Index

KC  Mathur

Short Textbook of Physiology KC Mathur

UNIT 1: GETTING INTRODUCED
1:Scope: Field of Physiology
- CONTROL SYSTEM (BODY MECHANICS)
- CONTROL OF BODY FUNCTIONS
  - Negative Feedback System
  - Positive Feedback System
- SERVO MECHANISM
  - Control by Coupling
- ANTICIPATORY CONTROL SYSTEM
- ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY STUDY (EPS) AND RFA PROCEDURE
- GLOSSARY
2:Organisation: Human Body
- PHYSIOLOGY OF STRESS
  - Stress and Stomach
- STRESS V/S BODY MECHANICS: GENERAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME
- PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTIONS
- METABOLISM
- NORADRENALINE
  - On Cardiovascular System
- ACETYLCHOLINE
  - Muscarinic actions
  - Nicotinic Action
- ADRENAL MEDULLA
- GLOSSARY
3:Unit of Body Mechanics: The Cell
- CELL: HISTORICAL ASPECTS
- PROTOPLASM
- CELL MEMBRANE
- CYTOPLASM
- NUCLEUS
- SIMILARITIES
- CELL DIVISION - MITOSIS
- INTERCELLULAR JUNCTIONS (INTERCELLULAR COMMUNICATION)
- SUMMARY AND HIGHLIGHTS
4:Structure in Relation to Functions
- EXCRETORY SYSTEM
- ENDOCRINE
- FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
  - Uterine or Fallopian Tube (Oviduct)
  - Uterus (Receiving Morula from Tube)
- MALE REPRODUCTION
  - Testis
  - Vas (Ductus) Deferens
- MUSCLE—TISSUE
- CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
  - Organization of Spinal Cord
  - Synapses
    - Synaptic Transmission
- NERVOUS TISSUE
- DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS
- RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
  - Bronchus
    - Cartilage Layer
- GENERAL FEATURES OF ARTERIES
- EYE
  - Layers
    - Eye Chambers
- CORNEA
- SCLERA (OPAQUE LAYER)
- IRIS
  - Retina (most internal of three layers of eye)
  - Crystalline Lens
- EAR
5:Fundamental of Progress: Physiology of Growth
- FACTORS INFLUENCING GROWTH
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF GROWTH
- GROWTH PARAMETERS
- GROWTH FACTOR IN HEALING WOUNDS
- NOTES
- GROWTH INHIBITORS (SYNONYM—CHALONES)
- CLONING
- GLOSSARY
6:Ageing: Senescence
- THE PROCESS OF AGEING
- PROGERIA
- ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE
- GLOSSARY
- SUMMARY AND HIGHLIGHTS
7:May I Help You? The Receptors: Detectors
- ADRENERGIC
- NOTES
- ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS
  - Muscarine
- RECEPTORS: SYNAPTIC AND JUNCTIONAL TRANSMISSION
  - Dopamine Receptors
  - Purinergic Receptors
- CARDIOVASCULAR-RESPIRATORY RECEPTORS
8:Basis of Life: Medical Genetics
- CHROMOSOMES
- CHROMOSOME NUMBER
- THE GENES
- MUTATION
- RNA : PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
- GENETIC REGULATION
  - Other Mechanism for Control of Transcription by Operon
- CANCER CELL (Neoplastic cell)
- CANCER
- MEIOSIS
  - Significance of Meiosis
- GENETIC CODE
9:Clock and the Health Circadian Rhythm: Biological Rhythm
10:The Secret of Health: Physiology of Exercise
- CATEGORIES OF WORK
- BODY CHANGES OCCURRING IN EXERCISE
- ENDOCRINES AND EXERCISE
- METABOLIC ADJUSTMENTS
- FITNESS V/S UNFITNESS
UNIT 2: JUST GOING THROUGH
11:Basic: Biophysical Concepts
- OSMOSIS
- SHIFTING OF FLUID BETWEEN EXTRA AND INTRA-CELLULAR COMPARTMENTS : BASIC PRINCIPLES OF OSMOSIS
- DIFFUSION
- GLOSSARY PART
- ACTIVE TRANSPORT
- FILTRATION
- ULTRAFILTRATION
- SURFACE TENSION
- ADSORPTION
- HYDROTROPY
- CHARACTERISTICS OF COLLOIDS
- OTHER WAYS OF TRANSPORT
  - Exocytosis
  - Endocytosis
- ISOTOPES
- PHYSIOLOGICAL APPLICATION
  - Therapeutic (Treating Cancer)
  - Diagnostic
    - History
    - Importance
- QUALITIES OF AN ISOTOPE FOR EFFECTIVE RADIOACTIVE TRACER:
12:Membrane Physiology
- READ AND DIGEST: MEMBRANE POTENTIAL
- QUESTION BANK
- VIVA VOCE : BIOPHYSICS AND GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY
- MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS : BIOPHYSICS AND GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY
UNIT 3: GLAMOUR OF THE LIFE
13:Contractile Tissue: Skeletal Muscle
- CLASSES OF MUSCLES
  - Striated/skeletal or Voluntary Muscles
  - Unstriated or Smooth, or Visceral or Involuntary
  - Cardiac Muscle
- SKELETAL MUSCLE : CIRCULATION
- RED AND PALE MUSCLES
- STRUCTURAL ASPECT: MUSCLE FIBRES
- MYOSIN
  - Troponin
- ACTIN
- ACTOMYOSIN
- TROPOMYOSIN
- GLYCOGEN
- PHOSPHOCREATINE
- ATP (ADENOSINE-TRIPHOSPHATE; ADENYL PYRO-PHOSPHORIC ACID)
- MYO-HAEMOGLOBIN
- BASIC PROPERTIES
  - The Muscle Twitch: Simple Muscle Curve (SMC)
- ISOTONIC VS ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION (iso = same; metric = length)
- INITIAL HEAT
- FATIGUE
- STRENGTH OF STIMULI
- TETANUS
- REFRACTORY PERIOD
- RHEOBASE-CHRONAXIE
- ELECTROMYOGRAPHY
- RIGOR MORTIS
- MUSCULO-TENDINOUS-ENDINGS
  - Muscle Spindle
- PART IN ACTION
- SARCOTUBULAR SYSTEM
- MUSCLE ACTION POTENTIAL : AT A GLANCE
- EXCITATION—CONTRACTION COUPLING
- RATCHET THEORY (WALK ALONG THEORY)
- ENZYME SYSTEM FOUND IN THE MUSCLE
- METABOLIC PROCESS
- CHEMICAL EVENTS : MOTION OF MYOSIN HEADS
- CHEMICAL REACTION ACCOMPANYING MUSCULAR CONTRACTION
- MUSCLE CONTRACTION: ENERGY SOURCE
- ELECTROMYOGRAPHY (EMG): A VIEW
14:Contractile Tissue: Muscle; Myoneural Junction
- FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY
- SEQUENCE OF EVENTS
- PHARMACOLOGY
- NEUROMUSCULAR PHYSIOLOGY : AT A GLANCE
- ACETYLCHOLINE : MOLECULAR LEVEL
15:Contractile Tissue: Smooth Muscle
- INTRODUCTION
- INNERVATION
- TONUS
- CHEMICAL PHENOMENON
- CONTRACTION
- FACTORS AFFECTING
- SMOOTH MUSCLES IN ACTION
  - Membrane Potential
- LATCH MECHANISM : AT A GLANCE
- STRESS RELAXATION IN SMOOTH MUSCLE: AT A GLANCE
- CA2+ AND CONTRACTIONS
- SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTION : HUMORAL AND LOCAL FACTORS
16:Contractile Tissue Cardiac Muscle— In Action
- INTRODUCTION
- MUSCLE — GLOSSARY
17:Excitable Unit: Nerve
- THE NEURONE
  - Nerve Cell
  - Nerve Fibre
- NEUROGLIA (GLIA = GLUE)
- NEURONAL DEGENERATION
- CLASSIFICATION OF NERVE FIBRE
- PHYSIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
- INJURY CURRENT—ACTION CURRENT
- METABOLISM OF NERVE FIBRE
- MOTOR NEURONES
- READ AND DIGEST
- QUESTION BANK
UNIT 4: NATURE'S OBLIGATION
18:General Plan
- GENERAL INTRODUCTION
- PHARYNX
- IMPORTANCE OR PURPOSE
- NON-RESPIRATORY FUNCTIONS: LUNGS
- MECHANICS: PULMONARY VENTILATION
- VENTILATION
- BREATH SOUNDS
- BREATH HOLDING
19:Gaseous Exchange: Diffusion of Gases
- DIFFUSION: ASPECT FROM PHYSICS
- RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE: DIFFUSION
20:Gaseous Transport
- OXYGEN CARRIAGE
  - O2-Hb Dissociation Curve: Effects of 2–3-DPG (Di-phospho-glycerate)
  - O2-Hb Dissociation Curve: Role of Exercise
    - Myoglobin
    - Oxygen Transport in Dissolved States
- CARBON DIOXIDE CARRIAGE
- GASEOUS INTERCHANGE IN LUNGS
- OXYGEN UTILISATION: (A) DIFFUSION DISTANCE
- OXYGEN UTILISATION: (B) BLOOD FLOW
21:Homeostasis: Regulation of Respiration
- RESPIRATORY CENTRE
- RECEPTORS (A. S. PAINTAL—1955)
- NERVOUS CONTROL
  - Other Factors Adjusting Respiration
- HUMORAL/CHEMICAL REGULATION
- REVIEW: CHEMOSENSITIVITY—RESPIRATORY REGULATION
- RESPIRATORY ADJUSTMENT: CO2
- RESPIRATORY ADJUSTMENT FOR OXYGEN
- HYPERPNOEA: DURING EXERCISE
  - pH and Respiration (Reaction theory; Winterstein—1921)
- EFFECT OF DRUGS ON RESPIRATION
- TERMS
- PERIODIC BREATHING
22:Adjustment: Hypoxia, High Altitude
- INTRODUCTION
- VARIETIES
- SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS : EFFECTS OF HYPOXIA
- ACCLIMATISATION TO LOW Po2
- CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING
- OXYGEN TREATMENT
23:Respiratory Insufficiencies
- ATELACTASIS (GREEK - ATELES = INCOMPLETE EKTASIS = EXPANSION) (NOW SYNONYMOUS = COLLAPSE)
- EMPHYSEMA (GREEK-EM+PHYSEMA; A BLOWING)
  - Effects
- DYSPNOEA (AIR HUNGER)
- ORTHOPNOEA
- KUSSMAUL BREATHING
- BRONCHIAL ASTHMA (GREEK-MEANING PANTING)
- TUBERCULOSIS
- CYANOSIS (GREEK-KYANOS = BLUE DISCOLOURATION/SUBSTANCE)
24:Adjustments of Respiration: Abnormal Situations
- AVIATION PHYSIOLOGY
- DYSBARISM (DIVING PHYSIOLOGY)
- HIGH GASEOUS PRESSURE: NITROGEN NARCOSIS
- LIFE SAVING MEASURE: ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
  - Manual Method
25:Assessing Lungs: Pulmonary Function Tests
- PEAK EXPIRATORY FLOW (PEF)
- EXERCISE TESTS
- DIFFUSION CAPACITY
- PULMONARY VOLUMES
- PULMONARY CAPACITIES
- BRONCHODILATOR DRUGS
- LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS
- BRONCHOSCOPY
- MAXIMAL OXYGEN UPTAKE (VO2. MAX)
- SPIROGRAM
- SPIROMETER
- VENTILATION—PERFUSION RATIO (VA/Q)
- FEW MORE POINTS
26:Pulmonary Circulation
- QUESTION BANK
- MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS : RESPIRATION
- VIVA VOCE : RESPIRATION
UNIT 5: OUT GO
27:Homeostasis: Regulation of Water Balance
- EXTRACELLULAR COMPARTMENT
- INTRACELLULAR FLUID
- ECF VOLUME—REGULATION
- INTERSTITIAL FLUID
- INTRAVASCULAR FLUID
- THE ELECTROLYTES
- INTERSTITIUM: INTERSTITIAL FLUID
- WATER BALANCE
- DEHYDRATION
- OEDEMA
28:Kidney: Introduction
- FUNCTIONAL STRUCTURAL CONSIDERATION
- THE JUXTAGLOMERULAR APPARATUS
- RENAL BLOOD FLOW
29:Formation of Urine-I: Glomerulus as a Filter
- COMPOSITION OF FILTRATE
  - Glomerulotubular Balance : A Review (of sodium)
30:Formation of Urine-II: The Tubular Functions
- TUBULAR REABSORPTION: ACTIVE PASSIVE TRANSPORT
- SUGAR TRANSPORT—REABSORPTION
- REABSORPTION OF WATER
- PROXIMAL TUBULAR REABSORPTION OF NA+
- SYNTHESIS OF NEW SUBSTANCES
- ACIDIFICATION OF URINE: SECRETION OF HYDROGEN IONS
  - Secondary Active Secretion
- REABSORPTION OF CA2+ AND PHOSPHATE IONS
- BICARBONATE REABSORPTION
- UREA-URIC ACID
- RE-ABSORPTION OF OTHER SOLUTES
- THE PLASMA CLEARANCE: CONCEPT
- UREA CLEARANCE: A MEASURE/CONCEPT
- PLASMA CLEARANCES OF USUAL URINE CONSTITUENTS
  - Inulin clearance : A concept
- HORMONAL REGULATION OF REABSORPTION
31:Formation of Urine-III
- DILUTE URINE: BASIC RENAL MECHANISM
32:Micturition
- INTRODUCTION
- BLADDER INNERVATION
- FILLING OF BLADDER
- THE MICTURITION
- EMOTIONS V/S MICTURITION
- PREGNANCY V/S MICTURITION
- CLINICAL PHYSIOLOGY
  - Notes
    - Voluntary Urination
- CENTRES FOR MICTURITION
- CYSTOMETROGRAM
33:Assessing Kidney-I: The Urine
- PHYSICAL
- CHEMICAL AS ORGANIC AND INORGANIC
- ABNORMAL CONSTITUENTS OF URINE
  - Urinary Pigments
- MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF URINE
- URINE EXAMINATION
- SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST
- BLOOD UREA ESTIMATION
- UREA CLEARANCE TEST
- INULIN CLEARANCE
- IVP
- PLASMA ALBUMIN CONCENTRATION
- PLASMA ELECTROLYTES
- PHENOL SULPHONEPHTHALEIN
- Tm GLUCOSE
- CREATININE CLEARANCE TEST
- RENAL BLOOD FLOW
- PSP TEST
34:Homeostasis: Acid–Base Balance and Regulation
- THE TERM pH
- THE TERM BUFFER
- ROLE OF BUFFERS
- PHOSPHATE BUFFER: AT A GLANCE
- RESPIRATORY MECHANISM FOR PH CONTROL
- KIDNEY: Ph CONTROL
- ACIDOSIS
- ALKALOSIS
- ACID–BASE BALANCE: OVERVIEW EFFECTS
- TREATMENT
35:Homeostasis: Body Temperature: Regulation
- TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS
- HEAT LOSS
- SWEAT : A REVIEW
- HEAT PRODUCTION
- PHYSIOLOGY OF FEVER
- TEMPERATURE RECEPTORS
- NERVOUS CONTROL OF TEMPERATURE
- TEMPERATURE REGULATION: ROLE OF ENDOCRINE GLANDS
- DISTURBANCES IN THERMO-REGULATION
- FUNCTIONS OF SKIN
36:Kidney in off Mood (Renal Diseases)
- RENAL PATHOPHYSIOLOGY—HIGHLIGHTS
- FEW DISEASES AT LENGTH
- OTHER ASSOCIATED CONDITIONS
- DIALYSIS
- MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS : EXCRETION
- VIVA VOCE : EXCRETION
- QUESTION BANK
UNIT 6: BOON OF NATURE
37:Sense of Vision: I, II, III, IV, V, VI
- ERRORS OF REFRACTION
- EYEBROW
- EYELIDS (PALPEBRAE)
- EYELASHES
- CONJUNCTIVA
- LACRIMAL APPARATUS
- MUSCLES OF THE EYE
- NERVES OF EYE
- EYE ORBIT
- FIBROUS TUNIC
- VASCULAR TUNIC
- NERVOUS TUNIC
- REFRACTIVE MEDIA
- VITREOUS HUMOR OR BODY
- BINOCULAR VISION
- PUPILLARY REFLEX (TWO TYPES)
- PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF VISION
  - Photochemistry of Vision
    - Electro-retinogram (ERG)
- VISUAL ACUITY
- DARK ADAPTATION
- LIGHT ADAPTATION
- DARK AND LIGHT ADAPTATION: AT A GLANCE
- RECEPTOR POTENTIAL (STIMULATED ROD-CONES)
- ROLE OF BIPOLAR; HORIZONTAL CELLS
- GANGLION CELLS
- TRANSMISSION OF VISUAL SIGNAL: LATERAL INHIBITION
- FUSION OF IMAGES (CONVERGENCE)
- LACK OF FUSION : SQUINT (STRABISMUS; CROSS EYEDNESS)
- FIXATION MOVEMENTS OF EYE
- LESIONS AT VARIOUS LEVELS: VISUAL PATH
- SENSORY RECEPTORS: RODS-CONES
- LATERAL GENICULATE BODY
- THE VISUAL CORTEX
- OPHTHALMOSCOPY
- RETINOSCOPY
- VISUAL ACUITY
- PERIMETRY
- TONOMETRY
38:Sense of Hearing: Ear (Auditory Apparatus)
- EXTERNAL EAR
  - Functions of Pinna
- TYMPANIC MEMBRANE
- MIDDLE EAR (TYMPANUM)
- INNER EAR
- AUDITORY CORTEX
- DEAFNESS (HEARING IMPAIRMENT)
- HEARING TESTS
- THEORIES OF HEARING
- SOME INTERESTING COMMENTS
  - Von Bekesy (1951–60)
- MASKING
- AUDIOMETRY
  - Pure Tone Audiotmetry
- SOUND AT A GLANCE
39:Chemical Senses: Sense of Taste
- TASTE SENSATION AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION
- TASTE BUDS—THE END ORGAN OF TASTE SENSATION
- PATH OF TASTE SENSATION
- PAPILLAE OF TONGUE
- TASTE BLINDNESS
- TASTE THRESHOLD
- TASTE PREFERENCE
- STIMULATION: TASTE BUDS
40:Chemical Senses: Sense of Smell (Olfaction)
- OLFACTORY AREA
- MECHANISM OF OLFACTION
- OLFACTORY PATHWAY
- NOTES
- MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS : SPECIAL SENSES
- VIVA VOCE : SPECIAL SENSES
- QUESTION BANK
UNIT 7: COMMUNICATION AND CONTROL
41:Introduction (Ductless Glands Producing Hormones)
- STRUCTURAL PECULIARITIES
- HORMONE
- MECHANISM OF HORMONE ACTION
- SECOND MESSENGERS
- LOCATION OF HORMONE RECEPTORS
- REGULATION—HORMONE RECEPTORS
- THYROID HORMONE: ACTION
- ALDOSTERONE: ACTION
- HORMONE MECHANISM: AN OVERVIEW
- CRITERION FOR ENDOCRINE GLAND
- MECHANISM OF HORMONE ACTION: ELABORATION
42:Master Gland: Pituitary
- HISTOLOGY
- GROWTH HORMONE
- REGULATION
- PANHYPOPITUITARISM
- HYPERPITUITARISM
- MIDDLE LOBE OF PITUITARY
- HOUSSAY DOG/ANIMAL
- POSTERIOR PITUITARY (NEUROHYPOPHYSIS)
  - Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
  - Oxytocin Hormone
- FORMATION AND FATE OF NEUROHYPOPHYSEAL HORMONES
- FUNCTIONS OF POSTERIOR LOBE (NEURAL LOBE)
43:Iodine Homeostasis: Thyroid
- HISTOLOGY (MICROSCOPICAL STRUCTURE)
- FUNCTIONS OF THYROID GLAND (THYROXINE)
- SYNTHESIS
- HYPERTHYROIDISM (GRAVES’ DISEASE, EXOPHTHALMIC GOITRE)
  - Thyroid Storm
- GOITRE
- CRETINISM (HYPOTHYROIDISM IN CHILDREN)
- MYXOEDEMA (GULL'S DISEASE)—HYPOTHYROIDISM IN ADULTS
- REGULATION OF SECRETION
- TSH—AN OVERVIEW
- THYROCALCITONIN
- ASSESSING THE GLAND: THYROID FUNCTION TESTS
44:Protective Envelope: Adrenals
- MINERALOCORTICOIDS (ALDOSTERONES)
- GLUCOCORTICOIDS
  - Actions
- HYPERADRENALISM
- CHRONIC ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY—ADDISON'S DISEASE
- REGULATION OF GLUCOCORTICOID SECRETION
- HIRSUTISM
- ADRENAL CORTICAL FUNCTION: CLINICAL TESTS
45:Homeostasis: Blood Sugar Regulation— Diabetes Mellitus
- WHY IS BLOOD SUGAR REGULATION NECESSARY?
- LIVER AND INSULIN
- DIABETIC SYMPTOMATOLOGY: ACTIONS OF INSULIN
- PHYSIOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT POINTS—INSULIN
- CHEMISTRY OF INSULIN
- PREPARATION OF INSULIN
- MECHANISM OF ACTION: INSULIN
- INSULIN EXCESS
- CAUSES OF DIABETES MELLITUS
- REGULATION OF INSULIN SECRETION
- GLUCAGON
- INSULIN AND LIPIDS
- FACTORS INFLUENCING INSULIN RELEASE
- GLUCAGON SECRETION
- INSULIN ACTIONS
- OTHER ISLET CELL HORMONES
- TYPES OF DIABETES MELLITUS
46:Calcium-Phosphorus Control: Parathyroid
- ACTIONS
- CALCIUM METABOLISM
- MAGNESIUM METABOLISM
- HYPERCALCAEMIA—AN OVERVIEW
- VITAMIN D: CALCIUM METABOLISM: AN OVERVIEW
- RICKETS
- OSTEMOALACIA (RICKETS IN ADULT)
- OSTEOPOROSIS
- HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
- HYPOPARATHYROIDISM
- PHYSIO-PATHOGENESIS: TETANY
- CONTROL OF PARATHYROID SECRETION
- BONE PHYSIOLOGY
47:Local Hormones
- HISTAMINE
- SEROTONIN (5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE; ENTERAMINE)
- BRADYKININ
- PROSTAGLANDINS
48:Hormonal Function: Other Organs
- RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM
- ERYTHROPOIETIN
- PINEAL GLAND (SEAT OF THE SOUL, THIRD EYE OF LOWER VERTEBRATES)
- ANP (ATRIAL-NATRIURETIC-PEPTIDE)
- MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS : ENDOCRINES
- VIVA VOCE : ENDOCRINES
- QUESTION BANK
UNIT 8: PERPETUATION OF RACE
49:Sexual Status: Female Partner: Becoming Familiar
- FEMALE SEXUAL ORGANS
- VAGINA
- UTERUS (WOMB)
- FALLOPIAN TUBES
- OVARY
- PUBERTY AND ADOLESCENCE (Adolescence-to grow; latin)
- PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES
- HERO HORMONE OF FEMALE SEX— PROGESTERONE
- HERO HORMONE OF FEMALE SEX—OESTROGEN
- THE OVARIAN CYCLE
- FSH; LH; ICSH; AN OVERVIEW
- FEW MORE FACTS : MONTHLY OVARIAN CYCLE
- SEXUAL ACT (THE COITUS)
- HYPOTHALAMIC - HYPOPHYSEAL-PORTAL SYSTEM
50:Sign of Womanhood: Menstruation
- INTRODUCTION
- PHYSIOLOGY OF MENSTRUATION
- NO SEXUAL CONTACT
- SAFE PERIOD
- MENSTRUAL CYCLE IN RELATION TO LACTATION
- PREMENSTRUAL TENSION SYNDROME
- MENOPAUSE
  - Other Menstrual Problems
- MANAGEMENT OF MENSTRUATION (MENSTRUAL HYGIENE)
- WITHDRAWAL BLEEDING
51:Most Delicate Period: Pregnancy
- FERTILISATION
- DEVELOPMENT OF PLACENTA AND CHORION
- STORY OF PREGNANCY BEHIND CURTAIL
- ESTIMATION OF PROBABLE DATE OF DELIVERY (CONFINEMENT) (NEAGELE'S METHOD)
- HORMONAL REGULATION OF PREGNANCY
- SIGNS OF PREGNANCY
  - Positive Signs
  - Probable Signs
- THE PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES DURING PREGNANCY
- ABNORMALITIES OF PREGNANCY
- PREGNANCY TESTS
- SUMMARY AND HIGHLIGHTS
52:Labour: Parturition
- INTRODUCTION
- STAGES OF LABOR
- THE PHYSIOLOGY OF PARTURITION
- PARTURITION : FEW MORE INTERESTING FACTS
- SUMMARY AND HIGHLIGHTS
53:Climax of Motherhood: Lactation
- BREAST AND HORMONES
- CONTROL OF SECRETION
- PHYSIOLOGY OF LACTATION
- BREAST IN PUERPERIUM
- INHIBITION OF MILK EJECTION
- SEXUAL CYCLE AND LACTATION
- INVOLUTION OF MAMMARY GLANDS
- GYNAECOMASTIA
- SUMMARY AND HIGHLIGHTS
54:Small but Important: Premature-Neonate (Foetal and Neonatal physiology)
- ADJUSTMENT OF RESPIRATION: AFTER BIRTH
- PROBLEMS OF PRE-MATURITY
- PROBLEMS WITH NEONATE (NEWBORN)
55:Reproduction
- TESTOSTERONE : AN OVERVIEW
- CELLS OF SERTOLI
- THE INTERSTITIAL CELLS (LEYDIG)
- TESTOSTERONE : FUNCTIONS
- CONTROL OF MALE SEXUAL FUNCTION
- MICROSCOPICAL EXAMINATION
56:Birth Control (Family Welfare)
- BARRIER METHOD
  - Physical
  - Chemical
- INTRAUTERINE-CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICE (IUCD)
57:Unfortunacy Sterility: In/Sub-fertility
- INVESTIGATION/CAUSES
- INVESTIGATION
  - Male Partner
  - Female Partner
- SEMEN NORMAL (Examined within 2 hours of production)
- MANAGEMENT OF MALE INFERTILITY
- ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION
- TEST TUBE BABY
- QUESTION BANK
- MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS: REPRODUCTION
- VIVA VOCE : REPRODUCTION
UNIT 9: THE FLUID OF LIFE
58:Introductory Outlines
- DETAILED COMPOSITION
- SPECIFIC GRAVITY
- REACTION
- FUNCTIONS IN GENERAL
- VISCOSITY
- PLASMA PROTEINS
- BLOOD FILM
- SUSPENSION STABILITY: BLOOD
59:Erythrocytes (Red Blood Corpuscles, RBC)
- INTRODUCTION
- NUMBER AND VARIATION
- LIFE AND FATE
- STRESSFUL LIFE OF RED CELL—A TRAGEDY
- JAUNDICE
- DETERMINATION OF LIFESPAN
- ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATE
  - Importance
- STRUCTURAL PECULIARITIES : A BOON
- RED CELL FRAGILITY
- FUNCTIONS
  - Polycythaemia
    - Erythrocytosis (Secondary polycythaemia)
    - Relative polycythaemia
- TOTAL ERYTHROCYTE COUNT
- STRUCTURE AND METABOLISM
  - Red Cell Membrane
- ERYTHROPOIESIS (PRODUCTION OF RED CELLS)
  - Stages
    - Requisites
- SUMMARY AND HIGHLIGHTS
60:Haemoglobin (Red Pigment of Blood)
- INTRODUCTION
- CHEMISTRY
- HEME
- FUNCTIONS
- FACTORS ESSENTIAL FOR BIOSYNTHESIS
- PORPHYRIA
- FOETAL HAEMOGLOBIN (HBF)
- NORMAL LEVELS
  - Types
- HAEMOGLOBIN COMPOUNDS
- CO2 AND HAEMOGLOBIN: A VIEW
- OXYGEN AND HAEMOGLOBIN: AN OVERVIEW
- OTHER HEME COMPOUNDS: A VIEW
- METHEMOGLOBIN: A VIEW
- DETERMINATION
- HAEMOGLOBIN UREA
61:Anaemia
- IRON—DEFICIENCY ANAEMIA (HYPOCHROMIC—MICROCYTIC)
- PERNICIOUS (ADDISON) ANAEMIA
- HAEMOLYTIC ANAEMIA
- CLASSIFICATION OF ANAEMIA
- HAEMOGLOBIN “S”
- BONE MARROW HYPOFUNCTION: APLASTIC ANAEMIA
- SECONDARY ANAEMIA
- ANAEMIA : SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
- BLOOD INDICES
- IRON METABOLISM
- ANAEMIA AND CIRCULATION
62:The Leucocytes (White Blood Corpuscles: WBC)
- INTRODUCTION
- MORPHOLOGY
- PROPERTIES/FUNCTIONS
- EVENTS OF PHAGOCYTOSIS
- ANTIBACTERIAL ROLE OF NEUTROPHILS
- LIFESPAN
- PRODUCTION (LEUCOPOIESIS)
- ABSOLUTE COUNTING
- ARNETH COUNT
- SUMMARY AND HIGHLIGHTS (WBC—LOYAL SOLDIERS; NEUTROPHIL—THAL SAINIK)
63:Immunity Resistance of Body against Infection; Natural Immune or Defence System
- NON-SPECIFIC IMMUNE SYSTEM (NATURAL IMMUNITY OR DEFENCE)
- SPECIFIC IMMUNE SYSTEM
- CLONE
- INTERFERON
- DEVELOPMENT OF IMMUNE SYSTEM
- IMPORTANCE OF IMMUNE MECHANISM
- VACCINATION
- T CELL
- AIDS (ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME)
  - Introduction
- LABORATORY FINDINGS WITH HIV INFECTION
  - Test Significance
- A-OR HYPOGAMMAGLOBULINAEMIA
- HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINAEMIA
- THYMUS GLAND AND IMMUNITY
- AUTOIMMUNITY
- AUTOIMMUNE REACTIONS
- IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE
- MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES
- TRANSPLANTATION: TISSUE REJECTION
  - Tissue Typing: HLA Antigen
  - Prevention of Graft Rejection
- SUMMARY AND HIGHLIGHTS
64:Inflammation
- INTRODUCTION
- VASCULAR PHENOMENON
- TISSUE CHANGES AS A RESULT OF INFLAMMATION
  - Types of Acute Inflammation
- SUMMARY AND HIGHLIGHTS
65:Blood Groups
- ABO SYSTEM
- RH SYSTEM
- BLOOD GROUPS AND GENETICS
- IMPORTANCE
- BLOOD TRANSFUSION
- BLOOD BANK
- AUTOTRANSFUSION (AUTOLOGOUS TRANSFUSION)
- SUMMARY AND HIGHLIGHTS
66:The Platelets (Thrombocytes)
- INTRODUCTION
- FORMATION AND LIFESPAN
- FINE STRUCTURE
- TOTAL NUMBER AND VARIATION
- FUNCTIONS
- DETERMINATION OF ABSOLUTE NUMBER
- NOTES
- SUMMARY AND HIGHLIGHTS
67:Haemostasis and Blood Coagulation
- INTRODUCTION
  - Anticoagulants: Study Survey
- GENETIC ASPECTS
- NOTES
- PLATELET ACTIVATION
- BLOOD CLOTTING—AT A GLANCE
- FIBRINOLYSIS—AT A GLANCE
- THROMBOSIS—CAUSES
68:Homeostasis— Blood Volume
- VARIATIONS
  - Physiological
  - Pathological
- DETERMINATION
  - Direct method (Welcker 1854; and Bischoff)
  - Indirect Methods
- NORMAL VALUES
- LUNGS AS A BLOOD RESERVOIR
- BLOOD VOLUME IN PREGNANCY
- EFFECT OF HAEMORRHAGE
- RECEPTOR RESPONSE AND REGULATION OF BLOOD VOLUME
- ADH AND BLOOD VOLUME
- POLYCYTHAEMIA AND BLOOD VOLUME
- INCREASED CAPACITY OF CIRCULATION AND BLOOD VOLUME
- EFFECT OF ANGIOTENSIN
- ARTERIAL BARORECEPTOR REFLEX: VOLUME REFLEX
- ALDOSTERONE AND BLOOD VOLUME
- HEART DISEASE V/S BLOOD VOLUME
- SUMMARY AND HIGHLIGHTS
69:Haemopoiesis
- CONCEPT OF STEM AND PROGENITOR CELL
- HAEMOPOIETIC GROWTH FACTORS
- ERYTHROPOIESIS
- GRANULOCYTE PRODUCTION
- THROMBOPOIESIS
- LYMPHOPOIESIS
- SUMMARY AND HIGHLIGHTS
70:RE System
- INTRODUCTION
- GENERAL MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE
- FUNCTIONS
- SPLENOMEGALY—CHIEF CAUSES
- SPLENECTOMY (SURGICAL REMOVAL OF ORGAN)
- SUMMARY AND HIGHLIGHTS
- INTRODUCTION
- LYMPH : COMPOSITION
- LYMPH: FUNCTIONS
- FORMATION, PRESSURE; FLOW
- RATE AND CONTROL OF LYMPH FLOW
- DYNAMICS OF OEDEMA
- EXCESS CAPILLARY PRESSURE V/S OEDEMA
- SUMMARY AND HIGHLIGHTS
- QUESTION BANK
- MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS : BLOOD
- VIVA-VOCE : BLOOD
UNIT 10: RHYTHM OF LIFE
71:Heart—Cardiac Muscle and General Concepts
- INTRODUCTORY OUTLINE
- PATTERN OF CIRCULATION
- VALVES AND THEIR ACTION
- AURICLE
- VENTRICLES
- JUNCTIONAL TISSUES OF HEART
- NORMAL CARDIAC METABOLISM DETERMINANTS
- ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY OF CARDIAC MUSCLE
- CARDIAC PACEMAKER (ARTIFICIAL)
- BASIC PROPERTIES OF CARDIAC MUSCLE
- FACTORS AFFECTING CONTRACTILE RESPONSE
- STARLING LAW OF HEART
- HEART TRANSPLANTATION
- TOBACCO AND HEART
- CARDIAC CATHETERISATION
- CONCEPT OF LOAD (PRE AND AFTER)
  - Afterload
  - Preload
72:Heart as a Pump: Cardiac Cycle
- PHASES OR SEQUENCE OF EVENTS
  - Atrial Events
  - Ventricular Events
- END VOLUMES
- PRESSURE, VOLUME EVENTS
- VENTRICULAR SHORTENING
- HEART SOUNDS
73:Heart as a Pump: Cardiac Output
- FACTORS INFLUENCING OUTPUT
- FACTORS REGULATING CARDIAC OUTPUT
- CARDIAC RESERVE
- CARDIAC OUTPUT: EXERCISE-EMOTIONS
- METHODS OF DETERMINATION
  - Comments
    - Comments
- REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION
- SUMMARY AND HIGHLIGHTS
74:Coronary Circulation Ischaemia—Angina
- INTRODUCTION
- CONTROL
- RECEPTORS AND THE CORONARIES
- ASSESSMENT OF ISCHAEMIA: MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION SCIENTIGRAPHY
- ISCHAEMIA: INFARCTION: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CAUSE OF DEATH: CORONARY ISCHAEMIA
- ANGINA PECTORIS
- REST : THE PRIMARY TREATMENT
- EFFORT AND STRESS
- THE GALLBLADDER
- SUMMARY AND HIGHLIGHTS
75:Informative of Heart—I Electrocardiograph (ECG)
- HISTORY
- FLOW OF CURRENT AROUND THE HEART
- THE ECG LEADS
- THE PEN RECORDER
- EINTHOVEN'S LAW
- ECG PAPER
- NORMAL ECG: OBSERVATION
- HOLTER-MONITORING (AMBULATORY ECG)
- HBE (HIS BUNDLE ELECTROGRAM)
- AXIS DETERMINATION
- ATRIAL DEPOLARISATION (P WAVE)
- REPOLARISATION (T WAVE)
- CURRENT OF INJURY
- J (ZERO-REFERENCE POTENTIAL) POINT
- QRS COMPLEX: DURATION AND DISORDERS
- ALTERATION IN ECG VOLTAGE
- ABNORMALITIES OF T WAVE
  - Causes
    - Causes
- HEART RATE: DETERMINATION
- SINUS-ATRIAL BLOCK
- ATRIO-VENTRICULAR BLOCK
- PAROXYSMAL TACHYCARDIA
- VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION
- ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
76:Informative of Heart—II Vascular System: Pulse
- OBSERVATION
- DESCRIPTION OF A NORMAL PULSE
- ABNORMALITIES OF PULSE
- PULSE WAVE: TRACING
  - Tracing Itself
  - Methods of Study
- VENOUS PULSE
77:Heart and Rheumatism (Valvular Diseases)
- DYNAMICS OF AORTIC VALVE DISORDERS
  - Aortic Regurgitation
  - Haemodynamics—Aortic Regurgitation
- MITRAL STENOSIS
- MITRAL REGURGITATION
- TRICUSPID STENOSIS
- TRICUSPID INSUFFICIENCY
- SUMMARY AND HIGHLIGHTS
UINT 11: RHYTHM OF LIFE
78:Haemodynamics Peripheral Resistance
- PERIPHERAL RESISTANCE
- REYNOLD'S NUMBER
- POISEUILLE'S LAW (1842; FRENCH PHYSICIAN)
- MARQUIS-DE-LAPLACE LAW (FRANCE; FAMOUS “DETERMINISTIC THEORY”)
- CENTRAL VENOUS AND PERIPHERAL PRESSURE
- BLOOD FLOW
- CIRCULATION TIME
- ARTERIAL PRESSURE PULSE
- BIOPHYSICAL ASPECTS—I VOLUME FLOW
- BIOPHYSICAL ASPECTS—II PRESSURE CHANGES
- BIOPHYSICAL ASPECTS: CAPILLARIES
79:Homeostasis
- ARTERIES : TRANSPORT VESSELS
- CIRCULATION: LOCAL/AUTOREGULATION
- VASOMOTOR CONTROL: NERVOUS REGULATION
- SYNCOPE
- CAPILLARIES: EXCHANGE VESSELS
- PARASYMPATHETIC SUPPLY
- SYMPATHETIC SUPPLY
- CONTROL BY HIGHER CENTRES
- FACTORS INFLUENCING HEART RATE
- CARDIOVASCULAR REFLEXES AND REGULATION OF HEART RATE (FIG. 79.1)
- MECHANISM OF SYMPATHETIC INFLUENCES
- TERMS
- PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIATION
- NORMAL VALUES
- FUNCTION
- FACTORS CONTROLLING
- SIGNIFICANCE: BLOOD PRESSURE
- REGULATION
- ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION
- BLOOD PRESSURE VARIATIONS V/S FACTORS DETERMINING
- EFFECT OF GRAVITY
- EFFECT OF EXERCISE
- EFFECT OF POSTURE
- HYPOTENSION
- SUMMARY AND HIGHLIGHTS
- VASOCONSTRICTOR AGENTS
  - Catecholamines
    - Vasopressin (ADH)
    - Angiotensin
- VASODILATOR AGENTS
- PROSTACYCLINE + THROMBOXANE A2
- ENDOTHELINS (ET)
  - EDRF (Endothelium-derived relaxing factor)/NITRIC OXIDE (NO)
- CIRCULATION: IONIC + CHEMICAL CONTROL
80:Disturbed Homeostasis: Shock
- PRIMARY (NEUROGENIC) SHOCK
- SECONDARY SHOCK
  - Pathophysiology
- CLINICAL PICTURE
- BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES
- SHOCK: SOME EFFECTS
- SHOCK: CAUSES
  - The Opposite Side of the Picture
- SEPTIC SHOCK
- ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK
- SHOCK MANAGEMENT: PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS
81:Regional Circulation
- CEREBRAL
- CAPILLARY CIRCULATION
- RENAL CIRCULATION
- PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES
82:Congenital Heart Anomalies
- PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS (Synonym - Left to right shunt)
83:Cardiac Failure
- DYNAMICS
  - Acute Effects
- CHRONIC STAGE
  - The Kidneys and Heart Failure
  - Chronic Heart Failure Leads to Pulmonary Oedema
- CARDIAC RESERVE
- HIGH CARDIAC OUTPUT FAILURE
- QUESTION BANK—HEART
- QUESTION BANK—CIRCULATION
- MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
- VIVA VOCE : CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
UINT 12: EMOTIONS GREATLY AFFECT
84:Introduction
- SALIVARY GLANDS
- PHARYNX
- OESOPHAGUS (GULLET)
- STOMACH
- INTESTINE
- LIVER
- PANCREAS
85:Salivary Secretion: Digestion in Mouth
- SALIVA: INTRODUCTION
- FUNCTIONS OF SALIVA
- REGULATION OF SECRETION
- EFFECT OF DRUGS AND CHEMICALS
- SALIVA: FORMATION
- CLINICAL PHYSIOLOGY
- SUMMARY AND HIGHLIGHTS: SALIVA NUTSHELL DESCRIPTION
86:Stomach: Gastric Juice and Digestion
- GASTRIC JUICE : INTRODUCTION
  - Details of Gastric Enzymes
- GASTRIC MUCUS
- WHY STOMACH DOES NOT DIGEST ITSELF?
- STOMACH POUCHES
- MECHANISM OF GASTRIC SECRETION
- SUBSTANCES IN DUODENUM BUT AFFECTING GASTRIC SECRETION
- SECRETORY DEPRESSANTS
- SECRETORY STIMULANTS
- VITAMIN - HORMONES AND GASTRIC SECRETION
- FUNCTIONS OF GASTRIC JUICE
- HYDROCHLORIC ACID PRODUCTION: A MECHANISM
- HYDROCHLORIC ACID SECRETION: A SUMMARY
- PHYSIOLOGY OF GASTRIC ACID SECRETION
- GASTRIC FUNCTION TESTS (GASTRIC JUICE ANALYSIS)
- PEPTIC ULCER: PHYSIOLOGIC BASIS
- SUMMARY AND HIGHLIGHTS—GASTRIC JUICE
87:Pancreatic Secretion and Digestion
- INTRODUCTION (FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY)
- PANCREATIC JUICE : INTRODUCTION
- REGULATION OF SECRETION
- PHASES : A SUMMARY
- CONCEPT OF HYDROLYTIC AND ECBOLIC SECRETION
- CONCEPT OF TRYPSIN INHIBITOR
- PANCREATIC ENZYMES
- MECHANISM OF SECRETION
- ASSESSING : PANCREATIC FUNCTIONS
- COMPLETE PANCREATIC EXTIRPATION
- SUMMARY AND HIGHLIGHTS PANCREATIC JUICE—AN ABSTRACT
88:Liver: Biliary System
- BILE: INTRODUCTION
- EVACUATION OF GALL BLADDER
- BILE: REGULATION
- PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BILE CONSTITUENTS
- PARTIAL EXTIRPATION OF LIVER
- COMPLETE EXTIRPATION OF LIVER
- LIVER FUNCTION TESTS
- SUMMARY AND HIGHLIGHTS— THE HEADLINES
89:Intestinal Secretion (Succus Entericus)
- INTESTINAL JUICE : INTRODUCTION
- CONTROL OR REGULATION
- BACTERIAL FLORA OF INTESTINE
- FUNCTIONS OF ILEOCAECAL VALVE
- ABSORPTION PROCESS: LARGE INTESTINE
- GAS IN INTESTINE: FLATUS
- MALABSORPTION SYNDROME
- ULCERATIVE COLITIS
- SUMMARY AND HIGHLIGHTS— ROUND UP SUCCUS ENTERICUS
90:Movements of Alimentary Canal (Mechanics of Digestion)
- MOVEMENTS OF GIT: FOOD IN MOUTH
- DEGLUTITION (SWALLOWING)
- MOVEMENTS OF GIT : FOOD IN STOMACH
- MOVEMENTS OF GIT: FOOD IN SMALL INTESTINE (FIG. 90.1)
- MOVEMENTS OF GIT: FOOD IN LARGE INTESTINE
- DEFECATION
- CONSTIPATION
- DIARRHOEA
- GAS IN DIGESTIVE TRACT
- BACTERIAL ACTION IN LARGE BOWEL
- BLIND LOOP SYNDROME
- SUMMARY AND HIGHLIGHTS
- MOVEMENTS OF SMALL INTESTINE
91:Digestion and Absorption
- DIGESTION OF CARBOHYDRATES
- DIGESTION OF PROTEINS
- DIGESTION OF FATS
- INTESTINAL ABSORPTION: A REVIEW STUDY (FIG. 91.1)
- CARBOHYDRATE ABSORPTION
- GLUCOSE TRANSPORTERS
- ABSORPTION OF FATS
  - Theories of Fat Absorption
  - Cholesterol Absorption
- ABSORPTION OF PROTEINS
- ABSORPTION OF VITAMINS
- ABSORPTION: REMARKS
- ABSORPTION IN COLON
- DIETARY FIBRE
- ABSORPTION OF ELECTROLYTES
- ABSORPTION: IN NUTSHELL
92:GIT Hormones
- PRINCIPAL HORMONES
  - Gastrin
  - Secretin
- CCK-PZ (CHOLECYSTOKININ-PANCREOZYMIN)
- CANDIDATE HORMONES
93:Summary Chart: Mechanism of Secretion Digestive Juice
- QUESTION BANK: DIGESTION
- MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS : DIGESTION
- MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS : DIGESTION
- VIVA VOCE : DIGESTION
UNIT 13: STORY AFTER DIGESTION
94:Energy of Life: Metabolism
- ATP (ADENOSINE-TRIPHOSPHATE) : ENERGY CURRENCY
- CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
- PROTEIN METABOLISM
- LIPID METABOLISM
- NOTES
- RESPIRATORY QUOTIENT (RQ)
  - Factors Affecting
- FUNCTIONS
- LACTOSE IN TOLERANCE
95:Vigour of Life: Nutrition-Vitamins
- AETIOLOGY/CAUSES
96:Metabolism: Normal-Special Circumstances
- METABOLIC RATE (METABOLISM = CHANGE)
- BMR
- METABOLISM IN STARVATION
  - Metabolic Stages
  - General Condition
- METABOLISM IN DIABETES MELLITUS (GLYCOSURIA ACCOMPANIED WITH HYPERGLYCAEMIA)
  - Notes:
UNIT 14: THE REMOTE CONTROL
97:CNS: Remote Control of Body Organisation
- SENSORY DIVISION (FIG. 97.1)
- MOTOR DIVISION
- FUNCTIONAL ORGANISATION IN RELATION TO ANATOMICAL LEVELS
- SOME ELEMENTARY FEATURES
- BRAIN: GENERAL APPEARANCE
- FRONTAL LOBE
- PARIETAL LOBE
- OCCIPITAL LOBE
- TEMPORAL LOBE
98:Propagation of Message
- CNS : AS A HEAD POST OFFICE OR A TELEPHONE EXCHANGE : THE HIGHLIGHTS
- PROPERTIES OF REFLEX ACTION (SORTING OUT PROCEDURE) SUMMATION
- SUMMARY AND HIGHLIGHTS CNS : AS A HEAD POST OFFICE
- THE RECEPTORS (FIG. 98.1)
- SYNAPSES AND JUNCTIONAL TISSUES
- NEUROTRANSMITTERS
- PROPERTIES OF SYNAPSES
- SOME OTHER WAYS OF SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION
- SYNAPTIC BLOCK
- ELECTRICAL—CHEMICAL TRANSMISSION
- SUMMARY AND HIGHLIGHTS
99:Feelings: Sensation and Sensory System
- DEFINITION
- BASIC PROPERTIES
- MODALITIES OF SENSATION
- SENSATION OF TOUCH
- SOMATIC SENSORY CORTEX/SENSORY AREA
- MAJOR SENSORY PATHWAY
- MUSCLE SENSE
- TESTING
- THERMAL SENSATION
- TYPES
- RECEPTORS
- PURPOSE AND REACTION
- REFERRED PAIN
- POSSIBLE CAUSES
- PAIN PATHWAY
- NATURE OF PAIN RECEPTORS
  - Deep Pain
    - Extracranial Causes
    - Intracranial Causes
- CENTRAL INHIBITION
  - Pain Control System (ANALGESIA)
100:The Obedience: Motor System (Muscular Activity)
- INTRODUCTION
- CONCEPT OF MOTOR NEURONS
- CONCEPT OF PYRAMIDAL SYSTEM
- CONCEPT OF EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYSTEM
- DIFFERENCES
- DESCENDING TRACTS (MOTOR OR EFFERENT TRACTS)
- DESCENDING TRACTS
- CONCEPT OF MOTOR NEURON PARALYSIS
- MOTOR AREA
- ABNORMALITIES OF VOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS
101:Grace—Glamour: Posture—Equilibrium
- MUSCLE TONE: A VIEW
- DECEREBRATE RIGIDITY
- POSTURAL REFLEXES (Figs 101.1 to 101.3)
- CONTROL OF POSTURE, TONE AND EQUILIBRIUM
- ROLE OF VESTIBULAR SYSTEM IN POSTURE CONTROL
- EXPERIMENTS: VESTIBULAR APPARATUS
- NEURAL CONNECTIONS: VESTIBULAR APPARATUS
  - Vestibulo-cerebellar Tract
- NYSTAGMUS—AT A GLANCE
- LABYRINTHINE DISORDERS
- ROLE OF CEREBELLUM
- ASSESSMENT: VESTIBULAR FUNCTION
102:First Button of Remote: Spinal Cord
- INTRODUCTION
- SPINAL NERVES AND ROOTS
- SPINAL MOTONEURONS
- PROPRIOSPINAL FIBRES (INTRINSIC SPINAL FIBRES)
- TRACTS OF SPINAL CORD
- ASCENDING TRACTS OF SPINAL CORD (SENSORY/AFFERENT TRACTS)
- EFFECTS: HEMISECTION OF SPINAL CORD
- SYRINGOMYELIA (SYRINX = A TUBE; SYRINGE)
- TABES DORSALIS (TABES = WASTING) (LOCOMOTOR ATAXIA)
- COMPLETE TRANSVERSE DIVISION
103:Reflexes— Reflex Action
- REFLEX ARC
- MODERN WAY OR CONCEPT OF CLASSIFICATION
- STRETCH OR MYOTATIC REFLEX: KNEE JERK IS AN EXAMPLE
- MUSCLE RECEPTORS : THEIR ROLE
- FLEXOR REFLEX (WITHDRAWAL; NOCICEPTIVE REFLEX)
- EXTENSOR REFLEX
104:Path to Big Guns: The Brainstem
- MEDULLA OBLONGATA (SPINAL BULB)
- PONS VAROLII
- MID-BRAIN (MESENCEPHALON)
- CRANIAL NERVES
- CRANIAL NERVE TESTING
105:Basal Ganglia
- INTRODUCTION
- VARIOUS PATHWAYS (Fig. 105.1)
- FUNCTIONS
- BASAL GANGLIA: FEW MORE ASPECTS
- CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
106:Silent Hunter: Cerebellum (Small brain; diminutive brain: Little brain, Silent area)
- INTRODUCTION
- CONNECTIONS
- ARCHI CEREBELLUM (VESTIBULO-CEREBELLUM) (Figs 106.1 and 106.2)
- PALEO/SPINO-CEREBELLUM (FIG. 106.3)
- NEO-CEREBELLUM (CORTICO-CEREBELLUM) (FIG. 106.4)
- MECHANISM OF CEREBELLAR ACTION (FIG. 106.5)
- FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE AND DISORDERS (FIG. 106.6)
- CEREBELLAR DISTURBANCES: DEMONSTRATION
107:Loyal Association Thalamus (Diencephalon)
- CONNECTIONS (FIG. 107.1)
- THALAMIC NUCLEI
- MID-BRAIN/THALAMIC PREPARATION
- FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE
108:Supreme Command: The Cerebral Cortex
- FRONTAL LOBE AND FUNCTIONAL AREAS
- THE PARIETAL LOBE (THE SOMESTHETIC AREA)
- THE TEMPORAL LOBE
  - Lesion: Temporal Lobe Syndrome in Man
- OCCIPITAL LOBE
- HEMISPHERE : AN OUTLOOK
- DECEREBRATE PREPARATION
- DECORTICATE PREPARATION
- CORRUS CALLOSUM: FEW MORE PECULIARITIES
- DOMINANT HEMISPHERE: A CONCEPT
- EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES: ANIMAL PREPARATION
109:Higher Functions
- MEMORY
- SLEEP AND WAKEFULNESS
- SPEECH PHYSIOLOGY
  - Dyslexia (Greek—Language difficulties)
- CONDITIONED REFLEX
- LEARNING
- RAS: AT A GLANCE
- NEURO-HUMORAL SYSTEM: BRAIN
- EEG (ELECTRO-ENCEPHALOGRAM) (FIG. 109.1)
- EPILEPSY (SEIZURES)
110:Index of Emotions: Limbic System
- CONNECTIONS/AFFECTIONS
- FUNCTIONS
  - Amygdala and Memory
- HYPOTHALAMUS (FIG. 110.1)
  - The Afferents
    - The Efferents
- HYPOTHALAMIC NUCLEI: CLASSIFICATION—ENUMERATION
  - Hypothalamus Disorders
- HIPPOCAMPUS AND MEMORY
- HIPPOCAMPUS—A VIEW
- HIPPOCAMPUS AND FUNCTIONS: INTERESTING VIEW
- SUMMARY AND HIGHLIGHTS
111:Fluid of Mind: Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
- INTRODUCTION
- FORMATION
- ABSORPTION
- CIRCULATION
- FUNCTIONS
- PRESSURES
- CSF PRESSURE—AT A GLANCE
- BRAIN OEDEMA
- LUMBAR PUNCTURE
- VENTRICULOGRAPHY
- CSF—AN OVERVIEW
- BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER
112:Visceral Control: Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) (Vegetative or Involuntary Nervous System)
- INTRODUCTIVE OUTLINES
- GENERAL PLAN OR CLASSIFICATION
- ARRANGEMENT
- NERVOUS SYSTEM (BROAD CLASSIFICATION)
- PARASYMPATHETIC OR CRANIOSACRAL DIVISION
- SYMPATHETIC OR THORACO-LUMBAR DIVISION
- ACTIONS OF PARASYMPATHETIC AND ITS MODE
- MODE OF ACTION
- CONTROL OF ANS
- PHARMACOLOGY OF ANS
- AUTONOMIC REFLEXES
- DENERVATION SUPER SENSITIVITY
- THE TONE: SYMPATHETIC; PARASYMPATHETIC
- SOME DISORDERS
- OTHER FUNCTIONS
- NERVOUS SYSTEM — GLOSSARY
- QUESTION BANK—CNS
- MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS : CNS
- VIVA VOCE : CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
- MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS: AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
- VIVA VOCE : AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
UNIT A: CHALTE-CHALTE
APPENDIX 1:Medical Statistics
- AVERAGES
- ARITHMETIC MEAN
- MEDIAN
- MODE
- DISPERSION
- MEAN DEVIATION (M.D.)
APPENDIX 2:Yoga and Meditation
- MEDITATION
APPENDIX 3:Evolutionary Differences: Comparative Aspects
- PHYSIOLOGY OF DIGESTION
- STRUCTURAL VARIATIONS
- RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
- CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMS
- CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS
- REPRODUCTION
- EXCRETION
- CIRCULATION AND CLIMATE
- LOCOMOTION
APPENDIX 4:Normal Values—Serum
APPENDIX 5:Conversion Units
APPENDIX 6:Paying Honour: Historical Review
- GREAT CONTRIBUTORS IN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
- GREAT CONTRIBUTORS IN EXCRETORY SYSTEM
- GREAT CONTRIBUTORS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY
- GREAT CONTRIBUTORS IN REPRODUCTORY MEDICINE
- GREAT CONTRIBUTORS IN VASCULAR SYSTEM
- GREAT CONTRIBUTORS IN MUSCLE AND PERIPHERAL NERVE FUNCTIONING
- GREAT CONTRIBUTORS IN BLOOD CAPILLARIES
- GREAT CONTRIBUTORS IN RESPIRATION
- GREAT CONTRIBUTORS IN CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
- REFLEXES: HISTORY
- LABYRINTHINE REFLEXES
- CLASSICAL EXPERIMENT FOR CORPUS CALLOSUM FUNCTION IN MONKEY
- CLASSICAL EXPERIMENT—LIMBIC SYSTEM
Glossary
- A
- B
- C
- D
- E
- F
- G
- H
- I
- J
- K
- L
- M
- N
- O
- P
- Q
- R
- S
- T
- U
- V
- W
- X
- Y
- Z

INDEX

TOC
Index

Chapter Notes