Blood Transfusion Services: A Practical Manual on the Technical and Clinical Aspects Kabita Chatterjee, Alok Sen
INDEX
A
Advantages of filtration 244
Adverse donor reactions 65
hematoma 67
management of hematomas 67
hyperventilation 69
moderate reactions 71
management 72
symptoms 72
nausea and vomiting 68
severe reactions 72
causes of convulsion or seizures 72
management 74
types of severe reactions 73
vasovagal reactions 69
Apheresis 217
types 218
varieties 218
Aplastic anemia 284
guidelines for transfusion therapy 285
platelet transfusion 286
red cell transfusion 285
treatment of aplastic anemia 284
Appropriate assays and testing strategies for transfusion transmitted infections 107
Arrangement of deep freezers and domestic refrigerators 33
blood bank refrigerator 33
deep freezers and domestic refrigerators 33
Arrangement of emergency seat 37
Arrangement of issuing counter 38
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia 262
AIHA with negative DAT 262
investigation 262
Autologous blood transfusion 227
donor criteria 228
Indications 228
methods 229
B
Biochemical changes in stored blood 32
Blood components 130
cryopoor plasma/single donor plasma 141
cryoprecipitate 138
fresh frozen plasma 132
platelet rich and platelet rich concentrate 135
red cell concentrate 130
washed red cells 142
Blood group choice 215
for FFP 215
for packed red cells 215
for platelet concentrate 215
Blood inventory from outside blood bank 42
Blood safety 204
C
Categories and proportions of errors 196
Classification of filters 243
Cleaning of blood bank equipment 22
blood bank refrigerator 22
deep freezer 23
plasma expresser 23
platelet agitator 24
refrigerated centrifuge 23
tube sealer 24
weighing balance 24
Cleaning of glassware and plastic 20
cleaning of microplates 21
cleaning of test tubes 20
automatic method 20
manual method 21
Cleaning of the premises of blood bank 21
Cleaning of the working table 22
Collection of blood for blood components 128
Component laboratory 123
Cryopreservation of blood 142
D
Deterrence/prevention of transfusion reactions 199
Difference between a blood bank refrigerator and a domestic refrigerator 34
Directed donations 51
Disseminated intravascular coagulation 286
guidelines for transfusion therapy 287
Documentation at the issue counter 39
Donor room procedures 53
Donor screening 45
limited physical examination 47
medical history 47
predonation counselling 46
preliminary lab tests 50
registration and demographic information 46
Double unit red cell apheresis 254
advantages 256
procedure 255
requirements 257
E
Equipment and consumables for component laboratory 124
Equipment and glassware for routine laboratory work 76
Equipment and glassware for special procedures laboratory 152
Essential requirements of blood transfusion services 18
Exchange transfusion 271
calculations for neonatal exchange transfusion 275
choice of blood group 272
indications 271
objectives 272
transfusion procedure 275
types 274
volume of blood 273
External quality control for HIV/HBS AG/HCV by indirect ELISA 111
F
Feedback register 62
Filtration 243
depth filtration 243
screen filtration 243
Follow-up measures for aberrant QC reading 113
Form and sample 37
G
General criteria for selecting apheresis donor 222
General requirements for apheresis 221
Guidelines for plasma transfusion 208
cryoprecipitate—depleted plasma 209
fresh frozen plasma 208
virus ‘inactivated’ plasma 209
Guidelines for platelet concentrates 209
random donor platelets 209
single donor platelets 212
single donor platelets vs random donor plates 213
Guidelines for red cell transfusion 207
Guidelines for whole blood transfusion 206
I
Infection markers screening laboratory: general instructions 109
Infectious markers laboratory 101
Inventory stock 41
buffer stock/emergency stock 42
routine inventory 41
Irradiation 248
disadvantages 251
indications for transfusion of irradiated blood 249
procedure 250
L
Laboratory studies 195
Leukocyte-depletion or leukodepletion 238
advantages 240
clinical conditions 240
comparison of percentage efficiency of leukoreduction and log reduction 240
leukodepletion levels 240
leukodepletion—AABB standards 239
methods of leukodepletion 241
buffy coat removal 242
centrifugation 241
freezing 242
leukoreduction by filtration 242
washing 241
M
Malaria 120
Management of transfusion reactions 183
Mandatory investigations for screening of blood 103
Massive transfusion/polytrauma 288
indications 288
transfusion protocol 289
Monitoring the transfused patient 198
N
Neonatal transfusion 264
choice of blood group 269
guidelines 265
fresh frozen plasma transfution 267
granulocyte transfusion 268
platelet transfusion 267
red cell transfusion 266
indications 264
potential adverse reactions 270
pretransfusion testing for neonates and infants upto 4 months 269
Newer techniques in transfusion medicine 237
Nucleic acid amplification testing 252
O
Operation and maintenance of refrigerated centrifuge 124
Organization and structure of blood transfusion services 4
accommodation 6
area 5
category 1 5
category 2 5
category 3 6
building 4
location 4
P
Planning of blood transfusion services 7
environmental criterion 9
equipment criterion 12
for component laboratory 14
for routine laboratory equipment 12
required for a blood donation camp 16
required in blood donation room 15
required in infection markers screening laboratory 13
functional criterion 7
administrative and clerical offices 8
bleeding complex 7
blood component separation area 8
blood donation complex 7
blood storage area 8
laboratories 8
research/development/training area 8
service area 9
therapeutic area 7
work flow criterion 9
Platelet refractoriness 279
causes 279
diagnosis 280
corrected count increment 281
percent expected recovery 280
management 282
risk factors for developing platelet reactive antibodies 282
Post-donation counseling 63
Precautions during ELISA 114
equipment error 115
human errors 114
procedural errors 115
Preparation of cell suspension 28
for microplate method 28
for tube method 28
Preparation of gum tape 26
Preparation of the working table 25
Prevalence of transfusion transmitted infections 106
Principle of apheresis 220
Principles of clinical transfusion practice 204
Problematic clinical situations 261
Procedure for cleaning of spills 26
Procedures carried out in the special procedures laboratory 155
autologous adsorption of warm reactive autoantibodies 170
cold antibodies/pre-warm procedure 164
confirmation of weak A or B subgroup by adsorption and elution 160
determination of ABH secretor status 158
dissociation of IgG from RBC surface by chloroquine 168
ether/heat elution procedure 172
expanded ABH panel for investigation of ABO discrepancy 156
freezing and thawin of reagent cells 166
identification of RBC antibodies 162
investigation of polyagglutinable RBCs 173
platelet immunofluorescence test 174
Procedures in the serology laboratory 77
ABO and Rh by microplate technique 82
determining working dilution of antisera 83
interpretation 86
procedure 83
reagents and materials 82
ABO compatibility test by microplate technique 86
aim 86
reagents and materials 86
ABO grouping by tube technique 77
grading of agglutination 79
preparation of reagent cells 78
procedure 78
reagents and materials 77
antibody screening for atypical antibodies by tube technique 90
aim 90
methods 90
reagents and materials 91
controls 91
procedure 91
interpretation 93, 94
antibody screening for atypical antibodies by microplate technique 95
direct antiglobulin test (DAT) 99
cross-match by LISS and enzyme AHG tube technique 88
aim 88
interpretation 87
procedure 87
reagents and materials 88
enzyme two-stage method 90
LISS 88
rhesus typing by tube technique 80
interpretation 81
procedure 80
reagents and materials 80
Protocol for ordering blood 204
Protocols for resolving grouping/cross-matching discrepancies 153
resolving ABO grouping discrepancy 153
resolving antibody screening/DAT positive samples 153
Q
Quality control for infection markers screening laboratory 112
R
Requirements for apheresis lab 218
documentation 220
equipment 219
personnel 219
premises 218
Requirements of screening kits to be used in blood bank 109
Routine procedures at the issue counter 39
antibody screening 41
blood grouping and cross-matching 39
ICT for antenatal check-up 40
S
Serology laboratory 75
Staffing for blood bank (personnel) 18
Storage and issue of blood 31
Storage and issue of blood in the ward 42
Storage of fresh frozen plasma in the deep freezer 36
Storage of platelet concentrate in the platelet agitator 35
Storage of whole blood and packed cells in the blood bank refrigerator 34
Storage protocols of the various blood components 32
Syphilis 121
RPR 121
TPHA and ELISA 121
T
The appropriate clinical use of blood and blood products 202
Thrombocytopenia in pregnancy 277
guidelines for transfusion therapy in ITP 277
idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in pregnancy 277
thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in pregnancy 278
Transfusion in bone marrow transplantation 294
transfusion protocols for 295
Transfusion in solid organ transplantation 297
transfusion protocols for 298
choice of blood groups 298
dosage of blood components in 299
general considerations 300
Transfusion transmitted infections 104
Transportation 129
Trouble shooting for microplate ELISA 115
Trouble-shooting during the apheresis procedure 224
Types of filtration 244
Types of transfusion reactions 184
V
Viral inactivation 245
advantages and disadvantages 248
methods 246
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Chapter Notes

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