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MRI Made Easy (For Beginners)
Govind B Chavhan
SECTION I:
CHAPTER 1:
Basic Principles
MAGNETIZATION
Transverse Magnetization
MR Signal
Revision
Localization of Signal
Slice Selection
Why Proton Only?
CHAPTER 2:
T1, T2 Relaxation and Other Parameters
LONGITUDINAL RELAXATION(FIG. 2.1)
TRANSVERSE RELAXATION (FIG. 2.2)
T1
T2
TR and TE
TI
T1-WEIGHTED IMAGE
T2-WEIGHTED IMAGE
PROTON DENSITY (PD) IMAGE
OTHER PARAMETERS OF SCANNING
IMAGING TIME:
CHAPTER 3:
Instrumentation
INTRODUCTION
MAGNETISM
Paramagnetism
Diamagnetism
Ferromagnetism
MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH
MAGNETS
Permanent Magnet
Electromagnets
Superconducting Magnets
Structure of Superconducting Magnet (Fig. 3.2)
GRADIENTS
RADIOFREQUENCY COILS
COMPUTERS AND ACCESSORIES
CHAPTER 4:
Sequences I: Basic Principles
INTRODUCTION
k-SPACE
SPIN-ECHO PULSE SEQUENCE (SE)
Modification of SE
Turbo Spin-Echo Sequence
Usefulness of Multi-Spin-Echo Sequence
Inversion Recovery (IR) Sequence
Tissue Suppression
Types of IR Sequences
GRADIENT ECHO SEQUENCE (GRE)
THE STEADY STATE (SS)
Types of Steady State
ULTRAFAST SEQUENCES
FEW OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
CHAPTER 5:
Sequences II: Few Common Sequences
INTRODUCTION
1. FLASH
2.FLAIR
3. MEDIUM TI INVERSION RECOVERY SEQUENCE
4.CISS
5.MPRAGE
6. STIR
7. TRUFI
8. HASTE
9.DESS
10. MEDIC
11. VIBE
CHAPTER 6:
Artifacts
INTRODUCTION
GHOSTS
Axis
Causes
Corrective Measures
ALIASING/ WRAPAROUND
Axis
Corrective Measures
CHEMICAL SHIFT RELATED ARTIFACTS
TRUNCATION ARTIFACT
Axis
Corrective Measures
MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILiTY ARTIFACT
Axis
Corrective Measures
Good Effects
STRAIGHT LINES
Axis
Corrective Measures
SHADING ARTIFACTS
Axis
Corrective Measures
CROSS-EXCITATION AND CROSS-TALK
Axis
Corrective Measures
CHAPTER 7:
MR Safety
INTRODUCTION
MR BIOEFFECTS
Acoustic Noise
SAFETY-RELATED ISSUES
Site Access Restriction
MR Personnel/Non-MR Personnel
Screening of Patient and Non-MR Personnel
Pregnancy-Related Issues
Pregnant Health Care Practitioner
Pregnant Patient
Contrast Media during Pregnancy
Contrast Media in Lactating Patients
Aneurysm and Hemostatic Clips
Dental Devices and Materials
Heart Valves
Intravascular Coils, Filters and Stents
Ocular Implants
Orthopedic Implants, Materials and Devices
Otologic Implants
Pellets, Bullets and Sharpnels
Penile Implants and Artificial Sphincters
Pacemakers
Vascular Access Ports
Patient Monitoring and Emergency
PRECAUTIONS
ABSOLUTE CONTRAINDICATIONS
CHAPTER 8:
MR Contrast Media
INTRODUCTION
CLASSIFICATION OF MR CONTRAST MEDIA
Depending on Relaxivity
Depending on Susceptibility
Mechanism of MR Contrast Enhancement
Relaxivity
Gadolinium (Gd)
Gadolinium Chelates
Two groups of chelates
Hepatobiliary Chelates
Adverse Reactions
Safety Issues
Other MR Contrast Agents
Oral Contrast Agents
ROLE OF CONTRAST IN MRI
CHAPTER 9:
Principles of Interpretation: Neuroimaging
SIGNAL INTENSITY
SEQUENCE SELECTION
STROKE IMAGING
Tumors
Infection
Epilepsy
CP Angle Lesions
Demyelinating Lesions
Trauma
MRI in Pediatric Brain
CHAPTER 10:
Principles of Interpretation: Body Imaging
INTRODUCTION
SEQUENCES
Spine Imaging
Marrow Imaging
Musculoskeletal Neoplasms
Joint Imaging
Abdominal Imaging
Pelvic Imaging
SECTION II:
CHAPTER 11:
MR Angiography
INTRODUCTION
BLACK BLOOD IMAGING
BRIGHT BLOOD IMAGING
TYPES OF MR ANGIOGRAPHY
Time of Flight MRA (TOF-MRA)
Time of Flight Phenomenon
Phase Contrast MRA
CONTRAST ENHANCED MRA (CEMRA)
APPLICATIONS OF MRA
CHAPTER 12:
MR Diffusion
INTRODUCTION
b-value
ADC: Apparent Diffusion Coefficient
T2 Shine Through
Diffusion “Trace”
CLINICAL USES OF DIFFUSION
Stroke
Hypoxic Ischemic Injury to Newborns
Epidermoid versus Arachnoid Cyst
Abscess versus Cystic Neoplasm
Lymphoma versus Toxoplasma in HIV
Diffusion on Posttreatment Assessment
DIFFUSION TENSOR
Technique
CHAPTER 13:
MR Perfusion
INTRODUCTION
MR Perfusion with Exogenous Contrast Agent
Technique
Mechanism
Parameters
Permiability/Leakiness
Clinical Applications
MR Perfusion in Stroke
MR Perfusion in Brain Tumors
Other Clinical Uses
ARTERIAL SPIN LABELING (ASL)
CHAPTER 14:
MR Spectroscopy
INTRODUCTION
Localization Techniques in MRS
STEAM: Stimulated Echo Acquisition Method
PRESS: Point Resolved Spectroscopy
ISIS: Image Selected in vivo Spectroscopy
CSI: Chemical Shift Imaging
Metabolites of 1H MRS
NAA: N-Acetylaspartate
Cr: Creatine
Cho: Choline
mI: Myoinositol
Lac: Lactate
Glx: Glutamate (Glu) and Glutamine (Gln)
Lipids
Amino Acids
Glucose
GABA
Clinical Uses of MRS
Brain Tumors
In Treatment Monitoring
Neonatal Hypoxia
Metabolic Disorders and White Matter Diseases
Stroke
Closed Head Trauma
Epilepsy
Multiple Sclerosis
Alzheimer's Dementia
Hepatic Encephalopathy (HE)
HIV and AIDS
Abscess
CHAPTER 15:
Cardiac MRI
INTRODUCTION
ECG GATING
Imaging Sequences
Dark-Blood Technique
Bright-Blood Technique
Imaging Planes
Role of CMR
Congenital Heart Disease (CHD)
Valvular Heart Disease
Cardiomyopathies
Ventricular Function
Coronary Artery Assessment
Myocardial Perfusion and Viability
Cardiac and Pericardial Masses
Pericardial Disease
CHAPTER 16:
MRCP
INTRODUCTION
MRCP TECHNIQUE
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF MRCP
Cystic Diseases of the Bile Duct
Congenital Anomalies
Choledocholithiasis
Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
Postsurgical Complications
Chronic Pancreatitis
Neoplastic Lesions
Secretin MRCP (s-MRCP)
CHAPTER 17:
Miscellaneous MR Techniques
fMRI: FUNCTIONAL MRI
Mechanism
CSF FLOW STUDIES
Clinical Applications of CSF Flow Studies
MAGNETIZATION TRANSFER IMAGING
APPLICATIONS OF MTC
MR MYELOGRAPHY
MR Urography
MR Arthrography
Stress MRI of Spine
INDEX
TOC
Index
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