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Radiological Differential Diagnosis
Satish K Bhargava
1:
Chest
1.1 LESIONS OF THORACIC INLET
CYSTIC
Lymphangioma
Thymic Cyst
Cervical Abscess
Potts Spine with Abscess
SOLID WITH FAT DENSITY
Lipoma
Liposarcoma
Lipoblastoma
SOLID WITHOUT FAT
Neuroblastoma
Thyroid Carcinoma
Pancoast Tumor
Metastatic Lymph Node Mass
Others
Cervical Rib
1.2 MEDIASTINAL MASSES
PLEUROPERICARDIAL CYST
D/D OF SOFT TISSUE LESIONS IN RIGHT ANTERIOR CARDIOPHRENIC ANGLE
Morgagni Hernia
MIDDLE MEDIASTINAL MASSES
Lymph Node Enlargement
Aortic Aneurysm
Tortuous Innominate Artery
Bronchogenic Cyst
Tracheal Tumors
POSTERIOR MEDIASTINAL MASSES
Neurogenic Tumors
HIATUS HERNIA
ESOPHAGEAL LESIONS
PARAVERTEBRAL LESIONS
Bochdalek Hernia
Neurenteric Cysts
Pancreatic Pseudocyst
1.3 SUPERIOR MEDIASTINAL MASSES—DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
1.4 DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF ANTERIOR MEDIASTINAL MASS
ANTERIOR MEDIASTINAL MASS
Children
ANTERIOR MEDIASTINAL MASS
Adults
1.5 MIDDLE MEDIASTINAL MASSES
LYMPH NODES
Neoplastic
Cystic Hygroma
Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm
Other Arterial Abnormalities
Venous Abnormality
Metastasis
Inflammatory
1.6 D/D POSTERIOR MEDIASTINAL MASSES
1.7 CHEST WALL ABNORMALITIES
PECTUS EXCAVATUM
PECTUS CAVINATUM
CERVICAL RIB
CLEIDOCRANIAL DYSOSTOSIS
POLAND SYNDROME
Inflammatory and Infectious Disease
TUMORS OF CHEST WALL
Radiologic Differentiation of Chest Wall Tumors
1.8 SUPERIOR RIB NOTCHING
CLASSIFICATION (Sargent et al)
SALIENT FEATURES
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Systemic Sclerosis
SLE (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus)
Osteochondroma
Neurofibromatosis
Marfan's Syndrome
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Hyperparathyroidism
1.9 INFERIOR RIB NOTCHING
1.10 ELEVATION OF DIAPHRAGM
1.11 PNEUMOMEDIASTINUM
1.12 LUNG TUMORS
1.13 HILAR ENLARGEMENT
1.14 CALCIFICATION ON CHEST RADIOGRAPH
1.15 AIR-FLUID LEVELS ON CHEST X-RAY
1.16A CAVITATING PULMONARY LESIONS
1.16B MASS WITHIN CAVITY
1.17 CAVITATING PULMONARY LESIONS
TRAUMA
Hematoma—peripheral
Traumatic Lung Cyst
Bronchogenic Cyst
Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation
1.18A LUCENT LUNG LESIONS
MULTIPLE LUCENT LUNG LESIONS
Cavities
Neoplasm
Differential Features are same as Localized Lucent Defects
Localized Lucent Defect
1.18B SOLITARY PULMONARY NODULE
1.19 SOLITARY PULMONARY NODULE
1.20 PULMONARY EDEMA ON THE OPPOSITE SIDE TO A PREEXISTING ABNORMALITY
1.21A MILIARY SHADOWING
1.21B MILIARY SHADOWING (0.5 TO 2 MM)
1.22 MULTIPLE PIN POINT OPACITIES
1.23 COMPLETE OPAQUE HEMITHORAX
1.24 OPAQUE HEMITHORAX
1.25 HYPERTRANSRADIANT LUNG FIELD
1.26 HYPERTRANSLUCENT LUNG FIELD
1.27A HONEYCOMB LUNG
LUNG DISEASE ASSOCIATED WITH HONEY COMBING
Collagen Disorders
1.27B HONEY COMB PATTERN
ASBESTOSIS
Silicosis
Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis
Sarcoidosis
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
Usual Interstitial Pneumonitis/Cryptogenic Fibrosing
Tuberous Sclerosis
Neurofibromatosis
1.28 PLEURAL DISEASES
PLEURAL THICKENING
INFECTION
Inhalation Disorder
Neoplasm
PLEURAL CALCIFICATION
PLEURAL MASSES
PNEUMOTHORAX
Hemothorax
1.29 PLEURAL FLUID
1.30 PLEURAL TUMORS
1.31 PLEURAL CALCIFICATION
1.32 HIGH RESOLUTION CT-PATTERN OF PARENCHYMAL DISEASE
1.33 CARDIOPHRENIC ANGLE MASS
2:
Breast–Mammographic Differential Diagnosis
2.1 CIRCUMSCRIBED RADIOLUCENT LESION
BREAST CALCIFICATIONS
A. Characteristically Benign Calcification
BREAST CALCIFICATION
Malignant
CALCIFICATION
Definitely Benign
Probably Benign
Possibly Malignant – Biopsy Indicated
Benign Conditions that Mimic Malignancy
CARCINOMA
Primary Features
Secondary Features
3:
Cardiovascular System
3.1 D/D OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS
3.2 INVISIBLE MAIN PULMONARY ARTERY
3.3 PULMONARY ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION
3.4 ENLARGED LEFT VENTRICLE (ELV)
3.5 ENLARGED LEFT ATRIUM
3.6 DILATATION OF PULMONARY TRUNK
3.7 ENLARGEMENT AORTA
3.8 SMALL AORTA
3.9 ENLARGED RIGHT ATRIUM
3.10 ENLARGED RIGHT VENTRICLE
3.11 RIGHT AORTIC ARCH
3.12 PULMONARY VENOUS HYPERTENSION
3.13 ENLARGED SUPERIOR VENA CAVA
3.14 CARDIAC CALCIFICATIONS
3.15 CARDIAC VALVE CALCIFICATIONS
3.16 SITUS
3.17 CYANOTIC HEART DISEASE
4:
Soft Tissue Lesions
4.1 D/D OF SOFT TISSUE LESIONS
4.2 SOFT TISSUE OSSIFICATION
4.3 LINEAR CALCIFICATION OF SOFT TISSUES
4.4 PARASITIC CALCIFICATION
4.5 AREAS OF DECREASED DENSITY
4.6 PERIARTICULAR SOFT TISSUE CALCIFICATION
4.7 GENERALIZED CALCINOSIS
4.8 SHEET LIKE CALCIFICATION IN SOFT TISSUE
5:
Abdomen and Gastrointestinal Tract and Hepatobiliary System
5.1 DILATED ESOPHAGUS
NORMAL VS ABNORMAL APPEARANCE OF ESOPHAGUS
Strictures
Peptic Stricture
Barrett's Esophagus
Scleroderma
Corrosives
Achalasia
Leiomyomas
Carcinoma Esophagus
Esophageal Lymphoma (Rare)
Secondary Esophageal Neoplasms
Radiation Esophagitis
5.2 ESOPHAGEAL CARCINOMA
5.3 THICKENED MUCOSAL FOLDS ESOPHAGUS AND STOMACH
THICKENED SMALL BOWEL
Folds
Difference B/W TB and CD (Crohn's Disease)
5.4 THICKENED GASTRIC FOLDS
5.5 THICKENED DUODENAL FOLDS
5.6 MASSIVELY DILATED STOMACH
5.7 TARGET LESIONS IN STOMACH ON BARIUM STUDIES
5.8 GAS IN GASTRIC WALL
5.9 COBBLE-STONE DUODENAL CAP ON BARIUM STUDY
5.10 DILATED DUODENUM/OBSTRUCTION OF DUODENUM
5.11 DILATED SMALL BOWEL/JEJUNAL AND ILEAL OBSTRUCTION
5.12 STRICTURES IN SMALL BOWEL
5.13 SMALL INTESTINAL STRICTURE
5.14 THICKENED FOLDS IN SMALL BOWEL
5.15 THICKENED SMALL BOWEL FOLDS WITH GASTRIC ABNORMALITY
5.16 NODULAR APPEARANCE OF SMALL BOWEL
5.17 MALABSORPTION
5.18 MALABSORPTION
5.19 PROTEIN LOSING ENTEROPATHY
5.20 PATHOLOGIC LESIONS IN TERMINAL ILEUM
5.21 COLONIC POLYPS
5.22 COLONIC POLYPS
ADENOMATOUS
HYPERPLASTIC
HAMARTOMATOUS
INFLAMMATORY
INFECTIVE
OTHERS
5.23 COLONIC STRICTURES/NARROWING
5.24 PNEUMATOSIS INTESTINALIS
5.25 MEGACOLON IN ADULT
5.26 THUMB PRINTING IN COLON
5.27 APHTHOUS ULCERS
5.28 ANTERIOR INDENTATION OF RECTO SIGMOID JUNCTION
5.29 WIDENING /ENLARGEMENT OF PRESACRAL / RETRORECTAL SPACE
5.30 CYSTIC MESENTERIC MASSES
5.31 NONVISUALIZATION OF GALLBLADDER ON ULTRASOUND
FILLING DEFECTS IN GALLBLADDER
5.32 GAS IN BILIARY TREE
5.33 GAS IN PORTAL VENOUS
5.34 DIFFUSE HEPATOMEGALY
5.35 HEPATIC CALCIFICATION
5.36 PRIMARY HEPATIC MASSES
5.37 NEONATAL OBSTRUCTIVE JAUNDICE
5.38 FETAL/NEONATAL HEPATIC CALCIFICATION
5.39 DIFFUSELY HYPOECHOIC LIVER
5.40 DIFFUSELY HYPERECHOIC LIVER (BRIGHT LIVER)
5.41 FOCAL, HYPERECHOIC HEPATIC LESIONS
5.42 FOCAL, HYPOECHOIC, HEPATIC LESIONS
5.43 PERIPORTAL HYPERECHOGENICITY
5.44 THICKENED GALLBLADDER WALL
5.45 FOCAL HYPODENSE LESIONS ON NECT LIVER
5.46 HYPERPERFUSION ABNORMALITIES OF LIVER
5.47 HEPATIC TUMORS WITH VASCULAR “SCAR”
5.48 DIFFUSELY HYPODENSE LIVER ON NECT
5.49 SPLENOMEGALY
5.50 SPLENIC CALCIFICATION
5.51 HYPERECHOIC SPLENIC LESION
5.52 FOCAL HYPOATTENUATING LESIONS IN SPLEEN
5.53 PANCREATIC CALCIFICATION
5.54 PANCREATIC MASSES
5.55 FOCAL PANCREATIC MASSES
5.56 ADRENAL MASS
5.57 ADRENAL CALCIFICATION
5.58 EXTRALUMINAL INTRA-ABDOMINAL GAS
5.59 PNEUMOPERITONEUM
PSEUDOPNEUMOPERITONEUM
5.60 PNEUMOPERITONEUM
5.61 GASLESS ABDOMEN
5.62 ASCITES
5.63 ABDOMINAL MASS IN NEONATE
5.64 ABDOMINAL MASS IN CHILD
5.65 INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION IN NEONATE
5.66 ABNORMALITIES OF BOWEL ROTATION
5.67 INTRA-ABDOMINAL CALCIFICATION IN NEONATE
5.68 HEMATEMESIS
5.69 DYSPHAGIA IN ADULTS
5.70 NEONATAL DYSPHAGIA
5.71 PHARYNGEAL/ESOPHAGEAL DIVERTICULA
5.72 ESOPHAGITIS/ESOPHAGEAL ULCERS
5.73 ESOPHAGEAL STRICTURES
5.74 TERTIARY CONTRACTIONS IN ESOPHAGUS
5.75 GASTRIC MASSES AND FILLING DEFECTS
5.76 LINITIS PLASTICA
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
RADIOLOGICAL APPEARANCE
COMMON ETIOLOGIES
5.77 LINITIS PLASTICA
5.78 GASTROCOLIC FISTULA
5.79 RETROPERITONEAL FIBROSIS
INFECTION
MISCELLANEOUS
MALIGNANT
Primary Retroperitoneal Tumor
5.80 MASS OF ILIO-PSOAS COMPARTMENT
SALIENT FEATURES
5.81 ANATOMY OF LIVER, BILE DUCTS, AND PANCREAS
CONGENITAL GALLBLADDER ANOMALIES
Agenesis of Gallbladder
Hypoplastic Gallbladder
Septations of Gallbladder
Gallbladder Ectopia
PANCREAS
Pancreatic Development and Anatomy
SPLEEN
IRON METABOLISM
5.82 INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD)
CROHN'S DISEASE
Radiologic Findings
6:
Skeletal System and Joints
6.1 ABNORMAL SKELETAL MATURATION
SKELETAL MATURATION DISORDERS
Retarded
Accelerated
6.2 SHORT LIMB SKELETAL DYSPLASIA
RHIZOMELIC
Mesomelic
Acromesomelic
Acromelic
6.3 SHORT SPINE SKELETAL DYSPLASIA
DISEASE
6.4 LETHAL NEONATAL DYSPLASIA
6.5 DUMB-BELL-SHAPED LONG BONES
6.6 MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSES AND MUCOLIPIDOSIS
6.7 MUCOLIPIDOSES
CLASSIFICATION
6.8 GENERALIZED OSTEOSCLEROSIS
CHILDREN
Adults
6.9 SCLEROTIC BONE LESIONS
DEVELOPMENTAL
Vascular
6.10 BONE SCLEROSIS ASSOCIATED WITH PERIOSTEAL REACTION
6.11 SOLITARY SCLEROTIC LESION WITH LUCENT CENTER
NEOPLASTIC
Infective
6.12 COARSE TRABECULAR PATTERN OF BONE
6.13 RELATIONSHIP OF METASTATIC LESIONS TO THE PRIMARY TUMORS
6.14 CHILDHOOD TUMORS METASTASIZING TO BONE
6.15 BUBBLY BONE LESIONS
NEOPLASTIC
Infection
6.16 PRIMARY BONE TUMORS: CLINICAL FEATURES, SITE OF PREDILECTION, RADIOLOGIC PRESENTATION
6.17 RADIOLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS OF BENIGN AND MALIGNANT BONE LESIONS
6.18 SUBARTICULAR LYTIC BONE LESION
ARTHRITIDES
Neoplastic
6.19 OSTEOLYTIC DEFECT IN THE MEDULLA
WELL-DEFINED
Ill-defined
6.20 LUCENT BONE LESION CONTAINING BONE/CALCIUM
NEOPLASTIC
Miscellaneous
6.21 COMMON LYTIC BONE LESIONS
WITH MARKED SCLEROSIS
Multiple
6.22 LOCATION OF SOME COMMON NEOPLASM/LESIONS
EPIPHYSIS
Metaphysis
6.23 SEPTATED BONE LESIONS
6.24 MOTH-EATEN BONE
6.25 OSTEOPENIA
GENERALIZED
Causes of Osteomalacia
Localized/Regional
6.26A PERIOSTEAL REACTIONS— TYPES AND CONDITIONS
A. CONTINUOUS
a. Cortex Destroyed
b. Intact Cortex
B. INTERRUPTED
C. COMPLEX
6.26B PERIOSTEAL REACTION
SOLITARY AND LOCALIZED
Bilateral Involvement
6.27 PERIOSTEAL REACTION IN CHILDHOOD
BENIGN
Malignant
6.28 HYPERTROPHIC OSTEOARTHROPATHY
PULMONARY
Pleural
Cardiovascular
Gastrointestinal
6.29 DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF SKELETAL LESION IN NONACCIDENTAL INJURY
6.30 BONE DYSPLASIAS-ASSOCIATED WITH MULTIPLE FRACTURES
REDUCED DENSITY
Normal Osseous Density
Increased Density
6.31 EXCESSIVE CALLUS FORMATION
CAUSES
6.32 BONE WITHIN BONE APPEARANCE
CAUSES
6.33 FATIGUE FRACTURES
6.34 PSEUDOARTHROSIS
CAUSES
6.35 IRREGULAR/STIPPLED EPIPHYSIS
CAUSES
6.36 AVASCULAR NECROSIS/OSTEONECROSIS/ASEPTIC NECROSIS
CAUSES
Steinberg Classification for AVN of Hip
MR Changes in AVN (Mitchell-staging)
6.37 SOLITARY RADIOLUCENT METAPHYSEAL BANDS
CAUSES
6.38 SOLITARY DENSE METAPHYSEAL BAND
6.39 ALTERNATING RADIOLUCENT/DENSE METAPHYSEAL BANDS
6.40 DENSE VERTICAL METAPHYSEAL LINES
6.41 FRAYED METAPHYSIS
6.42 CUPPING OF METAPHYSIS
6.43 ERLENMEYER FLASK DEFORMITY
CAUSES
6.44 EROSION OF MEDIAL METAPHYSES OF PROXIMAL HUMERUS
6.45 ABNORMALITY RELATED TO CLAVICLES
EROSION OR ABSENCE OF OUTER END OF CLAVICLE
PENCILED DISTAL END OF CLAVICLE
DESTRUCTION OF MEDIAL END OF CLAVICLE
6.46 RIB LESIONS
NEOPLASTIC
Nonneoplastic
6.47 RIB NOTCHING
SUPERIOR MARGIN
Inferior Margin
6.48 ABNORMAL SHAPE, SIZE AND DENSITY OF RIBS
6.49 MADELUNG DEFORMITY
CAUSES
6.50 CARPAL FUSION
ISOLATED
Syndrome Related
6.51 ABNORMAL DIGITS
6.52 ABNORMAL THUMB
6.53 LYTIC LESION IN DIGITS
WELL-DEFINED
Malignant
Poorly Defined
6.54 ACRO-OSTEAL CHANGES
ACRO-OSTEOLYSIS
Acro-osteosclerosis
RESORPTION OF DISTAL PHALANGES
6.55 MONOARTHRITIS
6.56 ARTHRITIS WITH PERIOSTITIS
CAUSES
6.57 ARTHRITIS WITH DEMINERALIZATION
CAUSES
6.58 ARTHRITIS WITHOUT DEMINERALIZATION
CAUSES
6.59 ARTHRITIS WITH PRESERVED/ WIDENED JOINT SPACE
CAUSES
ARTHRITIS WITH SOFT TISSUE NODULES
LOOSE INTRA-ARTICULAR BODIES
Arthritis Mutilans
Causes:
6.60 ENLARGED FEMORAL INTER- CONDYLAR NOTCH
CAUSES
6.61 PLANTAR CALCANEAL SPUR
CAUSES
6.62 CHONDROCALCINOSIS
6.63 ANKYLOSIS OF INTERPHALANGEAL JOINTS
CAUSES
6.64 ENTHESIOPATHY
CAUSES
6.65 SACROILIITIS
UNILATERAL
BILATERAL
6.66 PROTRUSIO ACETABULI
CAUSES
Unilateral
Bilateral
6.67 WIDENING OF SYMPHYSIS PUBIS (DIASTASIS)
CONGENITAL
Acquired
6.68 FUSION OF SYMPHYSIS PUBIS
CAUSES
6.69 RADIOGRAPHIC FINDING IN DEGENERATIVE, INFLAMMATORY AND NEUROPATHIC ARTHRITIS
6.70 COMPARATIVE FEATURES OF SERONEGATIVE SPONDYLOARTHRITIDES
6.71 D/D OF DWARFISM
DYSPLASIAS
1. Rhizomelic
THANATOTROPIC DWARFISM
Chondrodysplasia Punctata
MESOMELIC DWARFISM
Dyschondrosteosis (Léri-Weill disease)
ACROMESOMELIC DWARFISM
ACROMELIC DWARFISM
Asphyxiating Thoracic Dystrophy
Short Limb + Short Trunk Dwarfs
Hunter's Syndrome
Brailsford-Morquio Syndrome
Maroteaux Lamy Syndrome
6.72 SCLEROTIC LESIONS OF BONE
IMAGING
Role of Radiologist
SALIENT FEATURES
Osteopetrosis
Spine
Skull
Spine
Renal Osteodystrophy and Hyperparathyroidism
Hypopseudohypo and Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism
Osteosclerotic Metastasis
Carcinoma Prostate
Caffey's Disease
Idiopathic Hypercalcemia of Infancy
Hypervitaminosis—A, D
Fluorosis
Lead
Paget's Disease
Myeloma
Lymphoma
Myelosclerosis
Mastocytosis
Bone Island and Osteopoikilosis
OSTEOMA
OSTEOBLASTOMA
OSTEOSARCOMA
Rare Variants
OSTEOMYELITIS
BONE INFARCTS
6.73 LYTIC LESION IN BONE
EXPANSILE BONE LESION
GEODE
BRODIE'S ABSCESS
Tunneling
Radiological Features
IMPLANTATION DERMOID
Age
SOLITARY BONE CYST
Radiological Features
CHONDROBLASTOMA
ENCHONDROMA
ADAMENTINOMA OF LONG BONES
Eosinophilic Granuloma
BROWN TUMOR OF HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
MULTIPLE MYELOMA (PLASMACYTOMA)
METASTASES
GCT (OSTEOCLASTOMA) OR GIANT CELL TUMOR
ABC (Aneurysmal bone cyst)
Chondromyxoid Fibroma
Metastatic Neuroblastoma
NON-OSSIFYING FIBROMA
6.74 D/D OF GENERALIZED OSTEOPOROSIS
OSTEOPENIA
Causes of Diffuse Osteopenia
Generalized Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis
Senile Osteoporosis
Postmenopausal Osteoporosis
Hypothyroidism
Hyperthyroidism
Hypogonadism
Hypopituitarism
Acromegaly
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Scurvy
Protein Deficiency
Heparin Toxicity
Renal Osteodystrophy
Arthropathies (Rheumatoid Arthritis)
Disuse Osteoporosis
Osteomalacia
Hyperparathyroidism
6.75 SOLITARY DENSE VERTEBRA
LYMPH
Metastasis
PAGET'S DISEASE
Lymphoma
Hemangioma
6.76 ACRO-OSTEOLYSIS
PROGERIA
Findings
Pycnodysostosis
Psoriatic Arthritis
Sarcoidosis
Scleroderma/Progressive Systemic Sclerosis (PSS)
Distal Esophageal Stricture
Reiter's Syndrome
6.77 SACROILIITIS
ARTHRITIS INVOLVING SPINAL COLUMN
ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS
Spinal Column
Enthesitis
Spinal Fusion
Psoriatic Arthropathy
Reiter's Syndrome
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA)
OA (DEGENERATIVE CHANGES)
DISH (FORESTIET'S DISEASE)
Enteropathic Spondyloarthropathies
Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis (JRA)
6.78 BONE CYST
NONEXPANSILE UNILOCULAR CYSTIC LESIONS
NONEXPANSILE MULTILOCULAR CYSTIC LESION
EXPANSILE UNILOCULAR CYSTIC LESIONS
Lesions Surrounded by Marked Sclerosis
Multiple Cystic Lesions
Fibrous Cortical Defect
Nonossifying Fibroma
Simple Bone Cyst
Brown Tumor of HPT
Eosinophilic Granuloma
Enchondroma
Epidermoid Inclusion Cyst
Geodes
Intraosseous Ganglion
Histiocytoma
Fibrous Dysplasia
Brodie's Abscess
Aneurysmal Bone Cyst
Osteoclastoma
Chondromyxoid Fibroma
Chondroblastoma
Plasmacytoma
Multiple Myeloma
Metastasis
7:
Urogenital System
7.1 NEONATAL AND ADULT KIDNEY–DIFFERENCE
7.2 SMOOTH, SMALL KIDNEYS
SMALL, SMOOTH, UNILATERAL KIDNEY
A. Ischemia due to renal artery stenosis
CONTOUR–SMOOTH (GLOBAL)
Secondary Uroradiologic Elements
B. Chronic Renal Infarction
C. Radiation Nephritis
D. End Result of Renal Infarction
E. With Five or Less Calyces
SMALL, SMOOTH, BILATERAL KIDNEYS
7.3 SMALL SMOOTH KIDNEYS
SMALL SMOOTH KIDNEY
Dilated PCS
Hypovolemic PCS
Hypoplastic PCS
B/L
7.4 SMALL, IRREGULAR, KIDNEYS
7.5 LARGE SMOOTH KIDNEY
ACUTE ARTERIAL INFARCTION
OBSTRUCTIVE UROPATHY
IVU—Features of Acute Obstruction
Features of Chronic Obstruction
ACUTE PYELONEPHRITIS
XANTHOGRANULOMATOUS PYELONEPHRITIS
Radiological Features
COMPENSATORY HYPERTROPHY
Radiological Features
7.6 BILATERAL LARGE SMOOTH KIDNEYS
PROLIFERATIVE/NECROTIZING DISORDERS
R/F
Amyloidosis
Radiological Features
MULTIPLE MYELOMA
Amyloidosis
Other Radiological Features
Extraskeletal Features
ACUTE TUBULAR NECROSIS
R/F
ACUTE CORTICAL NECROSIS
R/F
LEUKEMIA
R/F
ACUTE INTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS
Clinical Features
R/F
AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE (AR) (INFANTILE) PCKD (POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE)
R/F
ACUTE URATE NEPHROPATHY
R/F
NEPHROMEGALY ASSOCIATED WITH CIRRHOSIS, HYPERALIMENTATION AND DIABETES MELLITIS
7.7 NON-VISUALIZATION OF A KIDNEY DURING EXCRETION UROGRAPHY
7.8 DILATED CALYX AND DILATED URETER
DILATED URETER AND CALYCES
DILATED CALYX
Stricture
Extrinsic Impression by an Artery
Congenital Hydrocalycosis
Postobstructive Atrophy
Calculus
Blood Clot
Sloughed Papilla
PUJ Obstruction
Tumors
Tuberculous Stricture
Schistosomiasis
Ureterocele (Congenital)
Primary Megaureter
Retroperitoneal Fibrosis
Retrocaval Ureter
Vesicoureteric Reflux
Postpartum
7.9 GAS IN URINARY TRACT
7.10 LOSS OF RENAL OUTLINE ON PLAIN FILM
7.11 RENOVASCULAR HYPERTENSION
PC MRA
Causes
Atherosclerosis
Fibromuscular Dysplasia
Takayasu's Arteritis
Polyarteritis Nodosa
Neurofibromatosis
7.12 RENAL CALCIFICATION
7.13 RENAL MASS
SOLID
CYSTIC
CHILDREN (PEDIATRIC)
Renal Cell Carcinoma
Primary Uroradiologic Elements
Secondary Collecting System
Primary Uroradiological Elements
Secondary Uroradiological Elements
Transitional Cell Carcinoma
IVP
USG
CT
Metastasis
Angiomyolipoma (AML)
Typical Findings
Oncocytoma
Sporadic Oniridia
Congenital Mesoblastic Nephroma
Primary
Multilocular Cystic Nephroma
Nephroblastomatosis
Simple Cysts/Localized Cystic Disease
SIMPLE CYST TYPICAL FINDINGS
Primary
Primary
Secondary
Acquired Cystic Kidney Disease
Acute Focal Bacterial Pyelonephritis and Renal Abscess
ABSCESS TYPICAL IMAGING FEATURES
Primary
Secondary
7.14 CYSTIC DISEASE OF KIDNEYS
GENETIC CONDITIONS
Autosomal Dominant
Autosomal Recessive
Cysts Associated with Syndromes
CLASSIFICATION OF RENAL CYSTS
Renal Dysplasia
Polycystic Disease
Cortical Cysts
Medullary Cysts
Simple Cysts
DDx
CT Criteria
MRI Criteria
ATYPICAL CYSTS
Cystic RCC may Rarely Show Similar CT Features
POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE
Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease (ARPKD—1980–81)
Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD)
UNILATERAL (LOCALIZED) RENAL CYSTIC DISEASE (URCD)
ACQUIRED CYSTIC DISEASE OF KIDNEY (ACKD)
EXTRAPARENCHYMAL RENAL CYSTS
DDx
Perinephric Cyst
Multilocular Cystic Nephroma
MULTICYSTIC DYSPLASTIC KIDNEY (MDK)
MEDULLARY CYSTS
7.15 CARCINOMA OF THE BLADDER
7.16 BLADDER OUTFLOW OBSTRUCTION
7.17 TESTICULAR TUMORS
7.18 SEMINAL VESICLE CALCIFICATION
7.19 DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF ABNORMAL NEPHROGRAMS
7.20 FILLING DEFECT IN THE BLADDER
7.21 CARCINOMA PROSTATE
DIAGNOSTIC WORK UP
PROSTATE IMAGING
Ultrasound
CT SCAN
MRI
Treatment
CONCLUSION
7.22 THE PROSTATE
NORMAL ANATOMY
Prostatic Anatomy
SONOGRAPHIC ANATOMY
Peripheral Zone
Transition Zone
Central Zone
Periurethral Glands
Adjacent Structures
Volumetric Measurement of Prostate
CT Anatomy
MR Anatomy
PROSTATIC LESIONS
Agenesis/Hypoplasia
Congenital
Acquired
Infection of Prostate
Prostatic Calculi
A. PROSTATIC AGENESIS/HYPOPLASIA
B. PROSTATE AND SEMINAL VESICLE CYSTS
PROSTATIC CYST
Prostatic Utricle Cyst
Müllerian Duct Cyst
Ejaculatory Cyst
Retention Cyst
C. PROSTATIC INFECTIONS
Acute Prostatitis
Chronic Prostatitis
Prostatic Abscess
Granulomatous Prostatitis
Nonspecific
Specific (Tubercular)
D. PROSTATIC CALCULI
Types
E. BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA
F. CARCINOMA PROSTATE
7.23 D/D OF ADRENAL MASS
SALIENT FEATURES
1. Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma
2. Adrenal Cortical Adenoma
MEDULLARY TUMORS
1. Neuroblastoma
2. Ganglioneuroma
3. Pheochromocytoma
3. Stromal Tumors
4. Metastasis
Granulomas
Adrenal Cysts
Adrenal Hemorrhage
7.24 PAINLESS HEMATURIA
DEFINITION
ETIOLOGY
A. Lesions in the Urinary Tract
B. Lesions in Adjacent Organs
C. Systemic Causes with Secondary Renovascular Effects
D. Drugs
E. Hematuria Like Conditions
CLINICAL FEATURES
PATHOLOGY
Hematuria
Radiological Evaluation
A. Plain X-ray Abdomen
B. Intravenous Pyelography
C. Barium Examinations
D. USG +− C.D
E. CT Scan
G. MRI
H. Renal Scan
I. Arteriovenography
J. Newer Modalities
K. RGU/MCU
CONCLUSION
8:
Head, Neck and Spine
8.1 LUCENCY IN THE SKULL VAULT—WITHOUT SCLEROSIS
8.2 LUCENCY IN THE SKULL VAULT— WITH SURROUNDING SCLEROSIS
DEVELOPMENTAL
Mucocele of Frontal Sinus
8.3 THICKENING OF THE SKULL VAULT
8.4 GENERALIZED INCREASE IN DENSITY OF SKULL VAULT
METABOLIC
Renal Osteodystrophy
FLUOROSIS
8.5 LOCALIZED INCREASE IN DENSITY OF THE SKULL VAULT
IN BONE
8.6 DESTRUCTION OF PETROUS BONE (APEX)
8.7 BASILAR INVAGINATION
8.8 HAIR ON END SKULL VAULT
8.9 MULTIPLE WORMIAN BONES
8.10 POSTERIOR FOSSA CYSTS AND CYSTS LIKE MASSES
8.11 ENLARGED SYLVIAN FISSURE/ MIDLINE CRANIAL FOSSA OF CSF DENSITY
8.12 SKULL BASE AND CAVERNOUS SINUS
8.13 CENTRAL SKULL BASE LESIONS
8.14 CEREBELLO PONTINE ANGLE MASSES
8.15 MAJOR APERTURES OF THE SKULL BASE
8.16 SUPRASELLAR MASS
INTRASELLAR LESIONS (PITUITARY)
INFUNDIBULAR LESIONS
SUPRASELLAR LESIONS
ANTERIOR 3RD VENTRICLE/OPTIC CHIASMATIC LESIONS
SPHENOID SINUS/CAVERNOUS SINUS LESIONS
Common Masses are:
Uncommon
Meningioma
Craniopharyngioma
Epidermoid Tumor
Dermoid Tumor
Vascular Lesion
Congenital
8.17 SELLAR AND SUPRASELLAR MASSES
PITUITARY ADENOMA
Classification
Plain X-ray
Microadenoma
CT
MRI
PITUITARY APOPLEXY
CT
MRI
EMPTY SELLA
Classification
X-ray
CT (EMPTY SELLA)
CRANIOPHARYNGIOMA
X-rays
CT
MRI (CRANIOPHARYNGIOMA)
SUPRASELLAR MENINGIOMA
X-ray
CT
MRI
ANEURYSM
X-ray
CT
MRI
RATHKE'S CLEFT CYST
CT
MRI
ARACHNOID CYST
CT
EPIDERMOID AND DERMOID
CT
MRI
TERATOMA
X-ray
CT
GERMINOMA (ATYPICAL TERATOMA)
CT
MRI
VISUAL PATHWAY GLIOMA (VPG)
CT
CHORDOMA
CT
MRI
METASTASIS
Imaging
NEUROSURGEON'S QUERIES
8.18 EXPANDED PITUITARY FOSSA
POSTERIOR FOSSA NEOPLASM IN CHILDHOOD
Cerebellar Astrocytoma
Ependymoma
8.19 RING ENHANCING LESIONS ON CECT
8.20 SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE ENLARGEMENT
CAUSES
A. Neurofibromatosis-Phakomatoses
BARE ORBIT SIGN
Congenital Cystic Eye
NEOPLASM
Orbital Tumors
Lymphoma
Meningioma
Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma-Benign Tumor
Metastasis
8.21 TEMPORAL BONE SCLEROSIS
8.22 IV DISC SPACE CALCIFICATION
8.23 IVORY VERTEBRAL BODY
8.24 ATLANTO AXIAL SUBLUXATION
8.25 POSTERIOR SCALLOPING OF VERTEBRAL BODY
8.26 ANTERIOR SCALLOPING OF VERTEBRAL BODIES
8.27 ANTERIOR VERTEBRAL BODY BEAKS
8.28 BLOCK VERTEBRA
8.29 ENLARGED VERTEBRAL BODY
8.30 SOLITARY COLLAPSED VERTEBRA
8.31 MULTIPLE COLLAPSED VERTEBRAE
8.32 INTRASPINAL MASSES
8.33 DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF POSTERIOR FOSSA CYSTS
8.34 ENLARGED OPTIC FORAMEN
8.35 BARE ORBIT/HYPOPLASIA OF GREATER WING OF SPHENOID
8.36 ORBITAL HYPEROSTOSIS
8.37 CEPHALOCELES
OCCIPITAL AND PARIETAL CEPHALOCELES
SINCIPITAL AND SPHENOPHARYNGEAL CEPHALOCELES
NASAL CEPHALOCELES, DERMOIDS AND GLIOMAS
ATRETIC CEPHALOCELES / MENINGOCELE
8.38 PATHOLOGICAL INTRACRANIAL CALCIFICATION
VASCULAR LESIONS
Aneurysms
Angioma
Chronic SDH
Intracerebral Hematoma
Atheromas
Infections and Infestations
Toxoplasmosis
CMV
Cysticercosis
Paragonimus Westermani
Metabolic and Miscellaneous
Hyperparathyroidism
Neurofibromatosis
Tuberous Sclerosis
Sturge-Weber Syndrome
Lissencephaly
8.39 J-SHAPED SELLA
8.40 CEREBELLAR MALFORMATIONS
8.41 DEMYELINATING DISORDERS
DEMYELINATION
INFECTIOUS
Congenital and Perinatal Viral Infections
Herpes Simplex Encephalitis (HSE)
HIV ENCEPHALOPATHY
Marchiafava-Bignami Disease
Vascular Lesions
DYSMYELINATION (LEUKODYSTROPHIES)
Metachromatic Leukodystrophy
Krabbe's Disease(Globoid Cell Leukodystrophy)
MELAS
MERRF
LEUKODYSTROPHIES—DISTINCTIVE FEATURES
8.42 PREVERTEBRAL SOFT TISSUE THICKENING
FASCIAL SPACES IN PREVERTEBRAL REGION
Extension of Thyroid Masses
8.43 NASOPHARYNGEAL MASSES
8.44 LARYNGEAL MASSES
8.45 ORBITAL MASSES
PEDIATRIC ORBITAL TUMORS
CYSTIC LESIONS
Dermoid Cysts
Teratomas
VASCULOGENIC LESIONS
Capillary Hemangioma
Lymphangiomas
ORBITAL MENINGIOMAS AND SCHWANNOMAS
CAVERNOUS HEMANGIOMA (ENCAPSULATED VENOUS MALFORMATION)
METASTATIC TUMORS
MISCELLANEOUS
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Optic Nerve Gliomas
Fibrous Dysplasia
Metastatic Tumors
ADULT ORBITAL TUMORS
PARANASAL SINUS MASSES
Neoplasms of the Paranasal Sinuses
ORBITAL PSEUDOTUMOR (IDIOPATHIC ORBITAL INFLAMMATION)
LACRIMAL GLAND TUMORS
LYMPHOID TUMORS
OCULAR MASSES
Melanoma
Retinoblastoma
8.46 INTRAORBITAL CALCIFICATION
8.47 INNER EAR MASSES
METHODS OF IMAGING
MASSES
Inflammatory
Neoplastic
Miscellaneous
SALIENT FEATURES
Inflammatory
Intralabyrinthine Bleed
Vestibular Aqueduct Syndrome
Schwannoma
8.48 MIDDLE EAR MASSES
A. CONGENITAL
B. INFLAMMATORY
C. NEOPLASTIC
a. Benign Tumor
b. Malignant Tumor
8.49 EXTERNAL ACOUSTIC MASSES
EXOSTOSIS
OSTEOMAS
Sq. Cell Ca. (Squamous Cell Carcinoma)
Ceruminomas
Metastasis
Epidermoidomas (Primary Congenital Cholesteatoma)
Histiocytosis
8.50 INTRAMEDULLARY LESIONS
8.51 INTRADURAL EXTRAMEDULLARY MASSES
NERVE SHEATH TUMORS
MENINGIOMAS
EMBRYONAL TUMORS
PARAGANGLIOMAS
ARACHNOID CYSTS
METASTASES
CYSTICERCOSIS
LATERAL THORACIC MENINGOCELES
SPINAL SUBDURAL EMPYEMA
8.52 EXTRADURAL EXTRAMEDULLARY LESION
8.53 D/D OF FLOATING TOOTH
DEFINITION
Causes
Salient Features
8.54 CYSTS OF JAW
ODONTOGENIC KERATOCYST
DENTIGEROUS CYST
RADICULAR (APICAL) CYST
Medial Mandibular
Location
Cystic Lesions of the Jaw
8.55 LOSS OF LAMINA DURA OF TEETH
8.56 OPAQUE MAXILLARY ANTRUM
8.57 THYROID LESIONS
COLD NODULES
Lymphoma
Metastasis
DECREASED OR NO UPTAKE OF RADIOTRACER
SOLID THYROID NODULE
Adenomatous Hyperplasia
Hürthle Cell Tumors
Thyroid Calcifications
9:
Obstetrics and Gynecology
9.1 D/D BETWEEN BLIGHTED OVUM AND PSEUDOGESTATION OF ECTOPIC PREGNANCY
9.2 D/D BETWEEN ECTOPIC PREGNANCY, ABORTION IN PROGRESS (EARLY GESTATION) NABOTHIAN CYSTS
9.3 D/D BETWEEN PARTIAL MOLE, IUFD WITH HYDROPIC PLACENTAL DEGENERATION, TWIN PREGNANCY (MOLE AND FETUS)
9.4 D/D BETWEEN PELVIC MASSES, EXTRUDED FETAL PARTS WITH UTERINE PERFORATION; ECTOPIC PREGNANCY (POSTPARTUM/INTERVENTION)
9.5 D/D OF A PRESACRAL FETAL MASS
CAUSES
9.6 FETAL NECK MASSES
CAUSES
9.7 D/D OF FETAL RENAL CYSTIC DISEASES
9.8 D/D OF VARIOUS FETAL ANTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL DEFECTS
9.9 D/D BETWEEN RENAL CYSTS AND HYDRONEPHROSIS
9.10 D/D OF CYSTIC ADNEXAL MASSES
9.11 D/D OF BENIGN AND MALIGNANT OVARIAN MASSES
9.12 D/D OF CYSTIC ABDOMINAL MASSES
9.13 D/D OF NON-GYNECOLOGICAL PELVIC MASSES
9.14 D/D OF NON-OVARIAN ADENEXAL MASS
9.15 D/D OF OVARIAN MASSES
SALIENT FEATURES
A. Epithelial Tumors
B. Germ Cell Tumors
C. Stromal/Sex Cord Tumors
D. Metastasis
Features of Malignancy
9.16 SONOGRAPHIC CLASSIFICATION OF ADENEXAL MASSES
SIMPLE CYST
Always Benign
Solid Masses Benign
Malignant
Non-gynecological
COMPLEX CYST
Benign
Malignant
Non-gynecological
MRI Classification of Adenexal Masses
9.17 D/D OF ABSENT INTRAUTERINE PREGNANCY WITH POSITIVE PREGNANCY TEST
CAUSES
Salient Features
9.18 D/D OF THICKENED PLACENTA
CAUSES
Salient Features
9.19 ULTRASOUND SIGNS OF CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITY
9.20 D/D OF ENLARGED UTERUS
CAUSES
Salient Features
9.21 CYSTIC STRUCTURES IN FETAL ABDOMEN
CAUSES
Salient Features
9.22 D/D OF FETAL HYDROPS
CAUSES
A. Immune Hydrops
B. Non-immune Hydrops
Salient Features
9.23 D/D OF FETAL BRAIN AND HEAD ABNORMALITIES
CAUSES
Salient Features
9.24 D/D OF BRAIN AND HEAD ABNORMALITY
9.25 D/D OF THICKENED ENDOMETRIUM
CAUSES
Salient Features
9.26 USG SIGNS IN ABORTIONS
ABORTION
Induced
Spontaneous
Salient Features
9.27 D/D OF FETAL CAUSES OF ABNORMALITY IN LIQUOR VOLUME
CAUSES
Salient Features
9.28 D/D GAS IN THE GENITAL TRACT
CAUSES
Salient Features
9.29 D/D OF FETAL INTRA-ABDOMINAL CALCIFICATION
CAUSES
Salient Features
9.30 D/D OF FETAL THORACIC ABNORMALITIES
CAUSES
Salient Features
INDEX
TOC
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