Editor Suresh K Pandey, MD
Assistant Professor John A Moran Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences University of Utah, 50 North Medical Drive
Salt Lake City, Utah-84132, USA
Sydney Eye Hospital Save Sight Institute University of Sydney
Sydney, NSW, 2001, Australia
13Preface
Jitendar P Vij
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Dry Eye and Ocular Surface Disorders
© 2006, Suresh K Pandey
All rights reserved. No part of this publication should be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the editor and the publisher.
First Edition: 2006
9788180616549
Typeset at JPBMP typesetting unit
Printed at Replica Press P. Ltd., Sonipat
I would like to dedicate this book to
my teachers and sincere and genuine well-wishers—
Professor David J Apple, Professor Randall J Olson,
Dr Liliana Werner, Dr E John Milverton and
Dr Anthony Maloof, who have inspired and
motivated me to strive for excellence and
achieve greater heights each day. They have
also been exemplary in their willingness
to impart all they have to teach and train, and have
helped me professionally and personally. It is unusual
to come across such eager teachers in this day and
age and I consider myself lucky to have known
them and to have benefited from their
7Contributors
- Mark B Abelson, MD
- Associate Clinical Professor of Ophthalmology
- Harvard Medical School
- Senior Clinical Scientist at Schepens Eye Research Institute
- Boston, MA 01845, USA
- President, Ophthalmic Research
- Associates Inc, 863 Turnpike Street
- North Andover, MA 01845, USA
- Julie M Albietz BappSc (Optom)(Hons), PhD
- Queensland University of Technology, Centre for Eye Research
- Victoria Park Rd
- Kelvin Grove, 4059, Australia
- Leonard Pek-Kiang Ang, mbbs, mmed(ophth), frcs(edin), mrcophth (lond)
- Assistant Professor
- Singapore National Eye Centre
- Dept of Ophthalmology, Yong Yoo Lin
- School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
- Stephanie A Baxter, md, frcs(c)
- Assistant Professor
- Department of Ophthalmology
- Queen's University
- Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Maria Borelli, md
- Department of Ophthalmology
- Seconda Universita' degli Studi di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
- Jason Casavant
- Ophthalmic Research Associates Inc
- 863 Turnpike Street
- North Andover, MA 01845, USA
- Michael D Dalzell
- Editor, Biotechnology Healthcare
- 780 Township Line Road
- Yardley, PA 19067, USA
- Murat Dogru, md
- Assistant Professor
- Department of Ophthalmology
- School of Medicine, Keio University
- 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku
- Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
- Eric D Donnenfeld md, facs
- Clinical Associate Professor
- North Shore University Hospital and Nassau County Medical Center
- Founding Partner
- Ophthalmic Consultants of Long Island
- Rockville Centre, New York, USA
- Eiki Goto, md
- Assistant Professor
- Department of Ophthalmology
- School of Medicine
- Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi
- Shinjuku
- Tokyo, 160–858
- Japan
- Gerd Geerling, md
- Lead Ophthalmic Consultant and Deputy Director Department of Ophthalmology
- Professor in Ophthalmology
- Editor- Current Eye Research
- Department of Ophthalmology
- University Hospital
- Julius-Maximilian-University
- Josef-Schneider-Str. 11
- 97080 Würzburg, Germany
- Oscar Gris, md
- Instituto De Microcirugia Ocular (IMO)
- Universitat Autonòma De Barcelona
- Barcelona, Spain
- José L Güell, md
- Instituto De Microcirugia Ocular (IMO)
- Universitat Autonòma De Barcelona
- Barcelona, Spain
- Jan D Hirsch, phd
- Assistant Professor of Clinical Pharmacy and Family and Preventive Medicine
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California
- San Diego, California, USA
- Peter R Laibson, md
- Professor of Ophthalmology, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas
- Jefferson University
- Co-Director Cornea Service, Attending Surgeon, Wills Eye Hospital;
- 840 Walnut Street, Suite 920, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
- Mark R Levine, md
- Chief, Department of Ophthalmology
- Clinical Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, Director, Oculoplastic Service, Administrative Hospital, Mt. Sinai Medical Center, Case Western Reserve School of Medicine
- University Hospitals of Cleveland
- Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Anthony J Maloof mbbs, mbiomede, franzco, fracs
- Clinical Senior Lecturer, University of Sydney, Director-The Cornea and Eye Plastics Institute, Level 9
- Suite 13-14, 229-231 Macquarie St
- Sydney 2000, Australia
- Director of Ophthalmic Surgery, Westmead Eye Hospital
- Westmead 2145, Australia
- E John Milverton mbbs, franzco, frcophth
- Chairman, Intraocular Implant Unit
- Sydney Eye Hospital, Sydney, NSW, 2001
- Australia
- Randall J Olson, md
- Presidential Professor and Director
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences
- John A Moran Eye Center
- University of Utah
- 50 North Medical Drive
- Salt Lake City, Utah-84132, USA
- George W Ousler III
- Director- Dry Eye Department
- Ophthalmic Research Associates Inc., 863 Turnpike Street
- North Andover, MA 01845, USA
- Suresh K Pandey, md
- Assistant Professor
- John A Moran Eye Center
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah
- 50 North Medical Drive
- Salt Lake City, Utah-84132, USA
- Sydney Eye Hospital, Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2001, Australia
- Henry D Perry, md, facs
- Chief of Cornea Service
- Nassau University Medical Center
- East Meadow, New York
- Clinical Associate Professor of Ophthalmology
- Weill-Cornell School of Medicine
- Founding Partner, Ophthalmic Consultants of Long Island
- Rockville Centre, New York, USA
- Stephen C Pflugfelder, md
- James and Margaret Elkins Professor
- Director of the Ocular Surface Center
- Department of Ophthalmology
- Baylor College of Medicine
- Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Sarah Rosner
- Research Associate
- Ophthalmic Research Associates Inc., 863 Turnpike Street
- North Andover, MA 01845, USA
- Debra A Schaumberg, scd, od, mph
- Assistant scientist at Schepens Eye Research Institute
- Assistant professor of Medicine and Ophthalmology
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School
- Boston, MA, USA
- Sabrina Shah-Desai, ms, frcs
- Corneal and Oculoplastic Surgeon, Bhatia Hospital, Mumbai, India
- Oculoplastic Consultant, Aditya Jyot Eye Hospital, Mumbai, India
- John D Sheppard, md, mmsc
- Clinical Director-Thomas R Lee Center for Ocular Pharmacology.
- Ophthalmology Program Director
- Associate Professor of Ophthalmology
- Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23501, USA
- Amarpreet Singh, md
- Clinical Fellow, Oculoplastic Service
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals of Cleveland
- Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Renée Solomon, md
- Ophthalmic Consultants of Long Island
- Rockville Centre, New York, USA
- David A Sullivan, phd
- Senior Scientist
- Associate Professor
- Harvard Medical School
- Boston, MA, USA
- Brighu N Swamy mbbs (hons), mmed (clin epi)
- University of Sydney
- Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Donald Tan frcse, frcsg, frcophth, fams
- Professor of Ophthalmology
- Director, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Deputy Director, Singapore National Eye Centre
- Head, Dept of Ophthalmology
- Yong Yoo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
- Charlotte Wolley-Dod, md
- Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau
- Department of Ophthalmology
- Universitat Autonòma De Barcelona
- Barcelona
- Spain
The clinical and research interest in the ocular surface has burgeoned in the past ten years. The importance of disease of the ocular surface as a cause of patient discomfort and visual impairment has been increasingly recognized by clinicians since Richard Thoft, MD and Judy Friend re-focused our attention on conjunctival and corneal pathophysiology and highlighted the term “the ocular surface”.1–3 Since then, there has been an international research society dedicated to its study—the Tear Film and Ocular Surface Society (TFOS; www.tearfilm.org). There has also been a journal dedicated to the basic science, clinical science, and clinical practice related to the ocular surface—The Ocular Surface (Ethis Communications, New York, USA; www.theocularsurface.com). Better understanding of the physiology of the healthy tear film and ocular surface and better appreciation of the pathophysiology of dry eye disease has led to advances in therapy for both dry eye and ocular surface disease.4, 5
This book on Dry Eye and Ocular Surface Disorders of international authorship draws together current knowledge of the epidemiology, clinical expression, pathophysiology, and available therapy for ocular surface disease, particularly dry eye disease. In a consolidation of research and clinical perspective, the reader is presented with a logical and forthright discussion of the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms and is shown how these features can be modified by appropriate therapy. Expertise from basic scientists, epidemiologists, ophthalmologists, and plastic surgeons cover the gamut of options through which to understand and intervene in dry eye and ocular surface disease.
Dry Eye and Ocular Surface Disorders will be useful not only for comprehensive and specialist ophthalmologists but also for general practitioners and health professionals who seek to keep touch with the latest thinking in respect to diagnosis and management of dry eye and ocular surface disorders. The reader will find within a wealth of knowledge from the laboratories and clinics of some of the leaders in the field and will be able to utilize this reference to great advantage in 12the understanding and care of those afflicted by dry eye and ocular surface disease. Dr Suresh K Pandey and all international contributors are to be congratulated for bringing this collaborative work to fruition.
Professor Gary N Foulks, md, facs
Past President of the Cornea Society
Past President of the Contact Lens Association of Ophthalmologists
Cornea SIT Director American Academy of Ophthalmology
Editor for Clinical Science, The Ocular Surface
Executive Editorial Board, Cornea
Arthur and Virginia Keeney Professor of Ophthalmology
Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science
University of Louisville School of Medicine
301 E. Muhammad Ali Blvd.
Louisville, KY 40202, USA
REFERENCES
- Thoft RA, Friend J. Biochemical transformation of regenerating ocular surface epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1977;16:14–20.
- Friend J, Thoft RA. Functional competence of regenerating ocular surface epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1978;17:134–9.
- Thoft RA, Friend J. The X, Y, Z hypothesis of corneal epithelial maintenance. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1983;24:1422–3.
- Foulks GN. Evolving therapy of dry eye. Ophthalmol Clin NA 2003;16:29–35.
- Foulks GN, Bron AJ. Meibomian gland dysfunction: a clinical scheme for description, diagnosis, classification, and grading. The Ocular Surface 2003;1:107–126.
- Pandey SK. Dry Eye and Ocular Surface Disorders. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., New Delhi: 2006.
Dry eyes and related ocular problems are becoming increasingly important in view of changes in lifestyle and environment, the development of diagnostic instruments, and the recent knowledge of the dry eye and ocular surface disorders. Dry eye disease is one of the most common reasons for patients to visit an eye-care professional. According to recent estimates, approximately 60 million people suffer from dry eye syndrome in the United States alone. Extended hours spent working in front of computers/visual display terminal, external/environmental factors such as wind, heating and air conditioning drafts increase tear evaporation, and the aging of the population have all contributed to the increasing numbers of such “itchy-burny” patients seen in ophthalmic practices worldwide. Yet there is not enough information available and there are not many textbooks on the topic as compared to the scores of books released every year about cataract surgery.
Dry eyes are seen not only by ophthalmologists but also by general practitioners; a well-informed approach to treatment will go a long way in relieving the suffering of troubled patients. Newer approaches to management are now being tried apart from the routine tear supplements; these include steroids and other anti-inflammatory medications and partial immunomodulators like cyclosporine. Simultaneously, there have been several advances in surgical management of ocular surface disorders and limbal stem cell transplantation and amniotic membrane transplantation are now routinely performed in various centers. It is now possible to improve the ocular surface in many complex cases of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and ocular cicatricial pemphigoid, with the help of such surgical modalities.
This multi-authored text on Dry Eye and Ocular Surface Disorders is divided in 8 sections, with a total of 24 comprehensive chapters and an appendix. A galaxy of internationally respected contributors have provided an authoritative text on the epidemiology and economics of dry eye, the pathophysiology, the current diagnostic and treatment practices, surgical aspects of ocular surface disorders, the present status of surgeries like amniotic membrane transplantation. Few other important issues such as dry eyes in contact lens wearers and dry eye seen during pregnancy and menopause are also discussed. The exhaustive list of chapters and authors may mean there could be some overlap of information between different chapters. However, I feel that this will be useful as each author has given his/her own unique perspective to the topic and the reader can draw his own conclusions based on this diverse opinion base, supported by facts. The contributors have strived to bring together not just the current clinical concepts but also to compile the latest available research information on the topic. In this era of focus on cost-effectiveness of medical treatment, ignoring the financial aspects 14would be to our own peril; and therefore, the section on the economics of dry eyes has been included to bring a unique perspective to the problem.
I am greatly indebted to all the contributors, who are all internationally acclaimed experts in their field, and who have generously contributed in a very short span of time. Despite the wealth of information contained in the book and the diversity of the contents varying from the pathophysiological and anatomical aspects to the future possibilities, we have tried to keep the book easy-to-read, in a simple and appealing format. A comprehensive up-to-date reference list has been added at the end of each chapter and hopefully this will be useful for those wishing to explore further.
I am extremely grateful for the support extended by Dr E John Milverton, Chairman, Intraocular Implant Unit of Sydney Eye Hospital, Sydney, Australia. Ms Janet Stretton (Executive Director, Sydney Hospital and Sydney Eye Hospital) and Dr. Pauline Rumma (Clinical Director, Sydney Hospital and Sydney Eye Hospital) also deserve thanks for their support. I readily acknowledge the interest, and cooperation of Shri Jitendra P Vij, Chairman and Managing Director, M/s Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., and appreciate his invitation to edit this book. I thank all the publishing staff, particularly, Mr Tarun Duneja, General Manager (Publishing), and Ms Sunita Katla (PA to CEO) in assisting our participation in this effort. Finally, I acknowledge the support of my spouse, Vidushi and family, whose encouragement has allowed me to meet deadlines and to complete this work.
This work has truly been a team effort. While we have taken every possible care to keep the information accurate and useful, I will appreciate any suggestions and constructive criticism from the readers, which will be invaluable in the improvement of the book and to provide more relevant and useful information to the readers.
Suresh K Pandey, md
Assistant Professor
John A Moran Eye Center
Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences
University of Utah, 50 North Medical Drive
Salt Lake City, Utah-84132, USA
Sydney Eye Hospital
Save Sight Institute
University of Sydney
Sydney, NSW, 2001, Australia
Email: suresh.pandey@gmail.com