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Approach to Arterial Blood Gases
S Sunanda
CHAPTER 1:
Introduction
NORMAL VALUES
INDICATIONS FOR ABG ANALYSIS
SAMPLE COLLECTION
Allen's Test
PREREQUISITES FOR THE TEST
CHAPTER 2:
Interpretation Principles
INTERPRETATION PRINCIPLES
POINTS TO BE REMEMBERED
pO2
PCO2
pH
BASE EXCESS
CHAPTER 3:
Steps in Acid-Base Analysis
STEPS IN ACID-BASE ANALYSIS
Step I
Step II
Step III
RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS
Acute Respiratory Acidosis
Chronic Respiratory Acidosis
RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS
Acute Respiratory Alkalosis
Chronic Respiratory Alkalosis
Step IV
What is Anion Gap?
CAUSES OF NORMAL OR NON- ANION GAP
Metabolic Acidosis
Specific Causes
Patients With
CAUSES OF INCREASED ANION GAP (AG >12) (MNEMONIC—MULEPAK)
Step V
Step VI
WINTER'S FORMULA
ACID-BASE DISORDERS (OUTLINE)
Simple Acid-Base Disorders
Mixed Acid-Base Disorders
INTERPRETATION OF HYPOXIA
AaO2 Gradient
Alveolar Gas Equation
Ex : ABG
Alveolar Gas Equation
REMEMBER
Other Indices of Hypoxia
OXYGEN INDEX
Relationship Between PAO2, PaO2, PACO2, PaCO2
Effect of PaCO2 on PaO2
CHAPTER 4:
Pulse Oximetry
PULSE OXIMETRY
Oxygen Dissociation Curve
Right Shift
Left Shift
PITFALLS OF OXIMETRY
Alkalosis
Smoke Inhalation (CO Poisoning)
COPD
CHAPTER 5:
Etiopathogenesis
RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS
HISTORY
Clinical Manifestations of Hypercapnea are Primarily Neurologic
Cardiovascular
Skin
RESPIRATORY CAUSES
Extrathoracic Airway Lesion
Intrathoracic Airway Obstruction
Central Respiratory Control Depression
Increased Dead Space
Acute Lung Disease
Respiratory Muscle Weakness Leading to Hypoventilation
Chest Wall Restriction
Increased CO2 Production
RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS
Pathophysiology
Symptoms
Causes
Central Nervous System Causes
Pulmonary Disorders
Endocrine Causes
Hypoxia
Drugs
Others
RESPIRATORY FAILURE
METABOLIC ACIDOSIS
Causes
Associated Imbalances
METABOLIC ALKALOSIS
Causes
Associated Imbalances
QUICK REFERENCES
Metabolic Acidosis
Clinical Manifestations
Metabolic Alkalosis
Clinical Manifestations
Respiratory Acidosis
Clinical Manifestations
Respiratory Alkalosis
Clinical Manifestations
CHAPTER 6:
Formulae
FORMULAE
Winter's Formula
CHAPTER 7:
Definitions
DEFINITIONS
CHAPTER 8:
Abbreviations
ABBREVIATIONS
CHAPTER 9:
Exercise
EXERCISE
Bibliography
INDEX
TOC
Index
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