsular Cataract
Causes
Clinical Characteristics
Developmental Cataract
Complicated Cataract
Causes
Clinical Characteristics
Displacement of the lens
Investigations in Displaced Lens
Aphakia
Clinical Characteristics
After-cataract (Posterior Capsular Opacification)
Opacities in Pseudophakia
Developmental Abnormalities
12:
Diseases of the Vitreous Humour
CELLS IN THE VITREOUS
Inflammatory White Cells in the Vitreous
Causes
White Cells in Iridocyclitis
Clinical Characteristics
White Cells in Pars Planitis
Clinical Characteristics
White Cells in Posterior Uveitis
Clinical Characteristics
Red Blood Cells in the Vitreous
Causes
Pigment Cells in the Vitreous
Causes
Tumour Cells in the Vitreous
Causes
Vitreous Haemorrhage
Causes
Clinical Characteristics
Differential Diagnosis
Investigations
Vitreous Opacities
Muscae Volitantes
Clinical Characteristics
Inflammatory Vitreous Opacities
Asteroid Hyalopathy (Benson's Disease)
Clinical Characteristics
Ultrasonography
Synchisis Scintillans
Clinical Characteristics
Vitreous Detachment
Posterior Vitreous Detachment
Investigations in PVD
Vitreous Degeneration
Causes
Vitreoretinopathy
Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy (PVD)
13:
Glaucoma
ANATOMY IN RELATION TO GLAUCOMA
INVESTIGATIONS FOR GLAUCOMA
Primary Open-angle Glaucoma (POAG)
Clinical Characteristics
Automated Perimetry
Differential Diagnosis of POAG
Primary Angle Closure
Angle-closure Glaucomas
Intermittent (Subacute) Angle-closure Glaucoma
Clinical Characteristics
Acute Congestive (Angle-closure) Glaucoma
Clinical Characteristics (Fig. 13.19)
Chronic Primary Angle-closure Glaucoma
Clinical Characteristics
Investigations for Primary Angle-closure Glaucoma
Secondary Open-angle Glaucoma
Causes
Secondary Angle-closure Glaucoma
Causes
Glaucomatocyclitic Crisis (Posner-Schlossmann Syndrome)
Clinical Characteristics
Differential Diagnosis
Lens-induced Glaucomas
Differential Diagnosis
Phacolytic (lens-protein) Glaucoma
Causes
Clinical Characteristics
Lens-particle Glaucoma
Causes
Clinical Characteristics
Phacomorphic Glaucoma
Clinical Characteristics
Lens-displacement Glaucoma
Causes
Phacoanaphylactic Glaucoma
Clinical Characteristics
Lens-induced (phacotoxic) Uveitis and Glaucoma
Clinical Characteristics
Traumatic Glaucomas
Clinical Characteristics
Clinical Characteristics
Clinical Characteristics
Differential Diagnosis
Neovascular (haemorrhagic) Glaucoma
Causes
Clinical Characteristics
Differential Diagnosis
Glaucoma in Aphakia and Pseudophakia
Types of Glaucoma
Clinical Characteristics
Aqueous Misdirection Syndrome (Malignant Glaucoma)
Clinical Characteristics of Classic Type
Differential Diagnosis
MISCELLANEOUS GROUPS OF GLAUCOMA
Uveitis-Glaucoma-Hyphaema(UGH) Syndrome
Clinical Characteristics
Pigmentary Glaucoma
Clinical Characteristics
Juvenile-onset Open-angle Glaucoma
Clinical Characteristics
Low-tension (Normal-tension) Glaucoma
Clinical Characteristics
Differential Diagnosis
Epidemic Dropsy (Bengal) Glaucoma
Clinical Characteristics
14:
Diseases of the Retina
ANATOMY OF THE RETINA
INVESTIGATIONS FOR DIAGNOSING RETINAL DISORDERS
Retinal Hyperaemia
Ophthalmoscopic Picture
Anaemia
Oedema
Intraretinal Haemorrhage
Flame-Shaped Haemorrhage (Fig. 14.13)
Causes
Ophthalmoscopic Picture
Dot and Blot Haemorrhages
Causes
Ophthalmoscopic Picture (Figs 14.14 to 14.16)
Radial and Stellate Haemorrhages
Roth's Spots
Causes
Subhyaloid (Preretinal) Haemorrhages
Causes
Clinical characteristics (Fig.14.17)
Subretinal Haemorrhage
Causes
Ophthalmoscopic Picture
Anomalies of Retinal Blood Vessels
Causes
Attenuation of Vessels
Causes of Arterial Attenuation
Anastomoses
Retinal Aneurysms
Causes
Microaneurysms
Hard Exudates
Ophthalmoscopic Picture (Fig. 14.19)
Hard Exudates Arranged in Rings or Clumps
Causes
Macular Star (Stellate Maculopathy) (Fig. 14.20)
Causes
Subretinal Exudates
Causes
Cotton Wool (Soft) Exudates
Causes
Ophthalmoscopic Picture (Fig. 14.21)
Central Retinal Artery Occlusion
Clinical Characteristics (Fig. 14.22)
Investigations
Differential Diagnosis
Central Retinal Vein Thrombosis (CRVT)
Ophthalmoscopic Picture (Figs 14.23 and 14.24)
Investigations
Differential Diagnosis
INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS (RETINITIS)
Retinal Vasculitis
Causes
Ophthalmoscopic Picture of Retinal Vasculitis
Eales' Disease
Clinical Characteristics (Figs 14.26 and 14.27)
Giant-cell Arteritis
Clinical Characteristics
Arteriosclerotic and Hypertensive Retinopathy
Involutionary(senile)Arteriosclerosis
Ophthalmoscopic Picture
Arteriosclerosis
Hypertension
Hypertensive Retinopathy
Ophthalmoscopic Picture (Fig. 14.30)
Grading of Hypertensive Retinal Changes (Keith, Wagener and Barker, 1939)
Differential Diagnosis of Hypertensive Retinopathy
Diabetic Retinopathy
Ophthalmoscopic Picture
FFA of Different Types of Diabetic Retinopathy
Differential Diagnosis of Diabetic Retinopathy
Circinate Retinopathy
Ophthalmoscopic Picture (Fig. 14.44)
Renal Retinopathy
Retinopathy in Toxaemia of Pregnancy
Ophthalmoscopic Picture
Proliferative Retinopathy
Retinal Neovascularization
Causes
DEGENERATIONS IN THE PERIPHERAL PART OF THE NORMAL FUNDUS
Cystoid Degeneration
Clinical Characteristics
Senile Retinoschisis
Clinical Characteristics
Chorioretinal Degeneration
Clinical Characteristics
Cobble Stone (Pavingstone) Degeneration (Chorioretinal Atrophy)
Ophthalmoscopic Picture
Lattice Degeneration
Clinical Characteristics
Snail-Track Degeneration
Ophthalmoscopic Picture
White-with-Pressure (WWP)
Ophthalmoscopic Picture
White-without-Pressure (WWOP)
Retinal Holes
RETINAL DYSTROPHIES
Typical Pigmentary Retinal Dystrophy (Retinitis pigmentosa)
Clinical Characteristics
Investigations
Variants of Pigmentary Retinal Dystrophy
Systemic Associations of Pigmentary Retinal Dystrophy
Cone-Rod Dystrophy
Clinical Characteristics
Central Areolar Choroidal Dystrophy
Clinical Characteristics
Differential Diagnosis
Choroideremia
Clinical Characteristics
Gyrate (Essential) Atrophy of Retina and Choroid
Clinical Characteristics
Solitary Dark Fundus Lesions
Causes
Solitary Pale Fundus Lesions
Causes
MACULAR DISORDERS
Macular Oedema
Non-cystoid Macular Oedema
Clinical Characteristics
Central Serous Retinopathy (CSR)
Clinical Characteristics (Fig. 14.47)
Differential Diagnosis
Cystoid Macular Oedema
Causes
Ophthalmoscopic Picture (Fig. 14.50)
Diagnosis
Clinically Significant Macular Oedema (CSMO)
Ophthalmoscopic Picture (Fig. 14.51)
Traumatic Maculopathy
Myopic Maculopathy
Drug-induced Maculopathy
Bull's-Eye Maculopathy
Causes
Clinical Characteristics (Fig. 14.52)
Heredomacular Dystrophies
Clinical Characteristics
Vitelliform Dystrophy
Clinical Characteristics
Juvenile Macular Dystrophy (Stargadt's Disease)
Clinical Characteristics (Fig. 14.53)
Investigations
Tay-Sachs Disease (Infantile Amaurotic Family Idiocy, Gangliosidosis 2, Type II)
Clinical Characteristics
Niemann-Pick Disease (Sphingomyelin lipidosis)
Clinical Caracteristics
Age-Related Macular Degeneration (ARMD)
Clinical Characteristics
Investigations
Differential Diagnosis
Exudative (wet) ARMD (Disciform macular degeneration or Kuhnt-Junius disease)
Ophthalmoscopic Picture (Fig. 14.54)
investigations
Differential Diagnosis
Macular Hole
Clinical Characteristics (Fig. 14.55)
Investigations
Differential Diagnosis
Cherry Red Macula
Causes
Dark Macular Lesions
Egg-Yolk Macular Lesions
Causes
DISORDERS OF BRUCH'S MEMBRANE
Angioid Streaks
Clinical Characteristics
Multiple Yellow-White Flecks
Causes
Colloid Bodies (Drusen)
Clinical Characteristics
Diffuse Pigment Clumping
Causes
Generalized White Fundus
Causes
Folds and Streaks in the Fundus
Causes
Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment
Clinical Characteristics
Differential Diagnosis of Retinal Break
Differential Diagnosis of Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment
Tractional Retinal Detachment
Causes
Ophthalmoscopic Picture
Exudative Retinal Detachment
Causes
Clinical Characteristics (Fig. 14.62)
Coats' Disease
Ophthalmoscopic Picture
Epiretinal Membrane (Macular Pucker, Cellophane Maculopathy)
Differential Diagnosis
15:
Diseases of the Visual Pathways
ANATOMY OF THE VISUAL PATHWAYS
COMMON CLINICAL FEATURES OF OPTIC NERVE AFFECTIONS
Optic Neuritis
Causes
Clinical Characteristics
Investigations
Papillitis
Ophthalmoscopic Picture (Fig. 15.2)
Acute Retrobulbar Neuritis
Clinical Characteristics
Differential Diagnosis of Optic Neuritis
Disc-Oedema
Causes
Clinical Characteristics (Figs 15.3 and 15.4)
Investigations of Papilloedema
ISCHAEMIC OPTIC NEUROPATHY
Anterior Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy (AION)
Causes
Clinical Characteristics
Differential Diagnosis
Uncommon Optic Neuropathies
Optic Disc Vasculitis (Papillophlebitis)
Clinical Characteristics
Diabetic Papillopathy
Clinical Characteristics
Toxic Amblyopia
Causes
OPTIC ATROPHY
Primary Optic Atrophy
Causes
Clinical Characteristics
Consecutive Optic Atrophy
Causes
Secondary Optic Atrophy (Fig. 15.7)
Causes
Clinical Characteristics
Compressive Optic Neuropathy
Causes
Clinical Characteristics
RARE OPTIC NERVE DISORDERS
Leber's Hereditary Optic Atrophy
Clinical Characteristics
Disorders of Optic Chiasma and Optic Tract
Migraine
Clinical Characteristics
Malingering
16:
Disorders of Ocular Motility
STRABISMUS
ANATOMY OF THE EXTRINSIC MUSCLES
Investigations of Strabismus
History
Inspection
Hirschberg's Corneal Light Reflex Test
Krimsky Prism Reflex Test
Bruckner Test
Cover Tests
Prism-Alternate Cover Test
Angle Kappa
Ocular Movements (Figs 16.3(1) to(9))
Visual Acuity
Examination of the Eyes
Cycloplegic Refraction
Near Point of Accommodation (NPA) and Near Point of Convergence (NPC)
Sensory Evaluation of Strabismus
Diplopia Tests
Maddox Rod (Fig. 16.4)
Maddox Wing (Fig. 16.5)
Worth's Four-Dot Test (Fig. 16.6)
Bagolini Striated Lenses
Synoptophore (Fig. 16.7)
After-Image Test
Phase-Difference Haploscope
Haidinger's Brushes
Titmus Stereo Test
Randot Test
Hess Screen (Fig.16.8)
Visuscope
Forced Duction Test
Classification of Strabismus
Manifest (Tropia)
Latent (Heterophoria)
Concomitant Strabismus
Investigations
ESOTROPIA (Fig. 16.9)
Classification
Fully Accommodative Esotropia
Clinical Characteristics
Partially Accommodative Esotropia
Clinical Characteristics
Hyperaccommodative Esotropia
Clinical Characteristics
Hypoaccommodative Esotropia
Clinical Characteristics
Congenital (Infantile, Essential) Esotropia
Clinical Characteristics
Differential Diagnosis of Congenital Esotropia
Convergence-Excess Esotropia
Clinical Characteristics
Divergent-Weakness Esotropia
Clinical Characteristics
Basic Esotropia
Clinical Characteristics
Exotropia (Figs 16.10 and 16.11A, B)
Classification
Divergence-Excess Exotropia
Convergence-Weakness Exotropia
Intermittent Exotropia
Basic Exotropia
VERTICAL SQUINT
Classification
Primary Vertical Squint
Cyclovertical (Alphabet pattern) Deviations
A-Pattern Esotropia
V-Pattern Esotropia
A-Pattern Exotropia
V-Pattern Exotropia
X-Phenomenon
Y-Phenomenon
Inverted Y- Phenomenon.
INCOMITANT (PARALYTIC) SQUINT
Investigations
True Extrinsic Ocular Muscle Palsy
Causes
‘Relative’ Ocular palsy
Causes
OPHTHALMOPLEGIA
Types
Clinical Characteristics of Ophthalmoplegia
External
Internal
Total
Painful Ophthalmoplegia
Causes
Acute Ophthalmoplegia
Causes
Nuclear Ophthalmoplegia
Causes
Oculomotor (3rd Cranial) Nerve Palsy
Clinical Characteristics
Trochlear (4th Cranial) Nerve Palsy
Clinical Characteristics
Abducent (6th Cranial) Nerve Palsy
Clinical Characteristics
Acquired Paralytic Squint
Clinical Characteristics
Congenital Paralytic Squint
Clinical Characteristics
HETEROPHORIA
Types
Investigations for Heterophoria
Clinical Characteristics
Over-Elevation in Adduction
Differential Diagnosis
AMBLYOPIA
Causes
Classification
Eccentric Fixation
Investigations
Classification
Diplopia
Causes
Nystagmus
Classification
17:
Manifestations in Systemic Diseases
METABOLIC DISORDERS
Diabetes Mellitus
Galactosaemia
Systemic Features
Ocular Features
Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS)
Systemic Features
Ocular Features
Sphingolipidoses
Alkaptonuria (Ochronosis)
Systemic Features
Ocular Features
Cystinosis
Systemic Features
Ocular Features
Homocystinuria
Systemic Features
Ocular Features
VASCULAR DISORDERS
Hypertension
Cerebral Atheroma
Ocular Features
Cerebral Thrombosis
Ocular Features
Anterior Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia
Ocular Features
Cerebral Embolism
Systemic Features
Ocular Features
Cerebral Haemorrhage
Ocular Features
Subarachnoid Haemorrhage
Systemic Features
Ocular Features
Special Examination
Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis
Aneurysm of the Internal Carotid Artery
Effects Before Rupture
Effects After Rupture
Internal Carotid Artery Occlusion
Systemic Features
Ocular Features of Carotid Artery Disease
Investigations
Carotido-Cavernous Fistula
DISEASES OF BLOOD AND RETICULOENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM
Anaemias
Systemic Features
Ocular Features
Leukaemia
Systemic Features
Ocular Features
Sickle-Cell Disease
Systemic Features
Ocular Features
Investigations
Differential Diagnosis
ENDOCRINE DISEASES
Diabetes Mellitus
Systemic Features
Ocular Features
Hyperthyroidism
Systemic Features
Ocular Features
Myxoedema
Systemic Features
Ocular Features
Hypoparathyroidism
Systemic Features
Ocular Features
Hyperparathyrodism
Systemic Features
Ocular Features
Sympatheticoblastoma (Neuroblastoma)
Systemic Features
Ocular Features
Phaeochromocytoma
Systemic Features
Ocular Features
INFECTIVE DISEASES
Tuberculosis
Leprosy
Systemic Features
Ocular Features
Syphilis
Toxoplasmosis
Systemic Features
Ocular Features
Sexually-Transmitted Diseases
Systemic Features
Ocular Features
Acquired Syphilis
Systemic Features
Ocular Features
CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
Systemic Features
Ocular Features
Polyarteritis Nodosa
Systemic Features
Ocular Features
Scleroderma
Systemic Features
Ocular Features
Dermatomyositis-Polymyositis
Systemic Features
Ocular Features
RHEUMATOLOGICAL DISEASES
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Systemic Features
Ocular Features
Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis (JRA)
Systemic Features
Ocular Features
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Systemic Features
Ocular Features
Psoriatic Arthritis
Systemic Features
Ocular Features
NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS
Pituitary Tumours
Chromophobe Adenoma
Systemic Features
Ocular Features
Special investigations
Craniopharyngioma
Systemic Features
Ocular Features
Special Examinations
Frontal Lobe Tumours
Systemic Features
Ocular Features
Temporal Lobe Tumours
Systemic Features
Ocular Features
Parietal Lobe Tumours
Systemic Features
Ocular Features
Occipital Lobe Tumours
Systemic Features
Ocular Features
Special Examination
Olfactory Groove Meningioma
Systemic Features
Ocular Features
Pineal Body Tumours
Systemic Features
Ocular Features
Cerebellar Tumour
Systemic Features
Ocular Features
Tumours of the Pons-Medulla
Systemic Features
Ocular Features
Cerebello-Pontine Angle Tumour
Systemic Features
Ocular Features
Special Examination
Tumours of the Brain Stem
Systemic Features
Multiple Sclerosis
Systemic Features
Ocular Features
Devic's Disease (Neuromyelitis optica)
Systemic Features
Ocular Features
Myasthenia Gravis
Systemic Features
Ocular Features
Myopathy
Ocular Myopathy (Progressive External Ophthalmolplegia)
Systemic Features
Ocular Features
Myotonic Dystrophy
Systemic Features
Ocular Features
SKIN AND MUCOUS MEMBRANE DISORDERS
Cicatricial Pemphigoid (Benign mucosal pemphigoid)
Systemic Features
Ocular Features
Pemphigus
Systemic Features
Ocular Features
Dermatitis Herpetiformis
Systemic Features
Ocular Features
Behcet's Syndrome
Reiter's Syndrome
Erythema Multiforme
Erythema Multiforme Minor
Systemic Features
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (Erythema Multiforme Major)
Albinism
Systemic Features (Fig. 17.2)
Ocular Features
Atopic Eczema
Systemic Features
Ocular Features
Acne Rosacea
Systemic Features
Ocular Features
Epidermolysis Bullosa
Systemic Features
Ocular Features
Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum
Systemic Features
Ocular Features
Gronblad-Strandberg Syndrome
Xerderma Pigmentosum
Systemic Features
Ocular Features
Phakomatosis
Systemic Features
Ocular Features
Sturge-Weber syndrome
Systemic Features
Ocular Features
von Hippel-Lindau syndrome
Neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen's syndrome)
Investigations in Phakomatosis
History- including Pattern of inheritance
Examination
Special Examination
PULMONARY DISORDERS
Tuberculosis
Ocular Features
Sarcoidosis
Systemic Features
Ocular Features
Investigations
Wegener's Granulomatosis
Systemic Features
Ocular Features
GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS
Ulcerative Colitis
Systemic Features
Ocular Features
Crohn's Disease
Systemic Features
Ocular Features
18:
Paediatric Ophthalmology
PAEDIATRIC INFLAMMATIONS
Causes
Congenital Infections
Neonatal Infections
Inherited Metabolic Disorders
Inherited Connective Tissue Disorders
DEFECTS OF THE WHOLE EYEBALL
Anophthalmos
Clinical Characteristics
Microphthalmos
Coloboma
Clinical Characteristics
DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS IN THE SKULL AND FACE
Oxycephaly (Tower skull)
Clinical Characteristics
Investigations
Crouzon's Disease
Clinical Characteristics
Apert's Syndrome
Clinical Characteristics
OTHER SKULL DYSOSTOSES
Mandibulo-Facial Dysostosis
Clinical Characteristics
Meningo-Encephalocele
Clinical Characteristics
DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS IN THE ORBIT
Anterior Orbital Encephalocele
Clinical Characteristics
DEVELOPMENTAL ABNORMALITIES OF EYELIDS AND PALPEBRAL FISSURE
Distichiasis
Clinical Characteristics
DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES OF THE CONJUNCTIVA
Hereditary Haemorrhagic Telengiectasia (Rendu-Osler-Weber Syndrome)
Clinical Characteristics
DEVELOPMENTAL ABNORMALITIES OF ANTERIOR OCULAR SEGMENT
Axenfeld's Syndrome of Posterior Embryotoxon
Clinical Characteristics
Rieger's Syndrome of Mesodermal Dysgenesis
Clinical Characteristics
Peter's Anomaly (Mesodermal-Ectodermal Dysgenesis of the Cornea)
Clinical Characteristics
DEVELOPMENTAL ABNORMALITIES OF THE CORNEA
Congenital Hereditary Endothelial Dystrophy (CHED)
Clinical Characteristics
Keratoglobus
Clinical Characteristics
CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE UVEA
Coloboma of the Iris
Clinical Characteristics (Fig. 18.3)
Heterochromia
Clinical Characteristics
Aniridia (irideremia)
Clinical Characteristics
Albinism
Clinical Characteristics
Persistent Pupillary Membrane
Clinical Characteristics (Fig. 18.4)
DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES OF THE PUPIL
White Pupil in Childhood
Clinical Characteristics
Investigations in White Reflex at the Pupil
History
Clinical Examination
Special Examination
DEVELOPMENTAL ABNORMALITIES OF THE LENS
DEVELOPMENTAL CATARACT (Fig. 18.6)
Anterior Polar Cataract
Clinical Characteristics
Sutural (Stellate) Cataract
Clinical Characteristics
Lamellar (Zonular) Cataract
Clinical Characteristics (Fig. 18.7)
Coronary Cataract
Clinical Characteristics
Coralliform Cataract
Clinical Characteristics
Punctate (Blue-Dot) Cataract
Clinical Characteristics
Embryonal Nuclear (Central Pulverulent or Coppock) Cataract
Clinical Characteristics
Anterior Axial Embryonic Cataract
Clinical Characteristics
Posterior Polar Cataract
Clinical Characteristics
Systemic Associations of Developmental Cataract
Coloboma of the Lens
Clinical Characteristics
Lenticonus
Clinical Characteristics
Lentiglobus
Clinical Characteristics
Microphakia
Clinical Characteristics
Spherophakia
Clinical Characteristics
Ectopia Lentis
Clinical Characteristics
DEVELOPMENTAL ABNORMALITIES OF THE VITREOUS
Persistent Hyperplastic Primary Vitreous
Clinical Characteristics
persistent Hyaloid Remnants (Mittendorf's dots)
Clinical Characteristics
DEVELOPMENTAL ABNORMALITIES OF THE CHOROID AND RETINA
Cilioretinal Vessels
Clinical Characteristics
Gyrate (Essential) Atrophy of the Retina and Choroid
Clinical Characteristics
Special Examination
Choroideremia (Sex-linked Tapetochoroidal Dystrophy)
Clinical Characteristics
Juvenile Retinoschisis
Clinical Characteristics
Special Examination
Congenital Retinal Fold
Clinical Characteristics
DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES OF THE OPTIC DISC
Bergmeister's Papillae
Clinical Characteristics
Crescent
Clinical Characteristics
Coloboma
Clinical Characteristics
Opaque Nerve Fibres
Clinical Characteristics
Optic Disc Hypoplasia
Clinical Characteristics
Leber's Hereditary Optic Atrophy
Clinical Characteristics
Morning Glory Syndrome
Clinical Characteristics
Reversed Vascular Pattern in Ocular Fundus (Situs inversus)
Clinical Characteristics
Congenital Optic Disc Pit
Clinical Characteristics (Fig. 18.12)
Glaucoma in Childhood
Classification
Congenital (infantile) Glaucoma (Buphthalmos)
Clinical Characteristics (Fig. 18.13)
Congenital Glaucoma with other Ocular Anomalies
Congenital Glaucoma with Systemic Anomalies
Tumours in Childhood
19:
Refractive Errors
20:
Ocular Injuries and Emergencies
21:
Ocular Syndromes
ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME
Adie (Holmes-Adie) Syndrome
Clinical Features
Aicardi's Syndrome
Clinical Features
Albers-Schönberg Syndrome (Osteopetrosis, Marble bone Disease)
Clinical Features
Alport's Syndrome
Clinical Features
Alström's Syndrome
Clinical Features
Anterior Chamber Cleavage Syndrome (irido-corneal dysgenesis)
Clinical Features
Apert's Syndrome (Acrocephalo-syndactyly)
Clinical Features
Arnold-Chiari Syndrome
Clinical Features
Bassen-Kornzweig Syndrome
Clinical Features
Batten-Mayou Syndrome (Juvenile Amaurotic Family Idiocy)
Clinical Features
Batten-Spielmeyer-Vogt Syndrome
Clinical Features
Batten-Vogt Syndrome (Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis)
Clinical Features
Beal's Syndrome
Clinical Features
Behcet's Syndrome
Clinical Features
Behr's Syndrome
Clinical Features
Benedikt's Syndrome
Clinical Features
Benson's Disease
Best's Disease (Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy)
Clinical Features
Blepharophimosis Syndrome
Clinical Features
Bourneville's Disease
Clinical Features
Brown's Superior Oblique Sheath Syndrome
Clinical Features
Carpenter's Syndrome
Clinical Features
Chandler's Syndrome
Clinical Features
Charlin's Syndrome
Clinical Features
Chediak-Higashi Syndrome
Clinical Features
Claude-Bernard Syndrome
Clinical Features
Cockayne's Syndrome
Clinical Features
Cogan's Syndrome
Clinical Features
Cogan-Reese Syndrome
Clinical Features
Cri-du-chat (Cat-cry) Syndrome
Clinical Features
Crocodile Tear Syndrome
Clinical Features
Crouzon's Syndrome
Clinical Features
Cushing's Syndrome I
Clinical Features
Cushing's Syndrome II (Cerebellopontine Angle Tumour)
Clinical Features
Devic's Disease (Neuromyelitis Optica)
Clinical Features
Down's Syndrome (Mongolism, Trisomy 21)
Clinical Features
Duane's Retraction Syndrome
Clinical Features
Edward's Syndrome (trisomy 18)
Clinical Features
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
Clinical Features
Empty Sella Syndrome
Clinical Features
Fabry's Disease
Clinical Features
Farber's Syndrome
Clinical Features
Foster-Kennedy Syndrome
Clinical Characteristics
Foville's Syndrome
Clinical Features
Gaucher's Syndrome
Clinical Features
Goldenhar's Syndrome (Oculo-Auriculo-Vertebral Dysplasia)
Clinical Features
Greig's Syndrome
Clinical Features
Grönblad-Strandberg Syndrome (Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum)
Clinical Features
Hallermann-Streiff Syndrome (Mandibulo-Oculo-Facial Dysmorphia)
Clinical Features
Hand-Schüller-Christian Syndrome
Clinical Features
Heerfordt's Syndrome (Uveoparotid Fever)
Clinical Features
Horner's Syndrome
Clinical Features
Hunter's Syndrome (MPS II)
Clinical Features
Hurler's Syndrome (Gargoylism)
Clinical Features
Kearns-Sayre Syndrome
Clinical Features
Kimmelstiel-Wilson Syndrome
Clinical Features
Laurence-Moon-Biedl Syndrome
Clinical Features
Lowe's Syndrome (Oculo-Cerebro-Renal Syndrome)
Clinical Features
Marchesani's (Weill-Marchesani) Syndrome
Clinical Features
Marcus-Gunn's Syndrome
Clinical Features (see Figs 3.13 and 3.14)
Marfan's Syndrome
Clinical Features
Marie-Stümpell Syndrome
Clinical Features
Maroteaux-Lamy Syndrome (MPS VI)
Clinical Features
Meyer-Schwickerath Syndrome
Clinical Features
Mikulicz's Syndrome
Clinical Features
Mobius Syndrome
Clinical Features
Morquio's Syndrome(MPS IV)
Clinical Features
Naffziger's Syndrome (Cervical Rib Syndrome)
Clinical Features
Niemann-Pick Syndrome (Sphingomyelin Lipidosis)
Clinical Features
Paget's Disease
Clinical Features
Parinaud's Dorsal Midbrain Syndrome
Clinical Features
Parinaud's Oculo-glandular Syndrome
Clinical Features
Parry-Romberg Syndrome (Progressive Hemifacial Atrophy)
Clinical Features
Patau's Syndrome (Trisomy 13)
Clinical Features
Pierre Robin syndrome
Clinical Features
Refsum's Syndrome
Clinical Features
Reiter's Syndrome
Clinical Features
Rendu-Osler-Weber Syndrome
Clinical Features
Rieger's Syndrome of Mesodermal Dysgenesis
Clinical Features
Riley-Day Syndrome (congenital familial dysautonomia)
Clinical Features
Romberg's Syndrome
Clinical Features
Rothmund's Syndrome
Clinical Features
Rubenstein-Taybi Syndrome
Clinical Features
Sandhoff's Disease
Sanfilippo's Syndrome
Clinical Features
Scheie's Syndrome (MPS I-5)
Clinical Features
Schilder's Disease
Clinical Features
Sjögren's Syndrome
Sjögren-Larsson Syndrome
Clinical Features
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
Clinical Features
Stickler's Syndrome
Clinical Features
Sturge-Weber Syndrome (Encephalo-Trigeminal Angiomatosis)
Clinical Features
Takayasu's Syndrome (Pulseless Disease, Aortic Arch Syndrome)
Clinical Features
Tay-Sachs Disease
Clinical Features
Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome
Clinical Features
Treacher-Collins (Franceschett-Klein) Syndrome
Clinical Features
Turner's Syndrome (Gonadal Dysgenesis)
Clinical Features
Usher's Syndrome
Clinical Features
Van der Hoeve Syndrome
Clinical Features
von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome
Clinical Features
von Recklinghausen's Disease (Neurofibroma)
Clinical Features
Waardenburg's Syndrome
Clinical Features
Weber's Syndrome
Clinical Features
Wilson's Disease (Hepato-Lenticular Degeneration)
Clinical Features
Wyburn-Mason Syndrome
Clinical Features
Zellweger's Syndrome
Clinical Features
Further Readings
INDEX
TOC
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