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Ultrasound of Fetal Anomalies
Kuldeep Singh
CHAPTER 1:
Anomalies of the Fetal Head and Brain
CRANIAL BIOMETRY (Fig. 1.1)
VENTRICULAR ATRIUM
CEREBELLUM
CISTERNA MAGNA
EXENCEPHALY (ACRANIA)
Ultrasound Appearance
ANENCEPHALY
Ultrasound Appearance
ENCEPHALOCELE
Ultrasound Appearance
INIENCEPHALY
Ultrasound Appearance
HOLOPROSENCEPHALY
ALOBAR
Ultrasound Appearance
SEMILOBAR
Ultrasound Appearance
LOBAR
Ultrasound Appearance (Figs 1.20 and 1.21)
AGENESIS OF CORPUS CALLOSUM
COMPLETE AGENESIS
Ultrasound Appearance
PARTIAL AGENESIS
Ultrasound Appearance
DANDY-WALKER MALFORMATION
Ultrasound Appearance
HYDRANENCEPHALY
Ultrasound Appearance
MICROCEPHALY
Ultrasound Appearance
VEIN OF GALEN ANEURYSM
Ultrasound Appearance
CHOROID PLEXUS CYSTS
Ultrasound Appearance
INTRACRANIAL CALCIFICATIONS
Ultrasound Appearance
VENTRICULOMEGALY
Ultrasound Appearance
CHAPTER 2:
Anomalies of the Fetal Spine
SPINA BIFIDA
Ultrasound Appearance
SACROCOCCYGEAL TERATOMA
Ultrasound Appearance
SCOLIOSIS AND HEMIVERTEBRA
Ultrasound Appearance
CHAPTER 3:
Fetal Facial Anomalies
NORMAL FEATURES, ANATOMY AND MEASUREMENTS
Orbits
Lips, Mouth and Tongue
Ears
CLEFT LIP AND PALATE
Ultrasound Appearance
HYPOTELORISM
Ultrasound Appearance
HYPERTELORISM
Ultrasound Appearance
MICROGNATHIA
Ultrasound Appearance
CHAPTER 4:
Anomalies of the Fetal Neck
CYSTIC HYGROMA
Ultrasound Appearance
CHAPTER 5:
Fetal Thoracic Anomalies (Extracardiac)
FETAL THORACIC ABNORMALITIES
BONY CAGE ABNORMALITIES
INTRATHORACIC EXTRACARDIAC ABNORMALITIES
PLEURAL EFFUSION
Ultrasound Appearance
CYSTIC ADENOMATOID MALFORMATION
Ultrasound Appearance
LUNG SEQUESTRATION
Ultrasound Appearance
CONGENITAL DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA
Ultrasound Appearance
CHAPTER 6:
Anomalies of the Fetal Heart
NORMAL HEART
Ultrasound Appearance (2D Imaging)
Ultrasound Appearance (M-Mode Echocardiography)
Ultrasound Appearance (Color Flow Mapping)
Ultrasound Appearance (Duplex Doppler Echocardiography)
CHAPTER 7:
Anomalies of the Gastrointestinal System
ESOPHAGEAL ATRESIA
Ultrasound Appearance
STOMACH (PSEUDOMASSES)
DUODENAL ATRESIA
Ultrasound Appearance
SMALL BOWEL OBSTRUCTION
Ultrasound Appearance
ECHOGENIC BOWEL
Ultrasound Appearance
LARGE BOWEL OBSTRUCTION
Ultrasound Appearance
MECONIUM PERITONITIS
Ultrasound Appearance
GASTROSCHISIS
Ultrasound Appearance
OMPHALOCELE
Ultrasound Appearance
HEPATOMEGALY AND HEPATIC CALCIFICATION
SPLENOMEGALY
CHOLEDOCHAL CYST
Ultrasound Appearance
CHAPTER 8:
Anomalies of the Genitourinary System
RENAL AGENESIS
Ultrasound Appearance
HYDRONEPHROSIS
Ultrasound Appearance
MULTICYSTIC DYSPLASTIC KIDNEY
Ultrasound Appearance
AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE (INFANTILE) POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE
Ultrasound Appearance
AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT (ADULT) POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE
Ultrasound Appearance
EXSTROPHY OF THE URINARY BLADDER
Ultrasound Appearance
OVARIAN CYSTS AND MASSES
Ultrasound Appearance
HYDROMETROCOLPOS
Ultrasound Appearance
CHAPTER 9:
Anomalies of the Fetal Skeletal System
THANATOPHORIC DYSPLASIA
Ultrasound Appearance
ACHONDROGENESIS
Ultrasound Appearance
Type I Achondrogenesis
Type II Achondrogenesis
OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA
Ultrasound Appearance
ASPHYXIATING THORACIC DYSTROPHY
Ultrasound Appearance
AMNIOTIC BAND SYNDROME
Ultrasound Appearance
SIRENOMELIA
Ultrasound Appearance
CLUB FOOT (TALIPES)
Ultrasound Appearance
CHAPTER 10:
Fetal Hydrops
BE CAREFUL OF
Appendices
APPENDIX 1: MEASUREMENT METHODOLOGY
AMNIOTIC FLUID INDEX ASSESSMENT
CHOROID PLEXUS
CEREBELLUM
CISTERNA MAGNA
NUCHAL TRANSLUCENCY
NUCHAL SKIN
ORBITAL MEASUREMENTS
CRANIAL BIOMETRY
ABDOMINAL PERIMETER
LONG BONES
APPENDIX 2: NORMAL VALUES
NUCHAL TRANSLUCENCY
NUCHAL SKIN FOLD
VENTRICULAR ATRIUM
VENTRICULAR ATRIUM
CEREBELLAR TRANSVERSE DIAMETER
CISTERNA MAGNA
RENAL PELVIS
SMALL BOWEL
LARGE BOWEL
PERICARDIAL FLUID
CUTANEOUS THICKNESS
APPENDIX 3: REPORTING
FROM 05–10 WEEKS
FROM 10–14 WEEKS
FROM 14–22 WEEKS
FROM 22–28 WEEKS
FROM 28–41 WEEKS
INDEX
TOC
Index
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