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Clinical Anatomy for Students: Problem Solving Approach
Neeta V Kulkarni
SECTION ONE: UPPER EXTREMITY
1:
Pectoral Region
SURFACE LANDMARKS
SUPERFICIAL FASCIA
CUTANEOUS NERVES (Fig. 1.4)
DEEP FASCIA
DELTOPECTORAL TRIANGLE (Fig. 1.4)
PECTORALIS MAJOR
Origin (Fig. 1.4)
Insertion
Nerve Supply
Actions
Testing Function of Pectoralis Major
Clinical Highlights
PECTORALIS MINOR (Fig. 1.7)
Origin
Insertion
Relations
Nerve Supply
Actions
Clinical Highlights
SUBCLAVIUS
Nerve Supply
Action
CLAVIPECTORAL FASCIA (Fig. 1.8)
PECTORAL NERVES
2:
Breast (Mammary Gland)
3:
Axilla
CONTENTS OF AXILLA
WALLS OF AXILLA (Figs 3.1A and B)
Clinical Highlights
Serratus Anterior Muscle
Nerve Supply
Actions
Testing Muscle Function
WINGING OF SCAPULA (Fig. 3.4)
4:
Brachial Plexus
5:
Axillary Vessels
6:
Axillary Lymph Nodes
7:
Cutaneous Nerves of Upper Limb
8:
Veins of Upper Limb
9:
Pectoral Girdle
SPECIAL FEATURE OF PECTORAL GIRDLE
Girdle Joints (Fig. 1.1)
Sternoclavicular Joint
Acromioclavicular Joint
Movements (Fig. 9.1)
Elevation and Depression
Protraction and Retraction
Rotation
10:
Muscles of the Back
TRAPEZIUS (Fig. 10.1 Right Side)
Origin
Insertion
Actions
Nerve Supply
Testing Muscle Function
LATISSIMUS DORSI (Fig. 10.1)
Origin
Insertion
Nerve Supply
Actions
Testing Muscle Function
Triangles Related to Latissimus Dorsi (Fig. 10.1)
Muscles Attached to Medial Border of Scapula (Fig. 10.1)
Nerve Supply
Actions
Testing Muscle Function
Dorsal Scapular Nerve (Nerve to Rhomboideus)
Muscles Attached to Dorsal Surface of Scapula
Attachments
Actions
Nerve Supply
Testing Muscle Function
Special Features of Supraspinatus
Clinical Highlights
Suprascapular Nerve
Clinical Highlights
11:
Deltoid Muscle
12:
Axillary Nerve
13:
Shoulder Joint
14:
Anterior Compartment of Arm
15:
Posterior Compartment of Arm
16:
Cubital Fossa
17:
Elbow Joint
18:
Anterior Compartment of Forearm
ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT (Fig. 18.1)
Pronator Teres
Flexor Carpi Radialis
Nerve Supply
Actions
Palmaris Longus
Nerve Supply
Action
Testing Muscle Function
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
Nerve Supply
Actions
Flexor Digitorum Superficialis or Sublimis (FDS)
Nerve Supply
Actions
Testing Function of FDS (Fig. 18.4)
Flexor Digitorum Profundus (FDP)
Nerve Supply
Actions
Special Note
Testing Function of FDP (Fig. 18.4)
Flexor Pollicis Longus
Nerve Supply
Action
Testing Function of FPL
Clinical Highlights of Flexor Tendons
Pronator Quadratus
NERVES OF FOREARM
Superficial Branch of the Radial Nerve
Ulnar Nerve
Surface Marking
Branches
Median Nerve
Branches in Cubital Fossa
Branches in Forearm
Anterior Interosseous Nerve
ARTERIES OF FOREARM
Radial Artery
Relations in Forearm
Relations at Wrist and Hand
Relations in Palm
Surface Marking
Branches of Radial Artery
Clinical Highlights
Ulnar Artery
Surface Marking
Relations
Relations at Wrist
Branches of Ulnar Artery
Anterior Interosseous Artery
Branches of Anterior Interosseous Artery
19:
Posterior Compartment of Forearm
SUPERFICIAL MUSCLES
Anconeus (Fig. 19.1)
Nerve Supply
Action
Brachioradialis (Fig. 18.1)
Nerve Supply
Actions
Testing Muscle Function
Supinator Jerk Reflex
Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus (ECRL)
Nerve Supply
Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis (ECRB)
Nerve Supply
Actions of the Radial Extensors of the Carpus
Testing Function of ECRL and ECRB
Extensor Digitorum
Nerve Supply
Actions
Testing Muscle Function
Extensor Digiti Minimi
Nerve Supply
Action
Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
Nerve Supply
Actions
Testing Muscle Function
DEEP MUSCLES (Fig. 19.1)
Supinator
Abductor Pollicis Longus (APL)
Nerve Supply
Actions
Testing Function of APL
Extensor Pollicis Brevis (EPB)
Nerve Supply
Actions
Testing Function of EPB
Clinical Highlights of Synovial Sheath Around APL and EPB
Extensor Pollicis Longus (EPL)
Nerve Supply
Arterial Supply
Actions
Testing Function of EPL
Rupture of EPL Tendon
Extensor Indicis
Nerve Supply
Action
POSTERIOR INTEROSSEOUS NERVE
Course
Branches (Fig. 19.2)
Clinical Highlights
POSTERIOR INTEROSSEOUS ARTERY
Branches
20:
Radioulnar Joints
SUPERIOR RADIOULNAR JOINT
INFERIOR RADIOULNAR JOINT (Fig. 22.1)
MIDDLE RADIOULNAR JOINT
INTEROSSEOUS MEMBRANE
Relations of Anterior Surface
Relations of Posterior Surface
Functions
Supination and Pronation (Fig. 20.3)
MUSCLES OF PRONATION (Fig. 20.4)
Pronator Teres
Nerve Supply
Actions
Testing Muscle Function
Pronator Quadratus
Nerve Supply
Actions
MUSCLES OF SUPINATION (Fig. 20.4)
Biceps Brachii
Nerve Supply
Actions
Testing Muscle Function
Popeye Deformity
Supinator
Relations
Nerve Supply
Actions
Testing Muscle Function
Clinical Highlights
21:
Retinacula at Wrist
FLEXOR RETINACULUM (Fig. 21.1)
Surface Marking
Relations
Clinical Highlights
EXTENSOR RETINACULUM
Relations (Fig. 21.2)
22:
Wrist Joint
ANATOMICAL SNUFFBOX
Boundaries
Clinical Highlights
23:
Dorsum of Hand
24:
Palm
25:
Arteries and Nerves of Palm
ARTERIAL ARCHES OF PALM
SUPERFICIAL PALMAR ARCH (Fig. 25.1)
Modes of Completion of Arch
Branches
Surface Marking
DEEP PALMAR ARCH (Fig. 25.2)
Formation
Branches
Surface Marking
Bleeding Injury to Arterial Aches
MEDIAN NERVE IN PALM (Fig. 25.3)
ULNAR NERVE IN PALM
Superficial Branch of Ulnar Nerve (Fig. 25.4)
Deep Branch of Ulnar Nerve in Palm (Fig. 25.5)
Clinical Highlights
26:
Intrinsic Muscles of Hand
HYPOTHENAR MUSCLES
a. Abductor Digiti Minimi
Testing Function of Abductor Digiti Minimi
b. Flexor Digiti Minimi
Testing Function of Flexor Digiti Minimi
c. Opponens Digiti Minimi
Nerve Supply of Hypothenar Muscles
THENAR MUSCLES
a. Abductor Pollicis Brevis
Testing Function of Abductor Pollicis Brevis
b. Flexor Pollicis Brevis
c. Opponens Pollicis
Testing Function of Opponens Pollicis
Nerve Supply of Thenar Muscles
ADDUCTOR POLLICIS (Fig. 26.1)
Nerve Supply
Testing Function of Adductor Pollicis
LUMBRICAL MUSCLES
Comparison of Lateral and Medial Lumbricals
Actions of Lumbricals
Testing Function of Lumbricals
INTEROSSEI MUSCLES (Fig. 26.3)
Nerve Supply
Adduction of Fingers
Abduction of Fingers
EXTENSOR EXPANSION (Fig. 26.4)
Parts of Extensor Expansion
Clinical Highlights
Muscles Attached to Extensor Expansion of Each Digit
Combined Actions of Interossei and Lumbricals
Testing Function of Dorsal Interossei
Testing Function of Palmar Interossei
Clinical Highlights
27:
Movements of Thumb and Fingers
28:
Long Nerves of Upper Limb
MEDIAN NERVE
Course and Relations
Special Note
Clinical Highlights (Figs 28.1 and 28.2)
ULNAR NERVE
Course and Relations
Special Note
Surface Marking
Clinical Highlights (Figs 28.1 and 28.2)
RADIAL NERVE
Course and Relations
Surface Marking
Superficial Terminal Branch of Radial Nerve
Surface Marking of Superficial Terminal Branch
Clinical Highlights (Figs 28.1 and 28.2)
29:
Clinicoanatomical Problems and Solutions
CASE 1
Questions
Solutions
CASE 2
Questions
Solutions
CASE 3
Questions
Solutions
CASE 4
Questions
Solutions
CASE 5
Questions
Solutions
CASE 6
Questions
Solutions
CASE 7
Questions
Solutions
CASE 8
Questions
Solutions
CASE 9
Questions
Solutions
CASE 10
Questions
Solutions
SINGLE BEST RESPONSE TYPE MCQs
Key to MCQs
MULTIPLE RESPONSE TYPE MCQs
Write T (True) or F (False) Against Each Statement
SECTION TWO: THORAX
30:
Thorax
BOUNDARIES OF THORACIC CAGE
Clinical Examination of Thoracic Wall
Surface Landmarks
31:
Inlet of Thorax
32:
Intercostal Spaces
33:
Intercostal Nerves
34:
Blood Vessels of Thoracic Wall
35:
Development of Respiratory System
36:
Mediastinum
37:
Pleura and Pleural Reflection
38:
Lungs
39:
Trachea
40:
Diaphragm
41:
Phrenic Nerves
42:
Development of Heart
43:
Pericardium
44:
Gross Anatomy of Heart
45:
Chambers of Heart
RIGHT ATRIUM
Interior of Right Atrium (Fig. 45.1)
Interatrial Septum (Fig. 45.1)
Right Ventricle
Interior of Right Ventricle (Fig. 45.2)
Pulmonary Valve
Left Atrium
Interior of Left Atrium
Left Ventricle
Interior of Left Ventricle
Aortic Valve
Interventricular Septum
Parts of Interventricular Septum
Conducting Tissue in Interventricular Septum
Arterial Supply of Interventricular Septum (Fig. 45.4)
Surface Markings of Cardiac Valves (Fig. 45.5)
Surface Markings of Cardiac Auscultation Areas (Fig. 45.5)
Radiological Anatomy of Heart
Clinical Highlights
46:
Blood Supply and Nerve Supply of Heart
47:
Pharyngeal Arch Arteries
ANOMALIES OF ARCH ARTERIES
48:
Pulmonary Vessels
49:
Ascending Aorta
50:
Arch of Aorta
51:
Descending Thoracic Aorta
52:
Veins of Thorax
53:
Lymphatic Organs of Thorax
THYMUS
Age Changes
Relations
Blood Supply
Lymphatic Drainage
Development
Function
Clinical Highlights
LYMPH NODES OF THORAX
THORACIC DUCT
Course and Relations (Fig. 53.1)
Termination
Tributaries
Clinical Highlights
Right Lymphovenous Portal
54:
Autonomic Nerves of Thorax
55:
Esophagus
56:
Clinicoanatomical Problems and Solutions
CASE 1
Questions
Solutions
CASE 2
Questions
Solutions
CASE 3
Questions
Solutions
CASE 4
Questions
Solutions
CASE 5
Questions
Solutions
CASE 6
Questions
Solutions
CASE 7
Questions
Solutions
CASE 8
Questions
Solutions
MCQs—SINGLE BEST RESPONSE TYPE
Key to MCQs
MULTIPLE RESPONSE MCQs
Write T for true and F for false against each statement.
SECTION THREE: HEAD AND NECK
57:
Scalp
58:
Development of Face
59:
Nerves and Blood Vessels of Face
60:
Muscles of Facial Expressions
61:
Eyelids and Lacrimal Apparatus
62:
Parotid Gland
63:
Triangles of Neck
64:
Cervical Fascia
65:
Posterior Triangle
66:
Midline Region of Neck
67:
Carotid Triangle
68:
Digastric Triangle
69:
Submandibular Region
70:
Submandibular and Sublingual Salivary Glands
71:
Sternomastoid Muscle
72:
Branchial Arches (Pharyngeal Arches)
73:
Thyroid Gland
PARATHYROID GLANDS
Location (Fig. 73.11)
Development (Fig. 72.3)
Blood Supply
Clinical Highlights
74:
Blood Vessels of Neck
COMMON CAROTID ARTERIES (CCA)
Surface Marking
Cervical Course of Common Carotid Artery (CCA)
Carotid Sinus and Body
INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY (ICA)
Relations (Fig. 74.1)
Atherosclerosis
EXTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY (ECA)
Relations in Carotid Triangle
Relations in the Posterior Part of Digastric Triangle
Branches in Carotid Triangle (Fig. 67.2)
Subclavian Artery (Fig. 74.2)
Origin and Termination
Surface Marking
Parts of Subclavian Artery
First Part of Right Subclavian Artery
Relations
First Part of Left Subclavian Artery
Second Part of Subclavian Arteries
Third Part of Subclavian Arteries
Relations of Third Part
Branches of First Part (Fig. 74.2)
Branches of Second Part
Branches of Third Part
Veins of the Neck
Internal Jugular Vein (Fig. 74.3)
Surface Marking
Tributaries
Subclavian Vein
Clinical Highlights
75:
Cervical Plexus
76:
Sympathetic Chain in Neck
77:
Cervical Lymph Nodes
78:
Paravertebral Muscles of Neck
79:
Deep Muscles of the Back
80:
Suboccipital Triangle
81:
Vertebral Artery
VERTEBRAL ARTERY
Course and Relations
Extracranial or Cervical Branches
Intracranial Branches
Vertebral Vein
Vertebral Angiography
Subclavian Steal Syndrome (Fig. 81.1B)
Development of Vertebral Artery
82:
Clinicoanatomical Problems and Solutions
CASE 1
Questions
Solutions
CASE 2
Questions
Solutions
CASE 3
Questions
Solutions
CASE 4
Questions
Solutions
CASE 5
Questions
Solutions
CASE 6
Questions
Solutions
CASE 7
Questions
Solutions
SINGLE BEST RESPONSE TYPE MCQs
Key to MCQs—SBR
MULTIPLE RESPONSE TYPE MCQs
Write true or false against each statement
83:
Vertebral Column
84:
Spinal Cord
85:
Cranial Meninges
86:
Middle Meningeal Artery
87:
Pituitary Gland
88:
Development of Nervous System
89:
Brain
90:
Brainstem
PONS
External Features
Cerebellopontine Angle (CP Angle)
Internal Structure
Basilar Part of the Pons
Tegmentum at Lower Pons (Fig. 90.5)
Gray Matter
White Matter
Tegmentum at Upper Pons (Fig. 90.6)
Arterial Supply
Clinical Highlights
Neurological Effects
Neurological Effects
MIDBRAIN
External Features of Crura Cerebri
External Features of Tectum
Internal Structure of Midbrain
Tegmentum at the Level of Inferior Colliculi (Fig. 90.7)
Tegmentum at the Level of Superior Colliculi (Fig. 90.8)
Red Nucleus
Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus (MLF)
Lesions of MLF
Lesion of the Vertical Gaze Center
Tectum
Arterial Supply
Clinical Highlights
91:
Cerebellum
92:
Fourth Ventricle
93:
Diencephalon
94:
Third Ventricle
95:
Reticular Formation
96:
Cerebrum
97:
Blood Supply of Brain
98:
White Matter of Cerebrum
99:
Basal Ganglia
100:
Lateral Ventricle
101:
Limbic System
102:
Cerebrospinal Fluid
103:
Overview of Autonomic Nervous System
104:
Clinicoanatomical Problems and Solutions
CASE 1
Questions
Solutions
CASE 2
Questions
Solutions
CASE 3
Questions
Solutions
CASE 4
Questions
Solutions
CASE 5
Questions
Solutions
CASE 6
Questions
Solutions
CASE 7
Questions
Solutions
CASE 8
Solutions
CASE 9
Questions
Solutions
CASE 10
Questions
Solutions
SINGLE BEST RESPONSE TYPE MCQs
Key to Single Best Response MCQs
MULTIPLE RESPONSE MCQs WRITE TRUE(T) OR FALSE (F) AGAINST EACH STATEMENT
105:
Infratemporal Fossa
106:
Pterygopalatine Fossa
107:
Maxillary Artery
108:
Temporomandibular Joint
109:
Orbit
110:
Eyeball
111:
Oral Cavity
112:
Tongue
113:
Palate
114:
Nasal Cavity
115:
Paranasal Air Sinuses
116:
Pharynx
117:
Larynx
118:
Mechanism of Deglutition
119:
Development of Ear
120:
External Ear
121:
Middle Ear
122:
Auditory Tube
123:
Mastoid Antrum
124:
Internal Ear
125:
Cranial Nerves
126:
Clinicoanatomical Problems and Solutions
CASE 1
Questions
Solutions
CASE 2
Questions
Solutions
CASE 3
Questions
Solutions
CASE 4
Questions
Solutions
CASE 5
Questions
Solutions
CASE 6
Questions
Solutions
CASE 7
Questions
Solutions
CASE 8
Questions
Solutions
CASE 9
Questions
Solutions
CASE 10
Questions
Solutions
SINGLE BEST RESPONSE MCQs
Key to Single Best Response MCQs
MULTIPLE RESPONSE MCQ—WRITE TRUE (T) OR FALSE (F) AGAINST EACH RESPONSE
SECTION FOUR: ABDOMEN, PELVIS AND PERINEUM
127:
Anterior Abdominal Wall
128:
Surgical Incisions on the Anterior Abdominal Wall
129:
Inguinal Canal
130:
Development of Gut and Peritoneum
131:
Abdominopelvic Cavity
CONTENTS
General Disposition of Viscera
Abdominopelvic Cavity in Newborn
132:
Peritoneum
133:
Stomach
134:
Duodenum
135:
Pancreas
FUNCTIONS
Parts
Development (Fig. 135.2)
Congenital Anomalies
Surface Marking
Relations of Head (Fig. 135.3)
Relations of Neck
Relations of Body
Relations of Borders
Relations of Surfaces
Tail
Pancreatic Ducts (Fig. 135.4)
Radiological Examination of Ducts
Microscopic Structure of Pancreas
Arterial Supply (Figs 134.1 and 134.7)
Venous Drainage
Lymphatic Drainage
Nerve Supply
Clinical Highlights
136:
Jejunum and Ileum
137:
Large Intestine
138:
Rectum
139:
Anal Canal
140:
Liver
141:
Biliary Apparatus
142:
Spleen
143:
Portal Vein
144:
Abdominal Aorta
145:
Inferior Vena Cava
146:
Clinicoanatomical Problems and Solutions
CASE 1
Questions
Solutions
CASE 2
Questions
Solutions
CASE 3
Questions
Solutions
CASE 4
Questions
Solutions
CASE 5
Questions
Solutions
CASE 6
Questions
Solutions
CASE 7
Questions
Solutions
CASE 8
Questions
Solutions
CASE 9
Questions
Solutions
SINGLE BEST RESPONSE MCQs
Key for SINGLE BEST RESPONSE MCQs
MULTIPLE RESPONSE MCQs (TRUE OR FALSE)
147:
Lumbar Fascia
148:
Muscles of Posterior Abdominal Wall
149:
Lumbar Plexus
150:
Suprarenal Gland
151:
Development of Urinary Organs
152:
Kidney
153:
Ureter
154:
Urinary Bladder
155:
Muscles of True Pelvis
156:
Sacral and Coccygeal Plexuses
157:
Blood Vessels of Pelvis
158:
Abdominopelvic Part of Autonomic Nervous System
159:
Lymph Nodes of Abdomen and Pelvis
160:
Development of Reproductive Organs
161:
Testes and Duct System
162:
Prostate
163:
Ovary
164:
Fallopian Tube
165:
Uterus
166:
Vagina
167:
Perineum
168:
Ischiorectal Fossa
169:
Urogenital Triangles
170:
External Genitalia
171:
Pudendal Nerve and Vessels of Perineum
172:
Urethra
173:
Clinicoanatomical Problems and Solutions
CASE 1
Questions
Solutions
CASE 2
Questions
Solutions
CASE 3
Questions
Solutions
CASE 4
Questions
Solutions
CASE 5
Questions
Solutions
CASE 6
Questions
Solutions
CASE 7
Questions
Solutions
CASE 8
Questions
Solutions
SINGLE BEST RESPONSE MCQs
Key to MCQs
MULTIPLE RESPONSE MCQs (TRUE OR FALSE)
SECTION FIVE: LOWER EXTREMITY
174:
Introduction
INTRODUCTION
Surface Landmarks
175:
Cutaneous Nerves and Dermatomes of Lower Limb
176:
Venous and Lymphatic Drainage of Lower Limb
177:
Thigh
178:
Femoral Sheath
179:
Femoral Triangle
180:
Femoral Nerve
181:
Subsartorial Canal
182:
Femoral Vessels
FEMORAL ARTERY
Surface Marking
Femoral Pulse (Fig. 182.1)
Relations of Femoral Artery in Femoral Triangle
Relations in Subsartorial Canal
Branches in Femoral Triangle (Fig. 182.3)
Branches in Subsartorial Canal (Fig. 182.3)
Clinical Highlights
Femoral Vein
Relations
Tributaries
Clinical Highlights
183:
Muscles in Anterior Compartment of Thigh
184:
Medial Compartment of Thigh
185:
Gluteal Region
186:
Posterior Compartment of Thigh
187:
Sciatic Nerve
188:
Popliteal Fossa
189:
Hip Joint or Coxal Joint
190:
Knee Joint
191:
Anterior Compartment of Leg
192:
Peroneal Compartment of Leg
193:
Posterior Compartment of Leg
194:
Retinacula Around Ankle
195:
Dorsum of Foot
196:
Sole of Foot
197:
Tibiofibular Joints
198:
Ankle Joint
199:
Joints of Foot
200:
Arches of Foot
201:
Clinicoanatomical Problems and Solutions
CASE 1
Question
Solutions
CASE 2
Questions
Solutions
CASE 3
Questions
Solutions
CASE 4
Questions
Solutions
CASE 5
Questions
Solutions
CASE 6
Questions
Solutions
CASE 7
Questions
Solutions
CASE 8
Questions
Solutions
SINGLE BEST RESPONSE MCQs
Key to MCQs
MULTIPLE TRUE OR FALSE (WRITE T OR F AGAINST EACH STATEMENT)
SECTION SIX: OVERVIEW OF OSTEOLOGY
202:
Introduction
GENERAL STRUCTURE OF BONE
Functions of Skeleton
Clinical Uses of Bones
Types of Bones
Ossification of Bones
Long Bones
Epiphyseal Cartilage (Growth Cartilage) and Growing End
Metaphysis
Sesamoid Bones
Classification of Joints
Types of Fibrous Joints
Types of Cartilaginous Joints
Types of Synovial Joints
203:
Bones of Upper Limb
CLAVICLE OR COLLAR BONE
Relations of Posterior Surface of Medial 2/3rds of Clavicle
Growing End
Blood Supply
Fracture of Clavicle
Scapula
Features
Palpable Parts
Vascular Relations
Triangle of Auscultation
Winged Scapula
Humerus
Three Bony Points Behind the Elbow
Growing End
Supracondylar Fracture
Radius
Growing End
Colles’ Fracture
Smith's Fracture or Reversed Colles’ Fracture
Ulna
Growing End
Carpal Bones
Ossifiaction
Time of Appearance of Ossification Centers
Fracture of Scaphoid
Dislocation of Lunate
Metacarpal Bones
Bennet's Fracture
204:
Bones of Lower Limb
HIP BONE OR INNOMINATE BONE
Anatomical Position
Ilium
Iliac Crest
Structures Attached to Ventral Segment
Structures Attached to Dorsal Segment
Anterior Border of Ilium
Posterior Border of Ilium
Greater Sciatic Notch
Medial Border of Ilium
Surfaces of Ilium
Ischium
Relations and Attachments of Ischial Spine
Lesser Sciatic Notch
Relations of Ischial Tuberosity
Attachments of Ischial Tuberosity
Pubis
Pubic Crest
Superior Ramus
Inferior Ramus
Conjoint Ischiopubic Ramus
Femur
Vascular Relations
Upper End
Neck
Fracture of Femoral Neck
Shenton's Line
Fractures of Shaft of Femur
Popliteal Surface of Femur
Lower End of Femur
Growing End
Length of Femur
Patella (Kneecap)
Ossification
Arterial Supply
Clinical Highlights
Tibia
Intercondylar Area
Growing End
Delayed Union of Tibial Fractures
Fibula
Growing End
Rule of Ossification
Fractures of Bones of Leg
Measurement of Length of Lower Limb
Skeleton of Foot
Tarsal Bones
Ossification Centers of Tarsal Bones
Metatarsal Bones
Fractures of the Bones of Foot
Assessment of Bone Age—Skeletal Age
205:
Bones of Thoracic Cage
STERNUM
Joints of Manubrium
Important Relations of Manubrium
Important Relations of Body
External Cardiac Massage
Ribs or Costae
Typical Rib
First Rib
Second Rib
Tenth Rib
Eleventh and Twelfth Ribs
Relation of Inferior Line of Pleural Reflexion
Costal Cartilages
Abnormal Ribs
Thoracic Vertebrae
Typical Thoracic Vertebra
Clinical Highlights
206:
Bones of Abdomen and Pelvis
LUMBAR VERTEBRAE
Fifth Lumbar Vertebra
Sacrum
Ala of Sacrum
Important Relations of Sacrum
Contents of Sacral Canal
Sacral Hiatus
Caudal or Sacral Anesthesia
Coccyx
Bony Pelvis
Joints of Pelvis
Complications of Pelvic Fractures
Subdivisions of Pelvis
Pelvic Inlet
Structures Crossing Pelvic Brim
Pelvic Cavity
Pelvic Outlet
Sex Differences in Pelvis
Diameters of Female Pelvis
Diameters of Pelvic Inlet
Diameters of Pelvic Cavity
Diameters of Pelvic Outlet
Types of Female Pelvis
207:
Bones of Head and Neck
FETAL SKULL
Functions of Fontanelles
Location of Fontanelles
Clinical Highlights
Special Features of Fetal Skull
Caput Succedaneum
Adult Skull
Anatomical Position of Skull
Norma Verticalis
Norma Occipitalis
Norma Frontalis
Norma Lateralis
Boundaries of Suprameatal Triangle (McEwan's Triangle)
Mastoid Process
Temporal Fossa
Pterion
Norma Basalis
Anterior Part
Middle Part
Posterior Part
Jugular Foramen Syndrome
Interior of Cranium
Anterior Cranial Fossa
Relation to Brain
Middle Cranial Fossa
Relation to Brain
Superior Orbital Fissure
Foramina in Greater Wing of Sphenoid
Foramen Lacerum
Anterior Surface of Petrous Temporal Bone
Posterior Cranial Fossa
Relation to Brain
Internal Acoustic Meatus
Clinical Highlights
INDIVIDUAL SKULL BONES
Parietal Bone
Occipital Bone
Frontal Bone
Ethmoidal Bone
Sphenoid Bone
Temporal Bone
Squamous Part
Mastoid Part
Contents of Petrous Temporal Bone
Tympanic Part
Styloid Process
Temporal Bone in Newborn
Maxilla
Sensory Nerves in Relation to Maxilla
Maxillary Hiatus
Mandible
Relation to Salivary Glands
Nerves Closely Related to Mandible
Relation to Facial Artery
Ligaments Attached to Mandible
Angle of Mandible
Age Changes in Mandible
Hyoid Bone
Cervical Vertebrae
Atlas
Relations of Transverse Processes
Articulations of Atlas
Lateral Masses
Jefferson's Fracture
Axis
Fractures of Axis
INDEX
TOC
Index
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