Jaypee Brothers
In Current Chapter
In All Chapters
X
Clear
X
GO
Normal
Sepia
Dark
Default Style
Font Style 1
Font Style 2
Font Style 3
Less
Normal
More
Essentials of Anaesthesiology
Arun Kumar Paul
CHAPTER 1:
The Evolution of Modern Anaesthesia
CHAPTER 2:
The Physiologic Response to Injury
CHAPTER 3:
Fluid and Electrolyte Changes
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION OF WATER AND ELECTROLYTES IN THE BODY
Water
Electrolytes
Water Balance
Sodium Balance
Fluid Balance
Average distribution of electrolytes in mEq/l
Common replacement fluids are
Composition of some replacement solutions
Pure Water Deficiency
Manifestations
Results
Pure Water Deficit
Treatment
Combined Water and Sodium Deficiency
Aetiology
Effects
Manifestations
Results
Treatment
Water Intoxication
Aetiology
Effects
Manifestations
Results
Treatment
Sodium Deficiency
Aetiology
Manifestations
Effects
Management
Sodium Retention
Sodium Retention Alone
Aetiology
Manifestations
Effects
Treatment
Potassium Balance
Potassium Depletion/Hypokalaemia
Aetiology
Effects
Manifestations
Treatment
Potassium Excess (Intoxication)/Hyperkalaemia
Aetiology
Manifestations
Treatment
Calcium Metabolism
Hypocalcaemia
Causes
Manifestations
Treatment
Hypercalcaemia
Magnesium Balance
Hypomagnesaemia
Causes of Deficit
Manifestations
Treatment
Hypermagnesaemia
Causes
Manifestations
Management
ACID-BASE CHANGES
Metabolic Acidosis
Effects
Treatment
Metabolic Alkalosis
Treatment
Respiratory Acidosis
Effects
Treatment
Respiratory Alkalosis
Effects
Treatment
CHAPTER 4:
Oxygen and Hypoxia
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Uses of Oxygen
Oxygen Toxicity
Oxygen Therapy
HYPOXIA OR ANOXIA
Causes of Hypoxia during Anaesthesia
Effects of Hypoxia
Symptoms
Central Nervous System
Respiratory System
Cardiovascular System
Other Effects
Postmortem Changes Caused by Hypoxia
Carbon Dioxide
THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS
Storage
Helium
Medical Applications
Nitrogen
Haemorrhagic Shock
Irreversible Shock
Outline of Treatment of Hypovolaemic Shock
Management of Haemorrhagic Shock
BLOOD TRANSFUSION
Important Notes
Indications of Blood Transfusion
RELATIVE INDICATIONS OF FRESH BLOOD TRANSFUSION
Adverse Effects of Blood Transfusion
PREVENTIVE AND THERAPEUTIC MEASURES
CLINICAL FEATURES OF INCOMPATIBLE TRANSFUSION
Delayed Reactions of Blood Transfusion
PARENTERAL FEEDING
Protein Therapy
Carbohydrate Therapy
Fat Therapy
PERIOPERATIVE FLUID THERAPY
CHAPTER 5:
Anaesthetic Equipment
NEW EQUIPMENT
Bain circuit (Fig. 5.27)
Laryngeal Mask Airway (Fig. 5.28)
Ventilators
Monitoring Equipment
CHAPTER 6:
Preanaesthetic Assessment
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Laboratory Studies
Operative Risk Related to Physical Status of the Patient
Operative Risk Related to Surgery and Anaesthesia
Choice of Anaesthesia
Preanaesthetic Routine Preparation
Common Causes of Postponement of Operation
CHAPTER 7:
Premedication
MORPHINE SULPHATE
PETHIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE
PENTAZOCINE
DIAZEPAM
LORAZEPAM
NITRAZEPAM
ATROPINE SULPHATE
HYOSCINE
GLYCOPYRROLATE
Pharmacological Actions of Phenothiazine Derivatives in General
Promethazine
Actions and Effects
Trimeprazine
Actions and Effects
Prochlorperazine
Actions and Effects
Metoclopramide
Actions and Effects
Ondansetron
H2 Antagonists
Routes of Administration
CHAPTER 8:
Open-drop Ether Anaesthesia
SIGNS OF ANAESTHESIA
Stages of Anaesthesia (Guedel's Classification)
FIRST STAGE
Stage of Analgesia
SECOND STAGE
Stage of Excitement or Delirium or Uninhibited Exaggerated Reflexes
THIRD STAGE
Surgical Anaesthesia
FOURTH STAGE
Stage of Medullary Paralysis
Respiration Under Anaesthesia
Eye Signs During Anaesthesia
Blood Pressure During Anaesthesia
Light General Anaesthesia
Deep General Anaesthesia
Signs of Lightening of Anaesthesia
Signs of too-deepening Anaesthesia
Air-ether Anaesthesia (Fig. 8.4)
CHAPTER 9:
Anaesthetic Drugs
INHALATION ANAESTHETIC AGENTS
Nitrous Oxide
Physical Properties
Advantages
Disadvantages
Entonox
Chloroform
Physical Properties
Advantages
Disadvantages
Diethyl Ether
Physical Properties
Advantages
Disadvantages
Trichloroethylene
Physical Properties
Advantages
Disadvantages
Cyclopropane
Physical Properties
Advantages
Disadvantages
Contraindications
Halothane
Advantages
Disadvantages
Methoxyflurane
Physical Properties
Advantages
Disadvantages
Enflurane
Advantages
Disadvantages
Isoflurane
Physical Properties
Fluroxene
Physical properties
Desflurane
Sevoflurane
SOME INTRAVENOUS ANAESTHETIC AGENTS
Thiopentone Sodium
Advantages
Disadvantages
Indications
Contraindications
Hazards of thiopentone anaesthesia
Methohexitone
Propanidid
Pharmacology
Clinical uses
Ketamine
Advantages
Disadvantages
Indications
Contraindications
Althesin
Etomidate
Propofol
Benzodiazepines
Diazepam
Lorazepam
Midazolam
Benzodiazepine Antagonist
Opioids
Fentanyl
Alfentanil
Sufentanil
Buprenorphine
Opioid Antagonist
Total Intravenous Anaesthesia
MUSCLE RELAXANTS
Classification of Neuromuscular Block
Curare (d-Tubocurarine chloride)
Pharmacology
Uses
Gallamine Triethiodide
Pharmacology
Alcuronium
Pancuronium
Vecuronium
Atracurium
Cisatracurium
NEW MUSCLE RELAXANTS
Mivacurium
Rocuronium
Pipecuronium
Doxacurium
Rapacuronium
Succinylcholine
Pharmacology
COMMON ANTAGONISTS TO NONDEPOLARIsING
Relaxants
Neostigmine
Edrophonium
Reversal of curarisation
Incomplete decurarisation
Factors increasing the duration of neuromuscular block
CHAPTER 10:
Endotracheal Anaesthesia
ENDOTRACHEAL INTUBATION
Indications of Endotracheal Intubation
A. Endotracheal Anaesthesia
B. Artificial Respiration
Advantages of Endotracheal Intubation
Hazards of Enotracheal Intubation
Postanaesthetic Complications
Disadvantages of Endotracheal Anaesthesia
Nasotracheal Intubation
Indications of Nasotracheal Intubation
Complications Unique to Nasotracheal Intubation
Types of Endotracheal Intubation
Insertion of Endotracheal Tubes
EQUIPMENT
Laryngoscope
Magill Intubating Forceps (Fig. 10.3)
Endotracheal Tubes (Figs 10.4 and 10.5)
Head Position for Orotracheal Intubation
A STANDARD TECHNIQUE Of ENDOTRACHEAL Anaesthesia
Blind Nasal Intubation
Technique
DIFFICULT INTUBATION
Causes
MANAGEMENT
Failed Intubation
Endotracheal Extubation
Routine Considerations before Starting Anaesthesia
CHAPTER 11:
Local Anaesthesia
TOXIC REACTIONS
Manifestations
Management
DRUG INTERACTIONS
COMMON LOCAL ANAESTHETICS
Cocaine
Procaine
Lignocaine
Prilocaine
Mepivacaine
Bupivacaine
Ropivacaine
TECHNIQUES OF LOCAL ANALGESIA
Indications for Local Analgesia
Contraindications for Local Analgesia
Advantages of Local Analgesia
Disadvantages of Local Analgesia
Brachial Plexus Block
Supraclavicular Approach
Complications
Contraindications
Axillary Approach
Advantages
Contraindications
Interscalene Approach
Pudendal Nerve Block
Indications
Transperineal Approach
Transvaginal Approach
Intercostal Nerve Block
Indications
Disadvantages
Field Block for Repair of Inguinal Hernia
Approach
Penile Block
Sciatic Nerve Block
Three in One Block
Stellate Ganglion Block
Appraoch
Complications
CHAPTER 12:
Spinal Analgesia
EPIDURAL ANALGESIA
Epidural Needles
Complications of Epidural Analgesia
Advantages of Epidural Analgesia
A. Against Spinal Analgesia
B. Against General Anaesthesia
Disadvantages
Indications of Epidural Analgesia
Extent of Epidural Analgesia Depends on
CONTINUOUS EPIDURAL ANALGESIA
CAUDAL ANALGESIA
Advantages
Disadvantages
Contraindications
Technique of Caudal Block
CHAPTER 13:
Postanaesthetic Complications
RESPIRATORY OBSTRUCTION
A. Upper airway obstruction
Causes
B. Lower Airway Obstruction
Causes
Clinical Features
Management of Upper Airway Obstruction
Laryngospasm
Causes
Treatment
Epiglottitis
Treatment
Laryngotracheobronchitis (Group)
Treatment
Postintubation Laryngeal Oedema
Causes
Management
Bronchospasm
Causes
Management
Aspiration Pneumonitis
Pathophysiology
Clinical Features
Management
Prevention
Treatment
Postoperative Hypoxia
Clinical Features
Management
Delayed Recovery from Anaesthesia
Management
Postoperative Cardiovascular Complications
Postoperative Bradycardia
Causes
Management
Postoperative Tachycardia
Causes
Management
Postoperative Hypotension
Causes
Management
Anaphylaxis and Anaphylactoid Reactions
Diagnosis
Laboratory Investigations
Prevention
Treatment
Postoperative Hypertension
Causes
Management
Postoperative Pyrexia
Postoperative Shivering
Causes
Clinical Features
Treatment
Postanaesthetic Convulsion
Causes
Management
Postoperative Bleeding
Causes
Management
Postoperative Jaundice
Causes
Management
Postoperative Renal Failure
Clinical Features
Causative Factors
Management
Malignant Hyperpyrexia
Management
Dantrolene Sodium
Miscellaneous Postanaesthetic Complications
CHAPTER 14:
Cardiac Arrest
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Types of Cardiac Arrest
Diagnosis of Cardiac Arrest
Prevention of Cardiac Arrest
Treatment of Cardiac Arrest
Necessary Steps
A. External Cardiac Massage (Fig. 14.1)
B. Internal Cardiac Massage
Transthoracic Route
Management of Cardiac Asystole
Management of Ventricular Fibrillation
Management of Electromechanical Dissociation
Additional Measures
Post-treatment Complications
Termination of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Legal Responsibility
RESPIRATORY ARREST
Expired Air Ventilation
Manual Ventilation with Bag and Mask
Ventilation Through Endotracheal Tube
ACUTE UPPER AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION
CHAPTER 15:
Anaesthesia for Caesarean Section
SPECIAL NOTE
Physiological Changes in Pregnancy
Cardiovascular System
Respiratory System
Nervous System
Gastrointestinal System
Evaluation of the Foetus
Pain Relief During Labour and Delivery
Nonpharmacological Methods
Pharmacological Methods
ASPHYXIA NEONATORUM
Causes of Absence of Breathing in the Newborn
Clinical Effects
Important Note
APGAR SCORING SYSTEM
Resuscitation of the Newborn
Respiratory Resuscitation
Vascular Resuscitation
Cardiac Resuscitation
CHAPTER 16:
Anaesthesia for Paediatrics
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Preoperative Evaluation
Premedication
Common Premedicant Drugs Used
Laryngoscopy and Endotracheal Intubation
Maintenance of Anaesthesia
Monitoring
Fluid Therapy
Postoperative Care
Postoperative Respiratory Insufficiency
Probable Causes
Treatment
NEONATAL SURGICAL DISEASES
Diaphragmatic Hernia
Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
Anaesthetic Management
Tracheo-oesophageal Fistula
Clinical Features
Treatment
Anaesthetic Management
Congenital Pyloric Stenosis
Clinical Features
Management
Anaesthetic Management
CHAPTER 17:
Anaesthesia in Geriatric Surgery
CHAPTER 18:
Anaesthesia in Obese Patients
CHAPTER 19:
Anaesthesia in Liver Diseases
PROBLEMS OF SOME COMMON LIVER DISEASES
Obstructive Jaundice
Preoperative Preparation
Anaesthetic Management
Chronic Liver Disease
Hepatic Encephalopathy
Clinical Features
Treatment
Portal Hypertension
Outline of Anaesthetic Management in Liver Diseases
CHAPTER 20:
Anaesthesia in Renal Diseases
CHAPTER 21:
The Diabetic Patient and the Anaesthetist
COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES MELLITUS
Routine Anaesthetic Management
Preoperative Assessment
Preoperative Diabetic Control
Anaesthesia
Management in Presence of Ketoacidosis
MANAGEMENT
HYPEROSMOLAR HYPERGLYCAEMIC NONKETOTIC COMA
HYPOGLYCAEMIA
CHAPTER 22:
Anaesthesia and Endocrine Diseases
THYROID DYSFUNCTIO
Thyroid Function Tests
Hyperthyroidism
Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
Anaesthetic Implications
Hypothyroidism
Clinical Manifestations
Causes
Treatment
Complications
Anaesthetic Implications
PARATHYROID DYSFUNCTION
Hyperparathyroidism
Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
Anaesthetic Implications
Hypoparathyroidism
Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
Anaesthetic Implications
ADRENAL DYSFUNCTIONS
Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing's Syndrome)
Clinical Features
Treatment
Anaesthetic Implications
Hypoadrenocorticism (Addison's Disease)
Clinical Features
Treatment
Anaesthetic Implications
Pheochromocytoma
Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
Complications
Anaesthetic Management
CHAPTER 23:
The Asthmatic Patient and the Anaesthetist
CHAPTER 24:
Anaesthesia and Respiratory Diseases
CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)
Diagnosis
Management of Acute Exacerbations
Long-term Management
Anaesthetic Management
ADULT RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME
Predisposing Factors
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
RESPIRATORY FAILURE
CHAPTER 25:
The Hypertensive Patient and the Anaesthetist
HYPERTENSIVE CRISIS
CHAPTER 26:
Anaesthesia and Cardiovascular Diseases
CHAPTER 27:
Anaesthesia for Eye and ENT Surgery
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
Strabismus Surgery
Cataract Extraction
Glaucoma
Open Eye Injury
Retinal Detachment Surgery
Anaesthesia for Ear Surgery
Facial Nerve Preservation
Use of Adrenaline
Nitrous Oxide and Middle Ear Pressure
Anaesthesia for Nasal and Throat Surgery
Compromised Airway
Anaesthesia for Adenotonsillectomy
Postoperative Bleeding Tonsil
Laser Surgery
Hazards of laser surgery
CHAPTER 28:
Neurosurgical Anaesthesia
HEAD INJURY
CEREBRAL OEDEMA
EPILEPSY
CHAPTER 29:
Induced Hypotension During Anaesthesia
CHAPTER 30:
Outpatient Anaesthesia
CHAPTER 31:
Intensive Respiratory Care in Certain Conditions
CARE OF THE UNCONSCIOUS PATIENT
Care of the Airway
Tracheobronchial Toilet
Care of the Tracheostomy
Oxygenation
Ventilation
Circulation
Body Temperature
Nursing Care
Barbiturate Poisoning
Management
Organophosphorus Poisoning
Treatment
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Treatment
Narcotic Poisoning
Treatment
Poisoning with Various Tranquillizers
Treatment
Tetanus
Prophylaxis
Treatment
Status Epilepticus
Treatment
Status Asthmaticus
Treatment
Toxaemia Pregnancy
Treatment
CHAPTER 32:
Miscellaneous
DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION (DIC)
CHRONIC PAIN
ANAESTHESIA IN HIGH ALTITUDE
MEDICOLEGAL CONSIDERATIONS OF ANAESTHESIA
Anaesthetic Procedures
CHAPTER 33:
MCQs on Anaesthesiology
ANSWERS
Bibliography
INDEX
TOC
Index
×
Chapter Notes
Save
Clear