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Fundamentals of Oral Medicine and Radiology Durgesh N Bailoor, KS Nagesh

1:The Diagnostic Sequence
- DEFINITION
- EXAMINATION OF THE PATIENTS
  - General Examination
  - Extraoral Examination
    - Inspection
    - Palpation
- SUMMARY
2:Systemically Compromised Dental Patients
- INTRODUCTION
- ATOPY IN DENTAL OFFICE
  - Tests
    - Skin Test
    - Laboratory Tests
  - Management
- CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM AND THE DENTAL PATIENT
- DIABETES MELLITUS (DM)
- RESPIRATORY SYSTEM DISEASES
- THYROID DISORDERS AND DENTAL IMPLICATIONS
- GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM
- ANEMIA
- HEPATITIS
  - Infectious Hepatitis or Hepatitis A
  - Serum Hepatitis or Hepatitis B
- CIRRHOSIS
  - Renal Dysfunction Patients and Dentist
- SUMMARY
3:Dental Evaluation and Management in Pregnancy
- INTRODUCTION
- MATERNAL CHANGES
- GENERAL GUIDELINES
- SPECIFIC GUIDELINES
- SUMMARY
4:Temporomandibular Joint Diseases
- INTRODUCTION
- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE TMJ
  - Neurovascular Supply
  - Occlusion
- SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS OF TMD
- RISK FACTORS FOR TMD
- CLASSIFICATION OF TMJ DISEASE
- SUMMARY
5:Maxillary Sinus and its Dental Implications
- INTRODUCTION
- RADIOGRAPHY OF THE MAXILLARY SINUS
  - Recent Techniques
- TAXONOMY OF SINUS PATHOLOGY
- MAXILLARY SINUSITIS OF ORAL ORIGIN
  - Chronic Sinusitis10
  - Oro-Antral Fistula
- CYSTS OF THE ANTRUM
- MALIGNANCY AFFECTING THE SINUS
  - Benign (see Fig. 5.6)
  - Malignant
- MELANOTIC NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR OF INFANCY (MNTI)
  - Clinical Features
- CARCINOMA OF THE MAXILLARY ANTRUM [CaANTRUM]
  - Features
- CONCLUSION
6:Medical Emergencies in Dental Practice
- INTRODUCTION
- LA COMPLICATIONS
- SYNCOPE
- CVS EMERGENCIES
- RESPIRATORY EMERGENCIES
  - Bronchial Asthma
    - Sign and Symptoms of Bronchial Asthma
    - Management of Bronchial Asthma
  - Respiratory Obstruction
- MISCELLANEOUS EMERGENCIES
  - Calcium Route: IV6
  - Epileptic Attack
- DIABETES MELLITUS
  - Diabetic Coma (Hyperglycemic shock)
    - Signs and Symptoms
  - Insulin Shock (Hypoglycemic Shock)
    - Signs and Symptoms
    - Management of Insulin Shock
- RARE EMERGENCIES
- ANAPHYLAXIS
- HEMORRHAGIC EMERGENCIES
- CONCLUSION
7:Bleeding in the Dental Clinic: Causes and Management
- INTRODUCTION
- LOCAL CAUSES
- SYSTEMIC CAUSES
- INDICATORS FOR THE DENTAL MANAGEMENT
- DENTAL MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH BLEEDING DISORDERS
  - Specific Guidelines
- SUMMARY
8:Calcium Metabolism*
- INTRODUCTION
- SOURCE
- DAILY REQUIREMENTS
- CALCIUM ABSORPTION AND FACTORS EFFECTING CALCIUM ABSORPTION
- DISTRIBUTION OF CALCIUM IN THE BODY
- CALCIUM AND PHOSPHATE PRODUCT IN SERUM
- PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF CALCIUM
- CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS AND REGULATION OF CALCIUM METABOLISM
- DISORDERS OF CALCIUM METABOLISM
- SUMMARY
- ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE, AND LEUKOCYTE ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE
  - Alkaline Phosphatase
- TRADE NAMES OF SOME CALCIUM FORMULATIONS AVAILABLE IN INDIA
9:Oral Manifestations of HIV Infection
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORICAL REVIEW
- TRANSMISSION OF HIV
- DEFINITION OF AIDS
- INFECTION AND PROGRESS OF HIV INFECTION/AIDS
- WHO CRITERIA OF HIV INFECTION
- ORAL MANIFESTATIONS
  - Revised Classification
  - Incidence and Prevalence of Oral Manifestations
- DIAGNOSIS OF AIDS
  - Nonspecific Tests
  - Specific Tests
    - HIV Antibody Tests and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
    - Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
- MANAGEMENT
  - Use of HAART
  - What should a Dentist do?
- CONCLUSION
10:Facial Pain and Neurological Diseases
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION
- THEORIES OF PAIN
- CLASSIFICATION OF OROFACIAL PAIN
  - Pain Control—Methods
- NEURALGIA
- FACIAL NERVE PARALYSIS
- LYME DISEASE
- EPILEPSY
- ATYPICAL FACIAL PAIN
- SPHENOPALATINE NEURALGIA
  - Frey's Syndrome
  - Barodontalgia32
- MIGRAINE
  - Drug Therapy
- SUMMARY
11:Developmental Disturbances of Dental and Facial Structures
- INTRODUCTION
- CLASSIFICATION
- DEVELOPMENTAL DISTURBANCES OF THE JAWS
- DEVELOPMENTAL DISTURBANCES OF THE LIPS AND PALATE
- OROFACIAL DIGITAL SYNDROME
- DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS AFFECTING THE TEETH
- A REVIEW OF GENETIC DISORDERS OF OROFACIAL REGION
- P. RAMACHANDRA REDDI
- HEREDITARY DEFECTS OF THE ENAMEL
  - Amelogenesis Imperfecta
    - Hypoplastic Amelogenesis Imperfecta
    - Hypocalcified Amelogenesis Imperfecta
  - Dentinogenesis Imperfecta
    - Odontodysplasia
- HEREDITARY DISORDERS AFFECTING THE ENTIRE MORPHOLOGY OF THE TOOTH
  - Hereditary Disorders of the Periodontal Ligament
- SYNDROMES INVOLVING ORO-FACIAL STRUCTURES
- MANAGEMENT OF GENETIC DISEASES
- SUMMARY
12:White Lesions of Oral Mucosa
- INTRODUCTION
  - Mechanisms Why the Lesions Appear White?
  - Classification
- VARIANTS OF NORMAL FORDYCES GRANULES, LINEA ALBA, LEUKOEDEMA, HBID—(HEREDITARY BENIGN INTRAEPITHELIAL DYSKERATOSIS)
13:Vesiculo-bullous and Ulcerative Lesions of Oral Mucosa
- INTRODUCTION
- CLASSIFICATION
- EPIDERMOLYSIS BULLOSA (EB)
- TRAUMATIC ULCER
- ALLERGIC REACTIONS
  - Angioedema
- VIRAL
- AUTOIMMUNE GROUP
  - Erythema Multiforme (EM)
  - Acute Epidermal Necrolysis
- UNKNOWN ORIGIN
- CONCLUSION
14:Pigmentation of the Oral and Perioral Tissues
- INTRODUCTION
- CLASSIFICATION
- ENDOGENOUS PIGMENTATION
- EXOGENOUS PIGMENTATION
- SIGNIFICANCE OF ORAL PIGMENTATION IN SYSTEMIC DISEASE
- DRUG RELATED PIGMENTED LESIONS
- SOME SYNDROMES ASSOCIATED WITH ORAL AND PERIORAL PIGMENTATION
  - Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome (PJS)
  - Laugier-Hunziker Syndrome (LH syndrome)
- MISCELLANEOUS LESIONS
- SUMMARY
15:Cysts of the Oral Regions
- INTRODUCTION
- CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF CYSTS OF OROFACIAL REGION
- DEFINITION
- PARTS OF A CYST
- CLASSIFICATION OF CYSTS OF THE HEAD AND NECK
- MECHANISM OF CYST GROWTH AND ENLARGEMENT
  - Theories
  - Pathogenesis
- THE ODONTOGENIC CYSTS: THE INFLAMMATORY CYSTS
- THE DEVELOPMENTAL CYSTS
- THE RETENTION CYSTS
  - Mucous Retention Cysts
  - Sebaceous Cyst
- FISSURAL (INCLUSION) CYSTS
- SOFT TISSUE CYSTS
- PSEUDOCYSTS (FALSE CYSTS)
- CONCLUSION
16:Oral Precancer
- INTRODUCTION
- DIAGNOSTIC STEPS
- PRECANCEROUS CONDITIONS
- THE PRECANCEROUS LESIONS
- CONCLUSION
17:Oral Cancer: Squamous Cell Carcinoma
- INTRODUCTION
- RISK FACTORS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- STAGING OF ORAL CANCER**
- EVALUATION OF THE SUSPECTED CARCINOMA LESION
- TREATMENT
- CONCLUSION
18:Salivary Gland Disorders
- INTRODUCTION
- INVESTIGATIONS
- SIALODOCHITIS FIBRINOSA (KUSSMAUL'S DISEASE)
- AUTOIMMUNE SIALOSIS
  - Clinical Findings
  - Treatment
- VIRAL INFECTION—MUMPS
- ACUTE SUPPURATIVE SIALADENITIS
- ALLERGIC SIALADENITIS
- SIALADENOSIS
- SALIVARY GLAND NEOPLASMS
  - Clinical Findings
- MUCOCELE
  - Treatment
- DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES
- SUMMARY
19:Odontogenic Tumors
- INTRODUCTION
- EPITHELIAL TUMORS
- TUMORS ARISING FROM MESENCHYMAL ODONTOGENIC TISSUES
- MIXED—EPITHELIAL AND MESENCHYMAL TUMORS
  - Odontoma
  - Ameloblastic Fibroma (AF)/Ameloblastic Fibro-odontoma (AFO)
- CONCLUSION
20:Reactive Lesions and Nonodontogenic Tumors
- INTRODUCTION
- REACTIVE LESIONS
- HAMARTOMAS
- BENIGN TUMORS
  - Epithelial Origin—Papilloma—Keratoacanthoma
- MALIGNANT TUMORS
- CONCLUSION
21:Halitosis
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION
- CLASSIFICATION AND CAUSES
- HALITOSIS PRODUCTION
  - Xerostomia
- MEASUREMENT OF HALITOSIS
  - Organoleptic Measurements
- TREATMENT
- SUMMARY
- CONCLUSION
22:Dysphagia
- INTRODUCTION
- NORMAL SWALLOW PHYSIOLOGY
- DEFINITION
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- EVALUATION OF PATIENTS WITH DYSPHAGIA
  - Algorithm for the Differential Diagnosis of Dysphagia
- DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
- TREATMENT
- CONCLUSION
23:Radiation Physics, Properties and Production of X-rays
- INTRODUCTION
- NATURE OF RADIATION
- ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM (EM SPECTRUM)
  - Two Main Types of Medical Uses of X-rays
- PRODUCTION OF DIAGNOSTIC X-RAYS
- SUMMARY
24:Radiation Hygiene
- INTRODUCTION
- DOSIMETRY
- RADIATION BIOLOGY
- SOURCES OF RADIATION
- RISK VERSUS BENEFIT OF DENTAL FILMS
  - Critical Organs
- RADIATION PROTECTION FOR THE PATIENT
- OPERATOR PROTECTION FROM RADIATION
- EFFECT OF THERAPEUTIC RADIATION
- WHOLE BODY RADIATION
- SUMMARY
25:Radiographic Investigation
- INTRODUCTION
- BITEWING EXAMINATION
  - Indications for Bitewing Technique
- OCCLUSAL RADIOGRAPHY
- EXTRAORAL RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATIONS
  - Projection
- SPECIALIZED IMAGING TECHNIQUES
- THERMOGRAPHY
- ULTRASOUND (US)
- CT SCAN
  - Advantages of CT
  - Disadvantages of CT
- MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI)
- ENDOSCOPIC EXAMINATION
- RADIONUCLIDE DIAGNOSIS (RND)
  - Scintigraphic Technique
  - Disadvantages of Scintigraphy
- CONCLUSION
26:Films and Media
- INTRODUCTION
- BRIEF HISTORICAL REVIEW
- STRUCTURE OF FILM
- DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY OR DIGITAL IMAGING (RADIO-VISIOGRAPHY RVG)
- CONCLUSION
27:Radiographic Interpretation
- INTRODUCTION
- SYSTEMATIC APPROACH
- RADIOLUCENT LANDMARKS OF MAXILLA
- RADIOPAQUE LANDMARKS OF MAXILLA (Figs 27.7 and 27.8)
- RADIOLUCENT LANDMARKS OF MANDIBLE
- RADIOPAQUE LANDMARKS OF MANDIBLE (Fig. 27.12)
- RADIOGRAPHIC APPEARANCES OF PATHOLOGICAL LESIONS2
  - Radiographic Appearances of Periapical Lesions
- CONCLUSION
28:Errors in Dental Radiography
- INTRODUCTION
- IDEAL RADIOGRAPH
- FAULTY RADIOGRAPHS
- PROJECTION ERRORS
- EXPOSURE AND PROCESSING ERRORS
- ARTIFACTS ERRORS
- CONCLUSION
29:Orthopantomography
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORY
- PANTOMOGRAPHIC MACHINE (See Fig. 29.1)
- PATIENT POSITIONING AND ESTABLISHING EXPOSURE FACTORS
  - Patient Positioning
  - Panoramic Ghosts
- ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
- CONCLUSION
30:Computers in Dental Practice
- INTRODUCTION
- WHAT IS A COMPUTER?
- SPECIFICATIONS IN A COMPUTER
- COMPUTERS IN A DENTAL CLINIC SET-UP
- COMPUTERS IN HOSPITAL SET-UP
- COMPUTERS IN A DENTAL HOSPITAL
- EXPERT SYSTEMS
- USES OF COMPUTERS IN A GENERAL DENTAL CLINIC
- VIRTUAL REALITY (VR)
- USE OF COMPUTERS IN DIFFERENT SPECIALITIES OF DENTISTRY
- INTERNET AND RELATED ISSUES
- USE OF INTERNET IN DENTISTRY
  - Dental Resources on the Internet
- ADVANCES IN COMPUTERS
- DARK SIDE OF COMPUTERIZATION
- CONCLUSION
31:Forensic Odontology in Dental Practice
- INTRODUCTION
- STEPS IN COLLECTION OF EVIDENCE (Fig. 31.1)
- CLASSIFICATION
- MAINTENANCE OF DENTAL RECORDS
- CONSENT
- TORTOUS LIABILITY
- BITE MARKS
- SALIVA DETECTION
- NON-ACCIDENTAL INJURY
- DENTURE MARKING
- USE OF PRINT MEDIA AND INTERNET IN FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY
- CONCLUSION
32:Biopsychosocial Model of Illness and Oral Medicine
- INTRODUCTION
  - Biopsychosocial Model of Health
- TEMPOROMANDIBULAR PAIN-DYSFUNCTION (TMPD) SYNDROME
- BURNING MOUTH SYNDROME
- XEROSTOMIA
- ATYPICAL FACIAL PAIN
- ODONTOPHOBIA
- CANCEROPHOBIA
- SUMMARY
33:Occupational Hazards in Dentistry
- INTRODUCTION
- HAZARDS
- INFECTIOUS DISEASES
- POSTURAL, ORTHOPEDIC PROBLEMS AND RSI
- NOISE POLLUTION AND VISUAL DISTURBANCES
- RISK RELATED TO THE DENTAL MATERIAL
- MEDICOLEGAL PROBLEMS
- BIO-WASTE DISPOSAL AND RELATED PROBLEMS
- SUMMARY
34:Lasers in Dentistry
- INTRODUCTION
- PHYSICS OF LASER
  - Interaction with Biologic Tissue-Hard Tissues-Dental Pulp
- SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS
- TYPES OF LASERS
- SOME CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
  - Pediatric Dentistry
- ADVANTAGES OF THE USE OF DENTAL LASERS IN DENTAL PRACTICE
- SUMMARY
35:Clinical Pharmacology: Corticosteroids in Dentistry
- INTRODUCTION
- PHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY
- MECHANISM OF ACTION
- CLINICAL APPLICATION (Remembered as EROS)
  - Medical Indications2
  - Dental Indications3
- CONTRAINDICATIONS (CAUTIONARY INDICATIONS)4
- ACTION OF CORTICOSTEROIDS5
- SIDE EFFECTS OF CORTICOSTEROIDS
- PREPARATIONS
- SOME CLINICAL SITUATIONS
- CONCLUSION
36:Applied Clinical Pharmacology: Antibiotics, Analgesics and Anxiolytics in Dental Practice
- INTRODUCTION
- ANTIBIOTIC EFFECTIVENESS
- ANALGESIC AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY
- ANXIOLYTICS
  - Clinical Situations
- CONCLUSION
37:Pulpal Pathosis
- INTRODUCTION
- PAIN PERCEPTION IN THE PULP
- DIAGNOSIS OF PULP PATHOSIS
- CLASSIFICATION OF PULP PATHOSIS
- INFLAMMATORY DISEASES OF PULP
  - Reversible Pulpitis
    - Hypersensitive Dentin
    - Hyperemia
  - Irreversible Pulpitis
- OTHER PULPAL CHANGES
- INTERNAL RESORPTION (INTERNAL GRANULOMA, ODONTOCLASTOMA, PINK TOOTH)
- SUMMARY
38:Infections of the Oral Cavity
- INTRODUCTION
- ORAL CANDIDIASIS
- PHARYNGITIS
- MLNS OR MUCOCUTANEOUS LYMPH NODE SYNDROME
- ORAL LESIONS CAUSED BY SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES (STD)
- MYCOBACTERIAL INFECTIONS
- CONCLUSION
39:Radiotherapy in Head and Neck Cancers
- DEFINITION
- PRINCIPLES OF RADIOTHERAPY (RT)
  - Radiobiology
- PHYSICAL CONCEPTS IN RADIATION ONCOLOGY
- METHODS OF DELIVERY OF RADIOTHERAPY
- SIDE EFFECTS OF RADIATION
  - Late Reaction
- ADVANTAGES OF RADIOTHERAPY
- DISADVANTAGES OF RADIOTHERAPY
- FRACTIONATION IN RADIOTHERAPY
- BRACHYTHERAPY
  - High Dose Rate (HDR) Brachytherapy
- MANAGEMENT OF HEAD AND NECK CANCER
- LIST OF REGIONAL CANCER CENTERS (Table 39.4)
- CONCLUSION
40:Complementary and Alternative Medicine: Emerging Vistas in Healing
- INTRODUCTION
- OTHER NAMES OF ALTERNATIVE MEDICINES
- CLASSIFICATION OF ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE
- AYURVEDA
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DISEASES
  - Own Tongue as a Mirror Image of Body
- NATUROPATHY
- MUSIC THERAPY
- ACUPUNCTURE
  - Principle of Acupuncture
- TIBETAN MEDICINE
  - Theory of Tibetan Medicine
- HOMEOPATHY MEDICINE
- HUMOR THERAPY
- SPIRITUAL HEALING
- MEDITATION
  - Three Stages of Meditation
  - Types of Meditation
- YOGA
- UNANI (Based on the Greece Philosophy)
  - Diagnosis
  - Treatment
- COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE IN DENTISTRY
- CONCLUSION

INDEX

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Index

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Chapter Notes