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Foundations in Vitreoretinal Diseases: Diabetic Eye Diseases
Taraprasad Das, Alka Rani
1:
Diabetes Mellitus Diagnosis, Current and Future Management Strategy
Common Clinical Manifestations
Classification
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Pathobiology of Type 1 Diabetes
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Pathobiology
Low-grade Systemic Inflammation and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Nitric Oxide and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and Interactions with NO vis-a-vis Type 2 Diabetes
Insulin Resistance and Type 2 DM are Common in Indians: Why and How?
Is type 2 DM has its origins in the perinatal period?
ω-3 and ω-6 PUFAs in type 2 DM and Insulin Resistance
Diagnostic Criteria for Diabetes Mellitus
Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT) and Impaired Fasting Glucose (IFG)
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)
Diagnostic Criteria for GDM
Management of Diabetes
Treatment of Diabetes under Special Circumstances
Recent Advances that may have Implications in Management of Diabetes
VMH (Ventromedial Hypothalamus) Neurons and Type 2 Diabetes
Insulin and Insulin Receptors in the Brain and Type 2 DM
Oral Insulin
Other Miscellaneous Advances
2:
Genetics of Diabetes and Diabetic Eye Diseases
3:
Epidemiology of Diabetes and Diabetic Retinopathy in India
Risk Factors for Diabetes in India
Epidemiology of Diabetic Retinopathy in India
Magnitude of Diabetic Retinopathy in India
4:
Clinical Features of Diabetic Retinopathy
Clinical Features
Foveal Avascular Zone (FAZ) Abnormalities
Diabetic Maculopathy
Pathogenesis
Microvascular Leakage
Microvascular Occlusion
Diagnosis
Risk Factors
Duration of Diabetes
Blood Sugar Control
Hypertension
Ocular Factors
Pregnancy
Systemic Factors
5:
Histopathology of Diabetic Retinopathy
Focal Capillary Acellularity
Cystoid Macular Edema
Epiretinal Membranes
New Insights into Formation of Epiretinal Membranes
6:
Ocular Investigations in Diabetic Retinopathy
Fundus Photography
Fluorescein Angiography
Optical Coherence Tomography
Case Studies
Case 1
Case 2
Ultrasonography
Visual Electrophysiology
Assessment of Severity of Diabetic Retinopathy by Flash ERG Techniques
Other Functions on Electrophysiology in Diabetes
Use of ERG to Assess Visual Outcomes in Diabetic Retinopathy before Removing Media Opacities
Prognostic Ability of ERG in Longitudinal follow-up of Diabetic Retinopathy
7:
Referral Criteria
8A:
Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy: Medical Management
Case Studies
Case 1: Diabetic Macular Edema with Nephropathy
Case 2: Effect of Anemia Control in Diabetic Macular Edema
Case 3: Effect of Atorvastation in Diabetic Macular Edema
Case 4: Effect of Proteinuria Control in Diabetic Macular Edema
Case 5: Effect of Multifactorial Control in Diabetic Macular Edema
Conclusion
8B:
Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy: Photocoagulation
Mechanisms
Macular Edema
Focal Laser
Grid Laser
Panretinal Photocoagulation for Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy
Retinal Laser Lenses
Panretinal Photocoagulation
Additional PRP9,10
Clinically Significant Macular Edema (CSME)
Focal Photocoagulation
Grid Photocoagulation (Fig. 8B.7B)
Follow-up
Tailoring
Complications
Case Studies
8C:
Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy: Vitrectomy
9:
Diabetes and Cornea
Anatomical and Physiological Considerations
I. Corneal Epithelium
Morphological and Ultrastructural Changes
Pathogenesis and Biochemistry (Table 9.3)
Corneal Autofluorescence
New Therapeutic Agents
Corneal Epithelial Complications Following Vitrectomy in Diabetics
Corneal Epithelial Abnormalities Following Laser Photocoagulation
II. Corneal Endothelium
Endothelial Cell Density
Endothelial Cell Morphology
Endothelial Cell Function
New Therapeutic Modalities
III. Ocular Surgery
Cataract Surgery
Penetrating Keratoplasty
Refractive Surgery
Corneal Neuropathy
Pathogenesis
Pathology and Biochemistry
Dry Eye
Summary
10:
Cataract Surgery in Diabetics
Outcome
Timing of Cataract Surgery
Cataract Surgery in Diabetics
Phacoemulsification in Diabetic Patients
Progression of Diabetic Retinopathy after Cataract Surgery
11:
Glaucoma in Diabetes Mellitus
Secondary Glaucoma and Diabetes Mellitus
12:
Ocular Motor Nerve Problems in Diabetes
Third Nerve Ischemic Mononeuropathy
Etiology—Microvascular Dysfunction
Course and Treatment
Sixth Nerve Ischemic Mononeuropathy
Course and Treatment
Fourth Nerve Ischemic Mononeuropathy
Clinical Presentation
Examination
Course and Treatment
Ischemia of Multiple Cranial Nerves
Pupil Abnormality
13:
Low Vision Rehabilitation and Diabetic Retinopathy
Diabetic Retinopathy
Cloudy Media in Diabetes
Central Vision Loss
Peripheral Vision Loss
Visual Problems
Low Vision Management
Enhancing Impaired Vision
Low Vision Evaluation
Prescribing Low Vision Devices
Optical Devices7–10
Non-optical Devices
Computer Software Magnification and Screen Readers
Non-visual Devices and Adaptive Techniques
Viewing Techniques
Orientation and Mobility Training
Concessional Facilities
Specific Management
Foot Care
Why is it Important in Diabetics?
Risk Identification
Foot Examination
Management or High-risk Patients
14:
Screening for Diabetic Retinopathy
Direct Ophthalmoscopy
Indirect Ophthalmoscopy
Photographic Methods
Screening for Diabetic Eye Problems should Ideally Include the Following
Screening for Diabetic Retinopathy in India
Is the Eye Care Infrastructure in India Ready to Initiate and Roll Out A Screening Program for Diabetic Retinopathy?
Recommendations
References
15:
Clinical Trials
Diabetic Retinopathy Study
Clinical Application
Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study
Clinical Applications
Diabetic Retinopathy Vitrectomy Study
Clinical Applications
Diabetes Control and Complication Trial
Clinical Applications
United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study 1981 – 1998
Intensive Blood Glucose Control
Tight Blood Pressure Control
Clinical Applications
INDEX
TOC
Index
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