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Practical Electrotherapy
Jagmohan Singh
CHAPTER 1:
Introduction
INTRODUCTION
ELECTROTHERAPY
Low Frequency Current (25 Hz to 100 Hz)
Medium Frequency Current (100 Hz to 1MHz)
High Frequency Current (more than l MHz)
ULTRASOUND THERAPY
ACTINOTHERAPY
Infrared Radiations
Ultraviolet Radiations
LASER
PARAFFIN WAX
HOT PACKS/HYDROCOLLATOR PACKS
ELECTRIC HEATING PADS
HYDROTHERAPY
Contrast Bath
Cryotherapy
Ice Bath
Whirlpool Bath
Pool Therapy
CHAPTER 2:
Low Frequency Currents
IONTOPHORESIS
Methods of Treatment
Positive ions:
Negative ions
TRANSCUTANEOUS ELECTRICAL NERVE STIMULATION (TENS)
Methods of Treatment
Indications for Use
Dangers and Contraindications
METHODS OF TREATMENT
PROFORMA FOR PATIENT'S ASSESSMENT
Treatment of the Patient's Condition
PROFORMA FOR PATIENT'S ASSESSMENT
MEDIAN NERVE STIMULATION
ULNAR NERVE STIMULATION
RADIAL NERVE STIMULATION
ERB'S PARALYSIS
FACIAL NERVE STIMULATION
DELTOID INHIBITION
QUARDICEPS INHIBITION
LATERAL POPLITEAL NERVE INJURY
FARADISM UNDER PRESSURE
FARADIC FOOT BATH
COMMON MOTOR POINTS
STRENGTH-DURATION CURVE
Nerve Regeneration
Factor Influencing Rate of Regeneration
Type of Injury
Neuropraxia
Axonotmesis
Neurotmesis
Instructions to the Patient
Other Special Points
Shape of the Curve
Normal Innervation
Complete Denervation
Partial Denervation
Rheobase
Chronaxie
Faradic and IDC Tests
CHAPTER 3:
Medium Frequency Currents
METHODS OF TREATMENT
Proforma For Patient's Assessment
Proforma for Patient's Assessment
Preparation of Skin Resistance Lowering Tray
LOW BACK PAIN
Etiology
PERIARTHRITIS SHOULDER
OSTEOARTHRITIS KNEE
Classification
Treatment
ABSORPTION OF EXUDATES
STRESS INCONTINENCE
CHAPTER 4:
High Frequency Currents
DIATHERMY
SHORT WAVE DIATHERMY
Methods of Applications
Tuning of the Circuit
Dosage
Physiological Effects of Heating the Tissues
Therapeutic Effects of Short Wave Diathermy
Dangers of Short Wave Diathermy
Contraindications of Short Wave Diathermy
PULSED SHORT WAVE DIATHERMY
MICROWAVE DIATHERMY
Dosage
METHODS OF TREATMENT
PROFORMA FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF PATIENT
PROFORMA FOR PATIENT'S ASSESSMENT
CERVICAL SPONDYLOSIS
Incidence
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Investigations
Local Contraindications
Positioning of the Patient
Placement of Electrodes
Home Instructions
PERIARTHRITIS SHOULDER
Clinical Features
Types
Investigations
Treatment
Local Contraindications
Positioning of the Patient
Placement of the Electrodes
Home Instructions
LOW BACK ACHE
Etiology
The Physical Examination
Neurological Examination
Investigations
Treatment
Application of Short Wave Diathermy
Positioning of the Patient
Placement of Electrodes
Home Instructions
LUMBAR SPONDYLOSIS
Cause
Pathology
Clinical Features
Application of SWD
SWD TO HIP JOINT
Indications
Clinical Features
Treatment
Local Contraindications
Home Instructions
SCIATICA
Causes
Clinical Features
Duration
OSTEOARTHRITIS OF KNEE
Classification
Clinical Features
On Examination
Investigations
SECONDARY OSTEOARTHRITIS
Treatment
Local Contraindications
Positioning of the Patient
Placement of Electrodes
Duration of Treatment
Dosage
Home Instructions
LIGAMENT INJURIES
Medial Collateral Ligament Injuries—Knee
Anatomy
Etiology
Sprain of Ligament
Clinical Features
Treatment
Partial Rupture of the Ligament
Clinical Features
Treatment
Complete Rupture of the Ligament
Clinical Features
Investigation
Treatment
Lateral Collateral Ligament Injuries—Knee
Anatomy
Etiology
Local Contraindications
Positioning of the Patient
Placement of the Electrodes
Home Instructions
Lateral Ligament Injuries—Ankle
Anatomy
Etiology
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
Complications
Medial Ligament Injuries—Ankle
Treatment
PLANTAR FASCITIS
Incidence
Clinical Features
Procedure
Investigations
Treatment
Position of the Patient
Local Contraindications
Dosage
Duration
Home Instructions
SALPHINGITIS (PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE)
Local Contraindications
Positioning of the Patient
Placement of Electrodes
Home Instructions
CHAPTER 5:
Radiation Therapy
THE INFRA-RED RADIATIONS
Techniques of the Treatment
Laws Governing the Effects of Electromagnetic Radiations
Therapeutic Effects
Dangers of Infra-red Radiations
Contraindications
THE ULTRAVIOLET RADIATIONS
Techniques of Application
The Techniques of General Irradiation
Physiological Effects of Ultraviolet Radiations
Indications of Ultraviolet Irradiations
Dangers of UV Radiations
Contraindications
METHODS OF TREATMENT PROFORMA FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF PATIENT
ULTRAVIOLET RADIATIONS PROFORMA FOR PATIENT'S ASSESSMENT
Laws of Radiations
ULCER
Types
Venous Ulcers
Predisposing Factors
Components of an Ulcer
Clinical Features
Treatment
For Infected Ulcer
Clinical Features
ACNE VULGARIS
Predisposing Factors
Pathology
Clinical Features
Management
PRESSURE SORES
Clinical Features
UVR Treatment
PSORIASIS
Predisposing Factors
Cause
Clinical Features
Treatment
Aims of UVR
Methods of Treatment
RICKETS
Type of Rickets
GENERAL DEBILITATING CONDITION
VITILIGO
ALOPECIA
Classification
Etiology
General Health
SENSITIZERS
CHAPTER 6:
Laser Therapy
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS AND THERAPEUTIC USES OF LASERS
DANGERS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
METHODS OF TREATMENT
PROFORMA FOR PATIENT'S ASSESSMENT
TENNIS ELBOW (LATERAL EPICONDYLITIS)
Etiology
Pathology
Clinical Features
Treatment
Acute
Modalities Used
Position of Patient
Position of Therapist
Treatment Dosage
SUPRASPINATUS TENDINITIS
History
Clinical Features
Pain
Painful Area
Movements
Functions
Position of Therapist
Position of Patient
Treatment
GOLFER'S ELBOW (MEDIAL EPICONDYLITIS)
Definition
Treatment
Position of Patient
Position of Therapist
PLANTAR FASCITIS
On Examination
Investigation
Treatment
CHAPTER 7:
Superficial Heating Modalities
PARAFFIN WAX BATH THERAPY
Paraffin Wax Bath Unit
Methods
Effects and Uses
Maintenance of Paraffin Wax Bath Unit
PROFORMA FOR PATIENT'S ASSESSMENT
Treatment
HOT PACKS/HYDROCOLLATOR PACKS
Effects and Uses
ELECTRIC HEATING PADS
WHIRLPOOL BATH
CONTRAST BATH
HELIOTHERAPY
SAUNA BATH
Phases of Sauna Bath
CHAPTER 8:
Ultrasonic Therapy
TECHNIQUES AND METHODS OF APPLICATION
Preparation of Patient
Examination and Testing
Preparation of the Part to be Relaxed
Setting Up
Instructions and Warnings
Application
Termination
Recording
Techniques of Application
Dosage
Parameters of Ultrasound Includes
Physiological Effects
Thermal Effects
Mechanical Effect of Micromassage
Biological Effect
THERAPEUTIC USES OF ULTRASOUND
DANGERS OF ULTRASOUND
CONTRAINDICATIONS
PHONOPHORESIS
Principle
Effects of Phonophoresis
Penetration of Phonophoretically Driven Drugs
Drug used in Phonophoresis
Application
COMBINATION THERAPY
METHODS OF TREATMENT
ULTRASOUND THERAPY PROFORMA FOR PATIENT'S ASSESSMENT
TENNIS ELBOW (LATERAL EPICONDYLITIS)
Definition
Pathology
Clinical Features
Treatment
Modalities Used
Positioning of the Patient
GOLFER'S ELBOW (MEDIAL EPICONDYLITIS)
Definition
Position of the Patient
SUPRASPINATUS TENDINITIS
Etiology
Clinical Features
Management
Physiotherapy
Exercise
de–QUERVAIN'S DISEASE (TENOSYNOVITIS)
Clinical Features
Treatment
BICIPITAL TENDINITIS
SUBDELTOID BURSITIS
Common Sites
SUBACROMIAL BURSITIS
METATARSALGIA
Causes
Clinical Features
Treatment
CHAPTER 9:
Cryotherapy
BASIC PRINCIPLES
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS AND THERAPEUTIC USES OF COLD THERAPY
DANGERS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
PROFORMA FOR PATIENT'S ASSESSMENT
ANKLE SPRAIN
Grades of Sprain
MUSCLE CONTUSION/HEMATOMA
Clinical Features
CHAPTER 10:
Suggested Reading
INDEX
TOC
Index
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