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Fundamentals of Biostatistics
B Sarmukaddam Sanjeev
1:
Introduction
ABOUT BIOSTATISTICS
Types of Data and Levels of Measurement
About (How to Use) This Book
2:
Presentation of Data
3:
Summarization of Data
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
Measure(s) of Central Tendency for Grouped Data
Mean
Median
Mode
Other Measures of Central Tendency
Quantiles
For n = 200 Subjects
Percentile and Quartiles
Geometric Mean
Harmonic Mean
Weighted Mean/Weighted Average
MEASURES OF VARIABILITY
Range
Standard Deviation (SD)
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Step 6
Coefficient of Variation (CV)
On Transformations
Few Important Probability Distributions
1. Binomial Distribution
2. Poisson Distribution
Example
3. Gaussian or Normal Distribution
Standard Normal Variate (SNV) or Relative Deviate (RD)
Practical Application
4:
Architecture of Clinical Research: Sampling
INTRODUCTION
ADVANTAGES OF SAMPLING
Probability and Non-probability Sampling
Terminology
The Principal Steps in a Sample Survey
Specification of the Objectives
Definition of the Population
Selection of Proper Sampling Design and Choice of Sampling Unit
Questionnaire or Study Schedule Preparation
Degree of Precision Desired and Sample Size Determination
Construction of the Frame
Pilot Survey or Pre-test
Organization of the Field Work
Dealing with Non-respondents
Analysis of the Data
Sampling Designs and the Logic of Sampling Methodology
Disadvantages of Simple Random Sampling
Important Sampling Designs
Systematic Sampling
Stratified Sampling
Cluster Sampling
Multi-stage Sampling
Other Sampling Designs
A Simplified General Method for Cluster Sampling in Health Field
General Principles of Sample Design
Sampling Proportion or Percentage
Sampling and Non-sampling Errors
Dealing with Non-response: Randomized Response
Example
Example
Data Collection Tools
Pre-tests and Pilot Surveys
Errors in Data Collection
Sample Size
General Procedure of Determining Sample Size
Validity of Assumptions while Determining Sample Size
The Design Effect
Sample Size versus Choice of Appropriate Sampling Design3
Rapid assessment
5:
Architecture of Clinical Research: Study Designs
6:
Confidence Intervals and Logic of Test of Significance
7:
Dealing with One or Two Sample(s)/Group(s)
COMPARISON OF MEANS (STUDENT'S ‘t’ TEST)
One Sample Setup
Two Sample Set-up
COMPARISON OF PROPORTIONS
Significance Test for a Single Proportion
Significance Test for Comparing Two Proportions
8:
Dealing with More (Than Two) Samples/Groups
REPEATED MEASURES ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
Example: Oral Hydralazine Therapy for Pulmonary Hypertension
How to isolate Difference in Repeated - Measures Analysis of Variance.
9:
Categorical Data Analysis
MULTIPLE CONTROLS: THE CASE OF ‘m’ SAMPLES
Proportional Reduction In Error
Calculating Lambda
Two Different Lambdas
Symmetric Lambda
10:
Vital Statistics and Demography
MEASURES OF MORBIDITY
Relationship between Prevalence and Incidence
Special Incidence Rates
Ascertainment Corrected Rates
Capture-recapture Methodology
Measures of Mortality
Crude Death Rate
Standardization
Adjusted Mean/Rate
Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR)
Others Measures of Mortality
Survival
Life Expectancy
Life Table
Further on Life Table Method
Measures of Fertility and Reproduction
Population
On Health Indexes
11:
Studying (Establishing/ Finding) Relationships
12:
Measurement of Risk
13:
Experimental Studies: Clinical Trials
MATCHING
Phases of Clinical Trial
Phase I Trial
Phase II Trial
Phase III Trials
Multicenter Trials, Multifactor Trials
Preventive Trials, Program Trials, Community Trials
Compliance
Natural Experiments, Cessation Experiments
Examining Accumulating Data More Than Once
Sequential Trials
Adaptive Procedures
“N-of-1” Trials
Zelen's Pre-randomized vs Randomized Consent Design
Treatment of Choice Problem, Interaction, Factorial Experiments, and Orthogonal Arrays
Power and OC Curves
Analysis, Hoteling's T2, Clinical Life Table
Hotelling's T2
Clinical Life Table
Statistical Inference
Comparing Two Life Table Probabilities
Comparing All Life Table Probabilities
Survival Functions
Y-schedule of “Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940” State the followings:
Sample Size Determination
Illustrative Examples
Vaccine Trials
Equivalence Trials
Other Terms
Evaluation of Complementary/Alternative Therapies
About Adequacy of Trial/Sample Size
14:
Nonparametric Statistical Inference
15:
Multivariate Techniques
MULTIVARIATE SETUP
LOGISTIC REGRESSION
Log Linear Models
16:
Some Quantitative Aspects of Clinical Reasoning
INTRODUCTION
Which is Preferable?
Validity and Reliability
Clinical Disagreement
Tests Yielding a Quantitative Result
Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curves
Combination Testing
Interpretation of Test Results
2 × 2 Method of Calculation of Post-test Probabilities
Odds Likelihood Ratio Method of Calculation of Post-test Probabilities
Bayes' Theorem
Diagnostic Accuracy and Comparison of Number of Diagnostic Tests
Comparing Risks and Benefits: Decision Analysis
The Threshold Approach
Clinical versus Statistical Significance
17:
Quality Control in Medical and Health Care
18:
Statistical Fallacies
Appendix-A
Appendix-B
INDEX
TOC
Index
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