Practical Pharmacology for Undergraduates with MCQs Keshab Mukhopadhyay
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Pharmacy Introduction1

  • Q. Define the following.
    1. Pharmacy
    2. Forensic pharmacy
    3. Pharmacist
    4. Pharmaceutist
    5. Pharmaceutics
    6. Pharmacology
    7. Pharmacognosy
    8. Materia medica
    9. Pharmacopoeia
  • Ans.
    1. Pharmacy: It is the science and arts of preparing and compounding drug for the purpose of patient administration. It covers the knowledge of identification, selection, preservation, combination, analysis and standardization of drug.
    2. Forensic pharmacy: It covers the legal law controlling trade and profession of pharmacy.
    3. Pharmacist: Authorised and qualified person to practice pharmacy.
    4. Pharmaceutist: Person skilled in pharmaceutics.
    5. Pharmaceutics: Science and art dealing with manufacture of drug.
    6. Pharmacology: Deals with sources, action, fate of drug in living organism and their toxicities.
    7. Pharmacognosy: Deals with source, acultivation, identification, botanical characteristics, chemical constituents of drugs of plant and animal origin.
    8. Materia medica: Obsolete terminology deals with botanical and chemical properties of drugs.2
    9. Pharmacopoeia: Published book by recognised authority of any country, containing list of accepted drugs, formulae for preparation, average dose, description and test for identification, purity, potency. Drugs included in pharmacopoeia are called Officials like IP; BP; rest of the drugs are ‘Non-officials’.
  • Q. Define alkaloid? How you test it?
  • Ans. An alkaloid is complex nitrogenous substance, basic in nature due to presence of tertiary nitrogen forms salts with acids. Insoluble in water but their salts are soluble, can be precipitated from their solution by heavy metals, alkalies, bromides, iodides, tannin, picric acid. Its name end in “ine” viz. Atropine, Morphine, Codeine, etc. Alkaloid may be tested by—
    1. Mayer's reagent (Mercuric potassium iodide solution).
    2. Dragendorff's reagent (Solution of potassium bismuth iodide).
    3. Wagner's reagent (Solution of iodine with potassium).
    4. Reineckate reagent (Solution of chromium ammonium thiocyanate).
    5. Marme's reagent (Solution of potassium cadmium iodide).
    6. Sonnenschein's reagent (Solution of phosphomolybdic acid).
  • Q. What are the qualitative test for glycoside?
  • Ans. It can be tested by Molisch reagent. In a test tube take 1 ml of test solution, add 5 drops of 10 per cent naphthol in alcohol. Pour 1 ml of conc. H2SO4 by the side of the test tube. A red ring changing to purple (Molisch reaction).
  • Q. How you will test for sterols?
  • Ans. It can be tested by—
    1. Libermann Burchard reaction: Solution with chloroform, acetic anhydride and conc. H2SO4 gives blue colour.
    2. Hesse's reaction: Solution with chloroform and conc. H2SO4 give red colour.
    3. Hirschsohn's reaction: Solution with trichloracetic acid and water gives red colour.3
 
MEANING OF SOME LATIN ABBREVIATIONS AND WORDS
Abbreviation
Latin
Meaning
aa
ana
of each
ad
ad
to, up to
ad lib
ad libitum
to the desired amount
a.c.
ante cibos
before meals
aq
aqua
water
aq dest
aqua destillata
distilled water
b.i.d or b.d.
bis in die
twice a day
c.
cum
with
co.
compositus
compound
div.
divide
divide
dil.
dilutus
dilute
elix.
elixir
an elixir
emp.
emplastrum
a plaster
emul.
emulsum
an emulsion
et
et
and
ft.
fiat
let it be made
gtt.
gutta, guttae
a drop, drops
h.s.
hora somni
at bed time
Mist.
Mistura
a mixture
o.d.
omni die
daily (once a day)
p.c.
post cibos
after meals
pil.
pilula
pill
pulv.
pulvis
powder
q.s.
quantum sufficit
a sufficient quantity
q.i.d.
quarter in die
four times a day
q.h.
quaque hora
every hour
ss.
semis
half
sig.
signa
let it be marked
S.O.S.
si opus sit
if necessary
Stat.
statim
immediately
t.i.d (td)
ter in die
three times a day
M.ft. Mist
Misce fiat mistura
mixed to make a mixture
tal
talis
of such
4
 
METROLOGY
1 Kilogram (kg)
=
1000 Grams (G, Gm, g)
1 Gram (G; Gm)
=
1000 milligram (mg, mgm)
1 milligram (mg)
=
1000 microgram (mcg; mg)
1 Ounce
=
8 drachm
1 Drachm
=
60 grains
1 Pound
=
16 ounce
1 Ounce
=
437.5 grams
1 Litre
=
1000 millilitre
1 Gallon
=
10 pounds
1 Pint
=
20 fluid ounce
1 Fluid ounce
=
8 fluid drachm
1 Fluid Drachm
=
60 minims
1 Grain
=
64.8 mg
1 Ounce
=
31.1035 gm
2.2 Pounds
=
1 kg
1 Minim
=
0.062 ml (1 drop)
1 fluid ounce
=
30 ml (approx)
1 Seer
=
940 Gm (2 lb)
1 Teaspoonful
=
4 ml
1 Desserts spoonful
=
8 ml
1 Tablespoonful
=
15 ml
1 per cent solution
=
1:100 = 1×10−2
0.1 per cent
=
1:1000 = 1×10−3
1 in million
=
1:1000,000 = 1×10−6