Essentials of Pharmacology for Dentistry KD Tripathi
INDEX
×
Chapter Notes

Save Clear


1Essentials of Pharmacology for Dentistry
2Essentials of Pharmacology for Dentistry
KD TRIPATHI MD Ex-Director-Professor and Head of Pharmacology Maulana Azad Medical College and associated LN and GB Pant Hospitals New Delhi
3Published by
Jitendar P Vij
Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd
EMCA House, 23/23B Ansari Road, Daryaganj
New Delhi 110 002, India
Phones: +91-11-23272143, +91-11-23272703, +91-11-23282021, +91-11-23245672
Fax: +91-11-23276490, +91-11-23245683 e-mail: jaypee@jaypeebrothers.com
Visit our website: www.jaypeebrothers.com
Branches
Essentials of Pharmacology for Dentistry
Managing Editor: M. Tripathi
© 2005, KD Tripathi
All rights reserved. No part of this publication should be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the author and the publisher.
First Edition: 2005
9788180615832
Typeset at JPBMP typesetting unit
Printed at Gopsons Papers Ltd., Sector 60, Noida
4Preface
With phenomenal growth of information on mechanism of action and clinical application of drugs as well as rapid introduction of new drugs, pharmacology, the science of drugs (medicines), has become increasingly important to all health professionals who prescribe/administer drugs. Practice of dentistry utilizes drugs as primary treatment modality as well as facilitator of dental procedures. Dentists may have to manage a medical emergency arising in their clinic. Moreover, many dental patients could be receiving other medication that may have orodental implications, or may interact with drugs prescribed by the dentist. As such, a broad knowledge of pharmacology with emphasis on certain aspects is needed by the dentist.
This book is divided into three sections. The first describes the general pharmacological principles with which all professionals involved in drug therapy must be conversant. The second on systemic pharmacology presents a brief account of drugs acting on various organ systems and used in the treatment of common disorders. Each chapter is systematically organised. The opening sentence defines the class of drugs, followed by their classification. The ‘prototype’ approach is followed by describing the representative drug of the class. Wherever applicable, the implications in dentistry are highlighted, such as drugs and diseases affecting postextraction haemostasis, dental procedures in patients on corticosteroid therapy or in diabetics, oral complications of cancer chemotherapy, conscious sedation in dentistry, etc. Management of medical emergencies like anaphylactic shock, seizures, angina, or asthmatic attack during dental treatment is outlined.
The third section mainly elaborates drugs which the dentists prescribe or administer themselves; but for the sake of continuity also includes other antimicrobials that they are unlikely to prescribe. The allocation of topics in sections two and three does not indicate water-tight distinction, which is impossible, but has been done with a view to focus attention on drugs that have greater relevance in dentistry. To mention a few, the application of analgesics and NSAIDs in dental pain, dental anaesthesia, role of each class of antimicrobials in orodental infections, prophylaxis of postextraction infection and endocarditis in patients at special risk, choice of antiseptics and antibiotics for control of dental plaque and periodontal disease are emphasized. A chapter on drug interactions has been included, highlighting those that may be encountered in dentistry. Leading trade names and dosage forms of drugs generally prescribed by dentists are mentioned distinctively. Thus, the book is oriented to provide essential pharmacological knowledge and understanding, and cater to the specific needs of dental students and practitioners.
I am indebted to my colleagues in pharmacology and dentistry for conceptual and clinical inputs that helped in orienting the book. The motivational influence of Shri J.P. Vij, CEO, Jaypee Brothers, was the main impetus for this book. The meticulous preparation of the manuscript and illustrations by Ms Sunita Katla, Mr Manoj Pahuja and Mr KK Raman is highly appreciated. The editorial support and cooperation of my wife is sincerely acknowledged.
5th June, 2005
KD Tripathi
5List of Abbreviations A-I/II/III
Angiotensin I/II/III
AA
Amino acid
AB
Antibody
AC
Adenylyl cyclase
ACE
Angiotensin II converting enzyme
ACh
Acetylcholine
AChE
Acetylcholinesterase
ACTH
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
AD
Alzheimer's disease
ADH
Antidiuretic hormone
ADP
Adenosine diphosphate
Adr
Adrenaline
AF
Atrial fibrillation
AFl
Atrial flutter
AG
Antigen
AIDS
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
AIP
Aldosterone induced protein
ALA
Alanine
AMA
Antimicrobial agent
AMB
Amphotericin B
amp
Ampoule
AMP
Adenosine monophosphate
ANC
Acid neutralizing capacity
ANS
Autonomic nervous system
AP
Action potential
APD
Action potential duration
aPTT
Activated partial thromboplastin time
ARC
AIDS related complex
5-ASA
5-Amino salicyclic acid
Asc LH
Ascending limb of Loop of Henle
AT-III
Antithrombin III
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate
ATPase
Adenosine triphosphatase
A-V
Atrioventricular
AVP
Arginine vasopressin
AZT
Zidovudine
B12
Vitamin B12
BCNU
Bischloroethyl nitrosourea (Carmustine)
BD
Twice daily
BHP
Benign hypertrophy of prostate
BMD
Bone mineral density
BMR
Basal metabolic rate
BP
Blood pressure
BPN
Bisphosphonate
BSA
Body surface area
BuChE
Butyryl cholinesterase
BW
Body weight
BZD
Benzodiazepine
C-10
Decamethonium
CA
Catecholamine
CaBP
Calcium binding protein
CAD
Coronary artery disease
CAM
Calmodulin
cAMP
3′, 5′ Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
cap
Capsule
CAse
Carbonic anhydrase
CBS
Colloidal bismuth subcitrate
CCB
Calcium channel blocker
CD
Collecting duct
cGMP
3′, 5′ Cyclic guanosine monophosphate
CGRP
Calcitonin gene-related peptide
CH
Cholesterol
ChE
Cholinesterase
CHE
Cholesterol ester
CHF
Congestive heart failure
CI
Cardiac index
CL
Clearance
CLcr
Creatinine clearance
Clo
Clofazimine
CMI
Cell-mediated immunity
CMV
Cytomegalovirus
CNS
Central nervous system
c.o.
Cardiac output
CoEn-A
Coenzyme-Ar
COMT
Catechol-O-methyl transferase
COX
Cyclooxygenase
CPS
Complex partial seizures
CPZ
Chlorpromazine
CRF
Corticotropin releasing factor
CSF
Cerebrospinal fluid
CTZ
Chemoreceptor trigger zone
CVS
Cardiovascular system
CWD
Cell wall deficient
CYP450
Cytochrome P450
DA
Dopamine
DA-B12
Deoxyadenosyl cobalamin
DAG
Diacyl glycerol
DCI
Dichloroisoproternol
dDAVP
Desmopressin
DDS
Diamino diphenyl sulfone (Dapsone)
DHE
Dihydroergotamine6
DHFA
Dihydro folic acid
DHFRase
Dihydrofolate reductase
DHP
Dihydropyridine
DI
Diabetes insipidus
DIT
Diiodotyrosine
dl
Decilitre
DLE
Disseminated lupus erythematosus
DMARD
Disease modifying antirheumatic drug
DMPA
Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate
DMPP
Dimethyl phenyl piperazinium
DNA
Deoxyribose nucleic acid
DOCA
Desoxy corticosterone acetate
dopa
Dihydroxyphenyl alanine
DOSS
Dioctyl sulfosuccinate
DOTS
Directly observed treatment short course
DRC
Dose-response curve
DT
Distal tubule
d-TC
d-Tubocurarine
E
Ethambutol
EACA
Epsilon amino caproic acid
e.c.f.
Extracellular fluid
ECG
Electrocardiogram
EDTA
Ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid
EEG
Electroencephalogram
β-END
β-Endorphin
EPEC
Enteropathogenic E. coli
EPO
Erythropoietin
ERP
Effective refractory period
EPSP
Excitatory postsynaptic potential
ER
Estrogen receptor
ES
Extrasystole
ESR
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
ETEC
Enterotoxigenic E. coli
Etm
Ethionamide
FA
Folic acid
5-FC
5-Flucytosine
FEV1
Forced expiratory volume in 1 second
FFA
Free fatty acid
FQ
Fluoroquinolone
FSH
Follicle stimulating hormone
5-FU
5-Fluorouracil
GABA
Gamma amino butyric acid
GC
Guanylyl cyclase
GDP
Guanosine diphosphate
GERD
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
g.f.r.
Glomerular filtration rate
GH
Growth hormone
g.i.t.
Gastrointestinal tract
GITS
Gastrointestinal therapeutic system
GLUT
Glucose transporter
GnRH
Gonadotropin releasing hormone
G-6-PD
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
GTCS
Generalised tonic-clonic seizures
GTN
Glyceryl trinitrate
GTP
Guanosine triphosphate
H
Isoniazid (Isonicotinic acid hydrazide)
HAART
Highly active antiretroviral therapy
Hb
Haemoglobin
HCG
Human chorionic gonadotropin
HDL
High density lipoprotein
5-HIAA
5-Hydroxyindole acetic acid
HETE
Hydroxyeicosa tetraenoic acid
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus
HMG-CoA
Hydroxymethyl glutaryl coenzyme A
HPA axis
Hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis
HPETE
Hydroperoxy eicosatetraenoic acid
hr
Hour
HR
Heart rate
HRT
Hormone replacement therapy
5-HT
5-Hydroxytryptamine
5-HTP
5-Hydroxytryptophan
HVA
Homovanillic acid
ICSH
Interstitial cell stimulating hormone
IDL
Intermediate density lipoprotein
IGF
Insulin-like growth factor
IL
Interleukin
ILEU
Isoleucine
i.m.
Intramuscular
INH
Isonicotinic acid hydrazide
INR
International normalized ratio
i.o.t.
Intraocular tension
IP3
Inositol trisphosphate
IPSP
Inhibitory postsynaptic potential
Iso
Isoprenaline
IU
International unit
i.v.
Intravenous
KTZ
Ketoconazole
LA
Local anaesthetic
LDL
Low density lipoprotein
LES
Lower esophageal sphincter
leu-ENK
Leucine enkephalin
LH
Luteinizing hormone
liq
Liquid
LMW
Low molecular weight
LOX
Lipoxygenase
LSD
Lysergic acid diethylamide
LT
Leukotriene
MAC
Minimal alveolar concentration
MAC
Mycobacterium avium complex
MAO
Monoamine oxidase
MAPKinase
Mitogen activated protein kinase
max
Maximum
MBC
Minimum bactericidal concentration
MBL
Multibacillary leprosy
MDI
Manic depressive illness
MDR
Multidrug resistant
MDT
Multidrug therapy (of leprosy)
met-ENK
Methionine enkephalin
mEq
milliequivalent7
Mf
Microfilariae
MHC
Major histocompatibility complex
MI
Myocardial infarction
MIC
Minimal inhibitory concentration
min
Minimum
MIT
Monoiodo tyrosine
MLCK
Myosin light chain kinase
6-MP
6-Mercaptopurine
MRSA
Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Mtx
Methotrexate
MW
Molecular weight
NA
Noradrenaline
NABQI
N-acetyl-p-benzoquinoneimine
NADP
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
NADPH
Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
NAG
N-acetyl glucosamine
NAM
N-acetyl muramic acid
NANC
Nonadrenergic noncholinergic
NaSSA
Noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant
NEE
Norethindrone enanthate
NFAT
Nuclear factor of activated T-cell
NLEP
National leprosy eradication programme
NMDA
N-methyl-D-aspartate
NNRTI
Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor
NPY
Neuropeptide-Y
NR
Nicotinic receptor
N-REM
Non rapid eye movement (sleep)
NRTI
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor
NSAID
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug
NTS
Nucleus tractus solitarius
OC
Oral contraceptive
OCD
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
OD
Once daily
ORS
Oral rehydration salt (solution)
ORT
Oral rehydration therapy
PABA
Paraamino benzoic acid
PAE
Post antibiotic effect
2-PAM
Pralidoxime
PAF
Platelet activating factor
PAS
Paraamino salicylic acid
PBPs
Penicillin binding proteins
PBL
Paucibacillary leprosy
PD
Parkinsons's disease
PF
Purkinje fibre
PG
Prostaglandin
PGI2
Prostacyclin
PI
Protease inhibitor
PIP2
Phosphatidyl inositol-4, 5-bisphosphate
PKA
Protein kinase: cAMP dependent
PKC
Protein kinase C
PLA
Phospholipase A
PLC
Phospholipase C
PnG
Penicillin G
POMC
Pro-opio melanocortin
PP
Partial pressure
PPARγ
Paroxysome proliferator-activated receptor γ
PPH
Postpartum haemorrhage
PPI
Proton pump inhibitor
ppm
Part per million
PPNG
Penicillinase producing N. gonorrhoeae
Prl
Prolactin
PSVT
Paroxysmal supra-ventricular tachycardia
PT
Proximal tubule
PTCA
Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
PTH
Parathyroid hormone
PTP
Post-tetanic potentiation
QID
Four times a day
R
Rifampin (Rifampicin)
RAS
Renin-angiotensin system
RBP
Retinol binding protein
REM
Rapid eye movement (sleep)
RIMA
Reversible inhibitor of MAO-A
rINN
Recommended international nonproprietary name
RMP
Resting membrane potential
RNA
Ribonucleic acid
RNTCP
Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme
RP
Refractory period
RTF
Resistance transfer factor
S
Streptomycin
SA
Sinoatrial (node)
SAARD
Slow acting antirheumatic drug
SABE
Subacute bacterial endocarditis
s.c.
Subcutaneous
SCh
Succinylcholine
SERM
Selective estrogen receptor modulator
SGA
Second generation antihistaminic
s.l.
Sublingual
SLE
Systemic lupus erythematosus
SMON
Subacute myelo-optic neuropathy
SNRI
Serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor
s.o.s.
as required
SPS
Simple partial seizures
SR
Sustained release
SRS-A
Slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis
SSRIs
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
susp
Suspension
SWS
Slow wave sleep
syr
Syrup
Half-life
T3
Triiodothyronine8
T4
Thyroxine
tab
Tablet
TB
Tubercle bacilli
TCAs
Tricyclic antidepressants
TDS
Three times a day
TG
Triglyceride
6-TG
6-Thioguanine
THC
Tetrahydrocannabinol
THFA
Tetrahydro folic acid
THR
Threonine
TIAs
Transient ischaemic attacks
TNF-α
Tumour necrosis factor α
t.p.r.
Total peripheral resistance
t-PA
Tissue plasminogen activator
TRH
Thyrotropin releasing hormone
TSH
Thyroid stimulating hormone
TTS
Transdermal therapeutic system
TX
Thromboxane
U
Unit
UDP
Uridine diphosphate
UFH
Unfractionated heparin
V
Volume of distribution
VAL
Valine
VF
Ventricular fibrillation
Vit
Vitamin
VLDL
- Very low density lipoprotein
VMA
Vanillyl mandelic acid
VRE
Vancomycin resistant enterococci
VRSA
Vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus
VT
Ventricular tachycardia
WPW
Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
Z
Pyrazinamide
ZE syndrome
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome