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Textbook of Anatomy with Colour Atlas (Volume 1)
Inderbir Singh
PART ONE: AN ELEMENTARY INTRODUCTION TO THE STRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN BODY
CHAPTER 1:
Learning the language of Anatomy
THE SUBJECT OF ANATOMY
MAIN SUBDIVISIONS OF THE HUMAN BODY
SOME COMMONLY USED DESCRIPTIVE TERMS
STRUCTURES CONSTITUTING THE HUMAN BODY
REGIONAL AND SYSTEMIC STUDY OF ANATOMY
CHAPTER 2:
A Brief Introduction to Bones, Joints and Muscles of the Body
INTRODUCTION TO THE SKELETON
A preliminary look at the skull
The vertebral column
Skeleton of the thorax
Skeleton of the Upper Limb
Skeleton of the Lower Limb
SOME FEATURES OF JOINTS
HOW MUSCLES ARE NAMED
CHAPTER 3:
A Brief Introduction to Organ Systems of the Body
INTRODUCTION TO THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
INTRODUCTION TO THE ALIMENTARY SYSTEM
INTRODUCTION TO THE URINARY SYSTEM
INTRODUCTION TO THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Male Reproductive Organs
Female Reproductive Organs
INTRODUCTION TO THE ENDOCRINE GLANDS
THE LYMPHOID ORGANS
INTRODUCTION TO THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Some elementary facts about the heart
Main arteries of the body
Main veins of the body
INTRODUCTION TO THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
The Cranial Nerves
Spinal Nerves
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
PART TWO: OSTEOLOGY
CHAPTER 4:
Bones of the Upper Limb
THE CLAVICLE
Attachments on the Clavicle
A. The muscles attached to the clavicle are as follows (Figs. 4.3, 4.4).
Other structures attached to the clavicle are as follows.
Ossification of the clavicle
THE SCAPULA
Attachments on the Scapula
A. The muscles attached to the scapula are as follows (Figs. 4.9 to 4.11).
B. The ligaments attached to the scapula are as follows.
Ossification of the scapula
THE HUMERUS
Attachments on the Humerus
A. The muscles attached to the humerus are as follows (Figs.4.16 to 4.18).
B. Other structures attached to the humerus are as follows.
Important relations
Ossification of the humerus
THE RADIUS
Attachments on the Radius
A. The following muscles are inserted into the radius (Figs. 4.24 to 4.27).
B. The following muscles take origin from the radius.
C. Other structures attached to the radius are as follows.
D. Tendons related to the lower end of the radius.
Ossification of the radius
THE ULNA
Attachments on the Ulna
A. The muscles inserted into the ulna are as follows (Figs. 4.32 to 4.37)
B. The muscles taking origin from the ulna are as follows.
C. Other attachments on the ulna are as follows.
Ossification of the ulna
THE SKELETON OF THE HAND
THE CARPAL BONES
The Scaphoid Bone
The Lunate Bone
The Triquetral Bone
The Pisiform Bone
The Trapezium
The Trapezoid Bone
The Capitate Bone
The Hamate Bone
The Carpal Tunnel
THE METACARPAL BONES
Some Features Of Individual Metacarpal Bones
Determination of the side to which a Metacarpal Bone Belongs
THE PHALANGES OF THE HAND
Attachments on the Skeleton of the Hand
A. Muscles of the front of the forearm that gain insertion into bones of the hand.
B. Muscles on the back of the forearm that gain insertion into bones of the hand (Fig. 4.58).
C. Attachments of the thenar muscles (Fig. 4.57).
D. Attachments of the hypothenar muscles.
E. Attachments of interossei (Figs. 4.59, 4.60).
F. Other attachments on bones of the hand.
Ossification Of The Bones Of The Hand
CHAPTER 5:
Bones of the Lower Limb
THE HIP BONE
Introductory remarks
The Ilium
The Ischium
The Pubis
The Acetabulum
The Obturator Foramen
Attachments on the Hip Bone
A. The muscles attached to the iliac crest are as follows (Figs. 5.8, 5.9).
B. The muscles attached to the external aspect of the hip bone (excluding the iliac crest) are as follows (Fig. 5.8).
C. The muscles arising from the internal aspect of the hip bone are as follows (Fig. 5.9).
D. Other attachments on the Hip Bone
Important Relations of Hip Bone
Ossification Of The Hip Bone
PELVIS AS A WHOLE
Diameters of the pelvis
A. INLET (Fig. 5.11)
B. OUTLET (Fig. 5.12)
Sex Differences in the Pelvis
THE FEMUR
The Upper End
The Shaft
The Lower End
Attachments on the Femur
A. The muscles inserted into the femur are as follows (Figs. 5.25, 5.26).
B. The muscles taking origin from the femur are as follows.
C. Other attachments on the femur.
Ossification Of The Femur
THE PATELLA
Attachments on the Patella
Ossification Of The Patella
THE TIBIA
The Upper End
The Shaft
The Lower End
Attachments on the Tibia
A. The muscles inserted into the tibia are as follows (Figs. 5.36, 5.37).
B. The muscles taking origin from the tibia are as follows.
C. Other attachments on the Tibia
Some Relations Of The Tibia
Ossification Of The Tibia
THE FIBULA
The Upper End
The Lower End
The Shaft
Attachments on the Fibula
A. The muscles attached to the fibula are as follows (Figs. 5.45 to 5.47).
B. Other attachments on the fibula are as follows.
Some Relations Of The Fibula
Ossification Of The Fibula
THE SKELETON OF THE FOOT
The Calcaneus
The Talus
The Navicular Bone
The Cuboid Bone
The Medial Cuneiform Bone
The Intermediate Cuneiform Bone
The Lateral Cuneiform Bone
The Metatarsal Bones
Articulations of the metatarsal bones:
Identification of individual metatarsal bones:
Determining the side to which a metatarsal bone belongs:
Distinguishing metacarpal and metatarsal bones from each other:
The Phalanges of the Foot
Attachments on the Skeleton of the Foot
A. The attachments on the dorsal aspect of the skeleton of the foot are as follows (Fig. 5.69).
B. The tendons descending from the leg to gain insertion on to the plantar aspect of the skeleton of the foot are as follows (Fig.5.70).
C. The attachments of intrinsic muscles of the foot (excluding the interossei) on the plantar aspect of the skeleton of the foot are as follows (Fig. 5.70).
D. The attachments of the interossei of the foot are as follows (Figs. 5.71, 5.72).
E. Other attachments on the bones of the foot.
Ossification Of The Bones Of The Foot
CHAPTER 6:
The Vertebral Column
STRUCTURE OF A TYPICAL VERTEBRA
Distinguishing features of Typical Cervical, Thoracic and Lumbar Vertebrae
Attachments on Vertebrae
ATYPICAL CERVICAL VERTEBRAE
The Atlas (First Cervical) Vertebra
Attachments and Relations Of The Atlas
The Axis (Second Cervical) Vertebra
Attachments And Relations
The Seventh Cervical Vertebra
OTHER ATYPICAL VERTEBRAE
First Thoracic Vertebra
Tenth, Eleventh and Twelfth Thoracic Vertebrae
Fifth Lumbar Vertebra
THE SACRUM AND COCCYX
THE SACRUM
Sex Differences In The Sacrum
THE COCCYX
Attachments on the Sacrum and Coccyx
The following muscles are attached.
The following ligaments are attached.
Important Relations Of The Sacrum
Ossification Of The Vertebral Column
CHAPTER 7:
The Sternum and Ribs
THE STERNUM
Attachments on the sternum
A. The muscles (and associated structures) attached to the anterior aspect of the sternum are as follows (Fig. 7.2).
B. The muscles attached to the posterior surface of the sternum are as follows (Fig. 7.3).
Relations of the sternum
Ossification Of The Sternum
THE RIBS
TYPICAL RIBS
Attachments and some relations of Typical Ribs
ATYPICAL RIBS
The First Rib
Attachments and Relations of the first rib
The Second Rib
Attachments and Relations (Fig. 7.9)
The Tenth, Eleventh and Twelfth Ribs
Attachments on the twelfth rib (Figs. 7.11, 7.12)
Relationship of 12th rib to pleura
Ossification Of Ribs
THE COSTAL CARTILAGES
Attachments and Relations of Costal Cartilages
CHAPTER 8:
The Skull
GENERAL REVIEW OF THE SKULL
THE SKULL AS SEEN FROM THE FRONT
The Anterior Nasal Aperture
Attachments on the anterior aspect of the skull
THE ORBIT
THE SKULL AS SEEN FROM ABOVE
THE SKULL SEEN FROM BEHIND
THE SKULL AS SEEN FROM THE LATERAL SIDE
THE SKULL AS SEEN FROM BELOW
THE CRANIAL FOSSAE
FORAMINA OF THE SKULL
Most Important Foramina of the Skull
DETAILED LIST OF FORAMINA OF THE SKULL AND OF STRUCTURES PASSING THROUGH THEM
A. Foramina On The Anterior Aspect Of The Skull (Fig. 8.8)
B. Foramina In The Orbit (Figs. 8.11, 8.31)
C. Foramina Seen On The Lateral Side Of The Skull
D. Foramina Seen On The Base Of The Skull
E. Foramina To Be Seen On The Floor Of The Cranial Fossae
THE NASAL CAVITY
THE PARANASAL SINUSES
Ossification Of The Skull
(a) Bones that are formed entirely in membrane:
(b) Bones that are formed entirely in cartilage:
(c) Bones that are formed partly in cartilage and partly in membrane:
The Fontenelles
THE MANDIBLE
THE HYOID BONE
PART THREE: UPPER EXTREMITY
CHAPTER 9:
Colour Atlas of Upper Extremity
CHAPTER 10:
Pectoral Region, Axilla and Breast
CUTANEOUS NERVES OF THE PECTORAL REGION
Ventral Rami Of Thoracic Nerves
MUSCLES OF THE PECTORAL REGION
Platysma
Origin:
Pectoralis Major
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Actions:
Important Relations:
Pectoralis Minor
Origin (Fig. 10.3):
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Actions:
Important Relations:
Subclavius
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Actions:
Clavipectoral fascia
Serratus Anterior
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Actions:
THE AXILLARY ARTERY
Branches Of The Axillary Artery
THE AXILLARY VEIN
LYMPH NODES AND LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE
LYMPH NODES OF UPPER LIMB
The Lymph Nodes
The Axillary lymph nodes
LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE OF THE UPPER LIMB
THE BRACHIAL PLEXUS AND ITS BRANCHES
Basic Plan Of Brachial Plexus
Branches Of Brachial Plexus
Branches arising from roots (Fig. 10.21):
Branches arising from trunks:
Branches from cords:
CHAPTER 11:
The Back and Scapular Region
MUSCLES OF UPPER LIMB SEEN ON THE BACK
Movements of the arm
Movements of the scapula
MUSCLES OF THE BACK
Trapezius
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Actions:
Latissimus Dorsi
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Actions:
Levator Scapulae
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Actions:
Rhomboideus minor
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve supply:
Actions:
Rhomboideus major
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve supply:
Actions of levator scapula and rhomboideus muscles:
NERVES OF THE BACK
Spinal part of accessory nerve:
Dorsal scapular nerve
Deltoid
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Actions:
Mechanism of abduction of the arm:
Relations of the deltoid muscle
Supraspinatus
Origin:
Insertion:
Actions:
Notes:
Infraspinatus
Origin:
Insertion:
Actions:
Nerve Supply:
Teres Minor
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Actions common to infraspinatus and teres minor:
Teres Major
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve supply:
Actions:
Subscapularis
Origin:
Insertion
Nerve supply:
Actions of teres major and subscapularis:
Important relations:
Musculotendinous cuff of shoulder
Quadrangular and Triangular spaces
NERVES OF SCAPULAR REGION
The Suprascapular Nerve
The Axillary Nerve
ARTERIES OF SCAPULAR REGION
The Transverse Cervical Artery
The Suprascapular artery
Anastomosis around the scapula
CHAPTER 12:
The Arm
CUTANEOUS NERVES OF THE FREE UPPER LIMB
VEINS OF THE UPPER LIMB
A. Superficial Veins
B. Deep Veins
COMPARTMENTS OF THE ARM
MUSCLES OF THE ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THE ARM
Biceps Brachii
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Actions:
Coracobrachialis
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Action:
Brachialis
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Action:
THE BRACHIAL ARTERY
Branches Of The Brachial Artery
NERVES OF FRONT OF ARM
CUBITAL FOSSA
Triceps
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve supply:
Actions:
CHAPTER 13:
Front of Forearm and Hand
MUSCLES OF FRONT OF FOREARM
Pronator Teres
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Actions:
Notes:
Flexor Carpi Radialis
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Actions:
Important Relation:
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Actions:
Note:
Flexor Digitorum Superficialis
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Actions:
Flexor Digitorum Profundus
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Actions:
Additional Notes On Flexor Digitorum Superficialis and Profundus
(1) Further details of arrangement in the digits:
(2) Fibrous flexor sheath:
(3) Synovial sheaths:
Flexor Pollicis Longus
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Action:
Note:
Pronator Quadratus
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Actions:
Vessels and Nerves of the Forearm
MUSCLES and FASCIA OF THE WRIST and HAND
Flexor Retinaculum
Palmar aponeurosis
Palmaris Brevis
Lumbrical Muscles
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Actions:
Abductor Pollicis Brevis
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Action:
Abductor Digiti Minimi
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Action:
Flexor Pollicis Brevis
Origin
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Action:
Flexor Digiti Minimi
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Action:
Opponens Pollicis
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Action:
Opponens Digiti Minimi
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Action:
Adductor Pollicis
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Action:
Palmar Interossei
Dorsal Interossei
NERVES OF THE FOREARM AND HAND
ARTERIES OF THE FOREARM
The Radial Artery
Relations of the radial artery:
Branches of radial artery:
The Ulnar Artery
Relations of the ulnar artery:
Branches of Ulnar artery (Fig. 13.26):
ARTERIES OF THE HAND
General review of layout of structures on the back of the forearm and hand.
Superficial structures:
Deeper structures on the back of the forearm and hand:
MUSCLES OF THE BACK OF THE FOREARM
Brachioradialis
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Actions:
Notes:
Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Actions:
Extensor Digitorum
Origin:
Nerve Supply:
Actions:
Notes:
Dorsal digital expansion and insertion of the extensor digitorum
Extensor Digit Minimi
Origin:
Insertion:
Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Actions:
Anconeus
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Actions:
Supinator
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Action:
Notes:
Extensor Pollicis Longus
Origin:
Insertion:
Actions:
Nerve Supply:
Abductor Pollicis Longus
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Actions:
Extensor Indicis
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Actions:
Extensor Pollicis Brevis
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Action:
Extensor Retinaculum
Synovial Sheaths
Nerves and arteries
CHAPTER 14:
Nerves of free upper limb
THE MEDIAN NERVE
THE ULNAR NERVE
THE RADIAL NERVE
Summary of the nerve supply of muscles of the free upper limb.
Segmental supply of muscles of the upper limb.
Applied anatomy of nerves of the upper limb
CHAPTER 15:
General Features of Joints Joints of the Upper Limb
CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS ON BASIS OF STRUCTURE
Fibrous Joints
Cartilaginous Joints
Synovial Joints
CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS ON BASIS OF MOVEMENTS
I. Immovable Joints:
II. Joints permitting slight movement
III. Joints Allowing Free Movement:
Compound And Complex Joints
FUNDAMENTAL MOVEMENTS
I. Flexion And Extension
Neck and Trunk:
Hip and Knee:
Foot:
Arm:
Forearm:
Wrist and Fingers:
Thumb:
Abduction And Adduction
Arm:
Thigh:
Wrist:
Digits:
Thumb:
Rotary Movements
Rotation of the Scapula:
Rotation of the Humerus:
Rotation Of The Femur:
Supination and Pronation of Forearm:
Inversion and Eversion of the Foot:
CONCLUDING COMMENTS ON CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS AND ON JOINT MOVEMENTS
JOINTS CONNECTING THE SCAPULA AND CLAVICLE
The Acromioclavicular Joint
The Coracoclavicular ligament
Coracoacromial ligament
THE STERNOCLAVICULAR JOINT
THE SHOULDER JOINT
THE ELBOW JOINT
THE RADIOULNAR JOINTS
THE WRIST JOINT
OTHER JOINTS OF THE UPPER LIMB
CHAPTER 16:
Surface Marking of Structures in the Upper Limb
CHAPTER 17:
Some Clinical Correlations of the Upper Limb
INJURY (TRAUMA):
Fractures
Fracture healing
Injuries To Joints and Ligaments
Injuries to blood vessels
Injuries to Nerves
Injuries To Other Tissues
INFLAMMATION AND INFECTIONS
NEOPLASIA
OTHER CAUSES OF DISEASE
DEVELOPMENT AND CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF LIMBS
CLINICAL CORRELATIONS OF THE BREAST
FRACTURES OF THE UPPER LIMB
DISLOCATION OF JOINTS OF UPPER LIMB
INJURIES TO MUSCLES AND TENDONS OF THE UPPER LIMB
BLOOD VESSELS AND CIRCULATION IN THE UPPER LIMB
Arterial Anastomoses
VEINS
LYMPHATICS
APPLIED ANATOMY OF THE BRACHIAL PLEXUS AND ITS BRANCHES
EFFECTS OF INJURY TO INDIVIDUAL NERVES OF THE UPPER LIMB
INFECTIONS IN THE UPPER LIMB
Muscles and Tendons
Tendonitis
Taenosynovitis
Bursitus
INFECTIONS OF THE HAND
Compartments and Spaces of the Hand
Midpalmar and Thenar spaces
Boundaries of thenar space
Boundaries of midpalmar space
Contents of the thenar and midpalmar spaces
Pulp Spaces of fingers
Infection in relation to nails (Paronychia)
Digital synovial sheaths of the hand
Other spaces in the hand
Forearm space (of Parona)
PART FOUR: LOWER EXTREMITY
CHAPTER 18:
Colour Atlas of Lower Extremity
CHAPTER 19:
Introduction to the Lower Limb Front and Medial side of Thigh
CUTANEOUS INNERVATION OF THE LOWER LIMB
VEINS OF THE LOWER LIMBS
Deep veins of lower limbs:
Superficial veins of the lower limbs:
Perforating veins
LYMPH NODES AND LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE OF THE LOWER LIMB
Lymph Nodes of the Lower Limb
Lymphatic Drainage of the Lower Limb
GENERAL REVIEW OF THE FRONT AND MEDIAL SIDE OF THIGH
Superficial Structures in the Thigh
Muscles seen on the front and medial side of the thigh
Femoral triangle
Adductor canal
MUSCLES OF FRONT OF THIGH
Psoas Major
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Actions:
Psoas Minor
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Action:
Iliacus
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Actions:
Tensor Fasciae Latae
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Actions:
Note:
Sartorius
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Note
Actions:
Quadriceps Femoris
Origin (Figs. 19.9, 19.10, 19.18):
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Actions:
Articularis Genu
MUSCLES OF MEDIAL SIDE OF THIGH
Gracilis
Nerve Supply:
Actions:
Pectineus
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Actions:
Notes:
Adductor Longus
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Important Relations:
Actions:
Adductor Brevis
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Actions:
Relations:
Adductor Magnus
Origin:
Insertion:
Actions:
Note:
Relations:
Nerve Supply:
FEMORAL ARTERY
Branches of the Femoral Artery
Lateral circumflex artery (Figs. 18.6, 19.27):
Medial circumflex artery (Figs. 18.6, 19.27):
FEMORAL VEIN
CHAPTER 20:
Gluteal Region, Back of Thigh, and Popliteal Fossa
GENERAL REVIEW
MUSCLES OF GLUTEAL REGION
Gluteus Maximus
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply:
Actions:
Structures deep to the luteus Maximus
Gluteus Medius
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve Supply of Gluteus Medius and Minimus
Actions of Gluteus Medius and Minimus:
Gluteus Minimus
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve supply and action:
Piriformis
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve supply:
Action:
Relations of Piriformis:
Obturator Internus
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve supply:
Actions:
Important Relations:
Gemelli
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve supply:
Action:
Quadratus Femoris
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve supply:
Action:
Relations:
Obturator Externus
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve supply:
Actions:
Note on actions of small muscles around the hip joint
ARTERIES OF GLUTEAL REGION
Inferior Gluteal Artery
Superior Gluteal Artery
Internal Pudendal Artery
Cruciate anastomosis
Trochanteric anastomosis
GENERAL REVIEW OF BACK OF THIGH AND POPLITEAL FOSSA
Boundaries of Popliteal Fossa
MUSCLES OF BACK OF THIGH
Semitendinosus
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve supply:
Actions (common to all hamstring muscles):
Semimembranosus
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve supply:
Actions:
Biceps Femoris
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve supply:
Actions:
POPLITEAL VESSELS
The Popliteal Artery
Branches Of The Popliteal Artery
Anastomoses around the knee joint
Anastomoses on the back of the thigh
The Popliteal Vein
Nerves of back of thigh and Popliteal Region
CHAPTER 21:
Front and Lateral side of Leg and Dorsum of Foot
GENERAL REVIEW
Superficial structures
Compartments of the leg
Muscles on front and lateral side of leg
Vessels and Nerves
MUSCLES OF ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF LEG
Tibialis Anterior
origin
Insertion
Nerve Supply
Actions
Extensor Hallucis Longus
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve supply:
Actions:
Extensor Digitorum Longus
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve supply:
Actions:
Extensor Digitorum Brevis
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve supply:
Action:
Peroneus Tertius
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve supply:
Actions:
EXTENSOR AND PERONEAL RETINACULA
Extensor retinacula
The tendons passing under cover of the extensor retinacula
Peroneal retinacula
MUSCLES OF LATERAL COMPARTMENT OF LEG
Peroneus Longus
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve supply:
Actions:
Peroneus Brevis
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve supply:
Actions:
BLOOD VESSELS OF THE REGION
The Anterior Tibial Artery
The Dorsalis Pedis Artery
Veins Of The Front Of The Leg
Nerves of the front and lateral side of leg and dorsum of foot.
CHAPTER 22:
Back of Leg: and Sole
GENERAL REVIEW OF STRUCTURES IN THE BACK OF THE LEG
Superficial structures
Muscles of back of leg
Vessels and nerves of the back of the leg
GENERAL REVIEW OF STRUCTURES IN THE SOLE
Superficial structures
Muscles and tendons of the sole
Vessels and Nerves of the Sole
MUSCLES OF THE BACK OF THE LEG
Gastrocnemius
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve supply:
Actions:
Notes:
Plantaris
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve supply:
Actions:
Soleus
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve supply:
Actions:
Notes:
Popliteus
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve supply:
Actions:
Flexor Hallucis Longus
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve supply:
Actions.
Flexor Digitorum Longus
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve supply:
Actions:
Tibialis Posterior
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve supply:
Actions:
Flexor Retinaculum
Synovial Sheaths
ARTERIES OF THE BACK OF THE LEG
The Posterior Tibial Artery
Branches of Posterior Tibial Artery
Peroneal Artery
Branches Of Peroneal Artery
MUSCLES AND RELATED STRUCTURES IN THE SOLE
Plantar Aponeurosis
Fibrous Flexor Sheaths
Flexor Digitorum Brevis
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve supply:
Actions:
Abductor Hallucis
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve supply:
Action:
Abductor Digiti Minimi
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve supply:
Actions:
Flexor Digitorum Accessorius
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve supply:
Actions:
Lumbrical Muscles of the Foot
Origin:
Insertion:
Flexor Hallucis Brevis
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve supply:
Action:
Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis
Origin:
Insertion:
Nerve supply:
Actions of flexor hallucis brevis and flexor digiti minimi brevis:
Adductor Hallucis
Origin:
Nerve supply:
Insertion:
Actions:
Interosseous Muscles of the Foot:
Introductory remarks
Actions of interossei
Plantar Interossei
Origins:
Insertion:
Dorsal Interossei
Origins:
Insertions:
Nerve supply:
Differences from interosseous muscles of the hand.
ARTERIES OF THE SOLE
Medial Plantar Artery
Branches of medial plantar artery:
Lateral Planter Artery
Branches of lateral plantar artery:
Branches of plantar arch:
Nerves Of The Back Of Leg And Sole
CHAPTER 23:
Nerves of the Lower Limb
LUMBAR NERVES AND LUMBAR PLEXUS
Iliohypogastric nerve
Ilioinguinal nerve
Genitofemoral nerve
Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh
THE OBTURATOR NERVE
THE FEMORAL NERVE
SACRAL VENTRAL RAMI AND SACRAL PLEXUS
Superior Gluteal Nerve
Inferior Gluteal Nerve
Nerve to Quadratus Femoris
Nerve to Obturator Internus
Nerve to Piriformis
Posterior Cutaneous Nerve of Thigh
Perforating Cutaneous Nerve
THE SCIATIC NERVE
THE TIBIAL NERVE
MEDIAL PLANTAR NERVE
THE LATERAL PLANTAR NERVE
THE COMMON PERONEAL NERVE
THE DEEP PERONEAL NERVE
THE SUPERFICIAL PERONEAL NERVE
The Pudendal Nerve
CHAPTER 24:
Joints of the Lower Limb
JOINTS AND LIGAMENTS OF THE PELVIS
Pubic Symphysis
Sacroiliac joints
THE HIP JOINT
THE KNEE JOINT
THE ANKLE JOINT
INTERTARSAL JOINTS
OTHER JOINTS OF THE LOWER LIMB
ARCHES OF THE FOOT
CHAPTER 25:
Surface Marking of Structures of the Lower Limb
CHAPTER 26:
Some clinical correlations of the Lower Limb
FRACTURES
DISLOCATIONS
INJURIES TO LIGAMENTS
MUSCLES, TENDONS, FASCIAE AND BURSAE
SOME CONDITIONS IN THE FOOT
Some infections
Ingrowing toe nail
Paronychia
Deep plantar abscess
Some deformities
ARTERIES
VEINS
LYMPHATICS
SEGMENTAL INNERVATION
NERVE INJURIES
FEMORAL SHEATH, FEMORAL CANAL AND FEMORAL HERNIA
INDEX
TOC
Index
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