Jaypee Brothers
In Current Chapter
In All Chapters
X
Clear
X
GO
Normal
Sepia
Dark
Default Style
Font Style 1
Font Style 2
Font Style 3
Less
Normal
More
Textbook of Operative Dentistry
Satish Chandra, Shaleen Chandra, Girish Chandra
1:
Introduction, Aims and Scope of Operative Dentistry
DEFINITION
HISTORY
CONSIDERATIONS AFFECTING OPERATIVE TREATMENT
Indications
Factors
A New Concept of Operative Approach
AIMS OF OPERATIVE DENTISTRY
SCOPE OF OPERATIVE DENTISTRY
Factors Affecting the Future Demand for Operative Dentistry
Demographics
Affect of General and Dental Health of the Population
Economic Factors
DENTAL STATUS
FUTURE OF OPERATIVE DENTISTRY
2:
Clinical Aspects of Dental Anatomy, Histology and Physiology in Operative Dentistry
DENTAL ANATOMY
Dentition
Types of Teeth
Incisors
Canines
Premolars
Molars
TOOTH NUMBERING
1. Universal System of Tooth Numbering
a. Deciduous (Primary) Dentition
b. Permanent Dentition
1. Zsigmondy or Palmer System
a. Deciduous Dentition
b. Permanent Dentition
2. Federation Dentaire Internationale (FDI) or Two-digit System
NOMENCLATURE OF TOOTH SURFACES
DENTAL HISTOLOGY
ENAMEL
Structure and Clinical Considerations
Composition
Grooves, Pits and Fissures
Dentino-enamel Junction
Tetracycline Discoloration
DENTIN
Composition of Dentin
Physical Properties
STRUCTURE OF DENTIN
Dentinal Tubules
Predentin
TYPES OF DENTIN
Primary Dentin
Prenatal Primary Dentin
Mantle Dentin
Postnatal Primary Dentin
Circumpulpal Dentin
Clinical Considerations
Direct Pulp Capping
Indirect Pulp Capping
Pulp
Clinical Considerations
CEMENTUM
Clinical Considerations
ORAL MUCOSA
MAXILLA AND MANDIBLE
Periodontium
Gingival Units
ATTACHMENT APPARATUS
PHYSIOLOGY OF TOOTH FORM
A. Contours
Importance
B. Functions
C. Proximal Contact Area
D. Embrasures
Clinical Considerations
TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT AND TYPES OF MANDIBULAR MOVEMENTS
MANDIBULAR MOVEMENTS AND TOOTH CONTACTS
Anterior Tooth Contacts
Posterior Tooth Contacts
CONTROL OF MASTICATION AND NEUROLOGICAL CORRELATIONS
3:
Occlusion and Operative Dentistry
BIOPHYSIOLOGY OF OCCLUSION
Cuspal Position in Centric Occlusion
Adaptability
Centric Occlusion
Centric Relation
Anterior Guidance
Lateral Guidance
RELATION BETWEEN THE OCCLUSION AND MANDIBULAR MOVEMENTS
Freeway Space or Interocclusal Space
Occlusal Stability
Functional/Physiological Occlusion
Various Mandibular Movements During Function
RELATION BETWEEN NORMAL AND IDEAL OCCLUSION
Explanation of Basic Occlusal Phenomenon
Occlusion
Status of the Muscles and TMJ
Occlusal Trauma
Status of Periodontium
Pulpal Condition
Bruxism and Bruxomania
Articulation of Prepared Casts
Preparatory Phase for the Restoration
Amalgam Restorations
Materials Used for Restorations
New Concepts Regarding Occlusion and Restorative Dentistry
Occlusion in Operative Services
Factors of Occlusion Affecting Operative Dentistry
Alignment of Teeth and Dental Arches
Interarch Tooth Relationships
4:
Clinical Aspects of Dental Caries
DENTAL CARIES LESION
Definition of Dental Caries
CARIES INCIDENCE AND SUSCEPTIBILITY IN MODERN SOCIETIES
CARIES SUSCEPTIBILITY
Individual Tooth Surfaces
Economic Implication of Dental Caries
ETIOLOGY OF DENTAL CARIES
Theories of Etiology of Dental Caries
Acidogenic Theory
Proteolytic Theory
Proteolysis-Chelation Theory
Direct Essential Local Factors Affecting the Incidence of Caries
Microorganisms
Tooth (Host) Factor
Substrate (Environment Factors) Mainly They are Saliva and Diet
Saliva Factor
Diet Factors
Time Period
Indirect Systemic Factors
Lactation and Pregnancy
Heredity
CARIES OF ENAMEL
Smooth Surface Caries
Pit and Fissure Caries
Clinical Features
Zone in Caries Lesions
CARIES OF DENTIN
Changes in Early Dentinal Caries
Changes in Advanced Dentinal Caries
Zones of Dentinal Caries
Clinical Features of Dental Caries
CLINICAL CLASSIFICATION OF DENTAL CARIES
ACUTE CARIES
Characteristic Feature of Rampant Nursing Bottle Caries
Chronic Caries
Secondary (Recurrent) Caries
Arrested Caries
DIAGNOSIS OF CARIES
SPECIAL ILLUMINATIONS AND TECHNIQUES
Ultraviolet Illumination
Fiberoptic Transillumination (FOTI)
Advantages
Disadvantages
Wavelength Dependent FOTI
Advantages
Disadvantages
Digital Imaging FOTI
Dyes
Detection of Carious Enamel by Dyes
Detection of Carious Dentin by Dyes
Endoscope Technique
TACTILE METHOD
RADIOGRAPHIC METHODS
Developments in Radiography
Xeroradiography
Digital Imaging
Subtraction Radiography
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTANCE MEASUREMENT METHOD
VANGUARD ELECTRONIC CARIES DETECTOR
ELECTRONIC CARIES MONITOR
LASERS
Diagnodent
Advantages
Disadvantage
Quantitative Laser Fluorescence (QLF)
Dye Enhanced Laser Fluorescence (DELF)
Advantages
Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)
Advantages
Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM)
DNA Chip Technology (DNACT)
Diagnosis of Pits and Fissure Caries
Diagnosis of Smooth Surface Caries
Diagnosis of Root Surface Caries
Caries Activity Tests
PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF CARIES
5:
Patient Evaluation, Diagnosis and Treatment Planning
PATIENT EVALUATION
Chief Complaint and Dental History
Medical History
Allergies or Medication
Control of Infection and Communicable Diseases
Systemic Diseases
Physiological Changes Associated with Aging
Sociological and Physiological Conditions
Risk or Susceptibility Assessment
EXAMINATION AND DIAGNOSIS
Diagnostic Aids
Diagnosis
Visual Examination
CLINICAL EXAMINATION
Transillumination
Vitality Tests
Electric Pulp Test
Thermal Testing
Anesthetic Testing
Test Cavity
Bite Test
Gnathodynamometer
Laser Doppler Flowmetry
CT Scan (Computed Tomography Scan)
RVG (Radiovisiography)
Advantages of RVG
Study Casts
Laboratory Investigations
Occlusion Examination
Periodontium Examination
New Mobility Index (NMI)
Vitality
Radiographic Examination
Intraoral Periapical X-rays (IOPA Films)
Bite Wing Radiographs
Panoramic Radiographs (Panoramic View)
Measuring Suprapulpal Dentin
TREATMENT PLANNING
Treatment and Payment Record
Control Phase
Caries Prevention Phase
Holding Phase
Definitive Phase
Maintenance Phase
Treatment Record
6:
Primary Considerations for Operative Procedures
POSITION OF PATIENT AND OPERATOR
PATIENT AND CHAIR POSITIONS
Positions for Operator
Front Positions
Right or Left Position
Direct Rear Position
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Operating Stools
Exchange of Instruments
LIGHTING OF THE OPERATING FIELD
INSTRUMENT TRAY
7:
Color and Shade Matching
FUNDAMENTALS
Color
Color Perception
DIMENSIONS OF COLOR
Hue
Chroma
Value
Color System
Optics of Natural Tooth
Shade Selection
DENTAL SHADE GUIDES
GUIDELINES FOR CLINICAL SHADE SELECTION
SHADE MATCHING
Margin Marking of the Visible Restorations
Porcelain Staining
Tooth Shade System (Vita Easy Shade)
8:
Nomenclature, Classification and Fundamentals in Cavity (Tooth) Preparation
INTRODUCTION AND DESIGNATION OF TOOTH SURFACES
REQUIREMENT FOR RESTORATION AND PURPOSE OF CAVITY PREPARATION
TERMINOLOGY OF TOOTH (CAVITY) PREPARATION
Tooth (Cavity) Preparation
Simple, Compound and Complex Cavity Preparation
Cavity Preparation Walls
Cavosurface Angle Margin and Cavity Margin
Line Angle
Point Angle
Clinically Caries is of the following two types:
Pit and Fissure Caries
Smooth Surface Caries
CLASSIFICATION OF PREPARED CAVITIES
FURTHER MODIFICATIONS OF BLACK'S CLASSIFICATION
IMPROVED AND COMPLETE CLASSIFICATION OF CAVITIES BY CHANDRA AND CHANDRA
Class I
Capping the Cusp
Rule for Cusp Capping
Class II
Class III
Class IV
Class V
Class VI
Class VII
TYPES OF CAVITIES
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS IN CAVITY (TOOTH PREPARATION) DESIGN
FUNDAMENTAL PROCEDURES IN CAVITY (TOOTH) PREPARATION
Stage I
Stage II
Final Tooth (CAVITY) Preparation Steps
Outline Form and Initial Depth
Outline of Proximal Cavities
ENAMELOPLASTY
Primary Resistance Form
Primary Retention Form
A. Amalgam
B. Castings
C. Composites
D. Direct Gold
Convenience Form
FINAL STAGES OF TOOTH PREPARATION
Removal of any Remaining Enamel Pit or Fissure, Infected Dentin and/or Old Restorative Material, if Indicated
Pulp Protection, if Indicated
Liners and Varnishes
Bases
Secondary (Additional) Resistance and Retention Forms
Grooves
Slots or Internal Boxes
Locks
Pins
Skirts
Coves
Steps and Amalgampins
Beveled Enamel Margins
Enamel Wall Etching
Dentin Conditioning (Etching and Priming)
Adhesive Luting Cements
Procedures for Finishing the External Walls of the Tooth Preparation
Final Procedures; Cleaning, Inspecting and Sealing
Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART)
Additional Concepts in Cavity (Tooth) Preparation
Bonded Amalgams
Box Only Proximal (Class II) Cavity Preparation
TUNNEL CAVITY PREPARATION AND RESTORATION
Precautions
Advantages
Disadvantages
FORCES ACTING ON RESTORATIONS DURING FUNCTIONAL AND PARAFUNCTIONAL MOVEMENTS
IMPACT AND DISTRIBUTION OF FORCES IN VARIOUS CLASSES OF RESTORATIONS
[A] Class I and Class VI Restorations
[B] Class II and Class IV Restorations
[C] Class III Restorations
[D] Class V and Class VII Restorations
9:
Dental Materials
CLASSIFICATION OF RESTORATIVE MATERIALS
AMALGAM
Effects of Constituent Metals on the Properties of Amalgam
Properties
Clinical Considerations
BASES AND LINERS
Cavity Bases
Calcium Hydroxide
Zinc Oxide Eugenol
Zinc Phosphate Cement
Zinc Polycarboxylate Cement
Glass Ionomer Cement
Cavity Liners
Clinical Considerations of Bases and Liners
BONDING AGENTS
Enamel Bonding Systems
Dentin Bonding Agents
Amalgam Bonding Systems
Cast Restoration Luting/Bonding Systems
OTHER RESTORATIVE MATERIALS
Zinc Silico-phosphate Cements (ZSPC)
Pit and Fissure Sealants
Composite Restorative Resins (Filled Resins)
Glass Ionomer Cement
PURE GOLD
INDIRECTLY USED RESTORATIVE MATERIALS
10:
Selection of Restorative Materials
BIOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF THE TOOTH WHILE SELECTING THE RESTORATIVE MATERIALS
Size of the Carious Lesion
Condition of the Pulpal Tissue
Condition of the Periodontium
Occlusion
Size, Form and Structure of Teeth
PHYSICAL AND CLINICAL PROPERTIES OF THE RESTORATIVE MATERIALS
Dimensional Stability
Percolation
Strength
Adaptability
Solubility Resistance
Abrasion Resistance
Thermal Conductivity
Manipulation
Resistance to Tarnish and Corrosion
GENERAL FACTORS CONSIDERED WHILE SELECTING RESTORATIVE MATERIALS
Esthetics
Economic Considerations
Accessibility
Skill of the Operator
11:
Isolation of the Operating Field
ISOLATION OF THE OPERATING FIELD IS VERY IMPORTANT IN OPERATIVE DENTISTRY
Advantages of Isolation
Moisture Control of Operating Field
Retraction
Prevention of Injury
Isolation with Rubber Dam
Procedure for Placement of Rubber Dam
WEDJETS
Procedure for Removal of the Rubber Dam
Advantages
Disadvantages
Absorbents (Cotton Roll and Cellulose Wafers)
Throat Shield
Additional Methods for Isolation
Drugs
CHEEK-TONGUE RETRACTOR AND DOUBLE ENDED ASPIRATION TIP
LIP-EX RETRACTORS
12:
Instruments and Equipment for Tooth Preparation
HAND INSTRUMENTS FOR CUTTING
Materials Used for Manufacturing
Heat Treatment of Materials
Parts of Hand Cutting Instruments
Handle or Shaft
Shank
Blade or Nib
TERMINOLOGY AND CLASSIFICATION FOR INSTRUMENTS
BLACK'S INSTRUMENT FORMULA
Bevels in Cutting Instruments
Types of Hand-cutting Instruments
INSTRUMENT GRASPS
Finger Rests
Sharpening of Hand Instruments
AIR ABRASIVE METHOD
ROTARY CUTTING INSTRUMENTS
DEVELOPMENT OF ROTARY CUTTING INSTRUMENTS
ROTATIONAL SPEED RANGE
PROCEDURE FOR REMOVAL OF TOOTH TISSUE
PARTS AND DESIGN OF ROTARY CUTTING INSTRUMENTS
Shape of Bur Head
Design of Bur Blade
Abrasives
Diamond
Head Shapes and Sizes of Diamond Abrasive Points and Instruments
Carborundum Silicon Carbide
Aluminium Oxide
Pumice
Sand Paper Disks and Finishing Stones and Points
Crocus Disks
HAZARDS AND PRECAUTIONS WITH ULTRASPEED CUTTING INSTRUMENTS
Pulpal Precautions
Condition of Burs and Rotary Instruments
Other Soft Tissue Precautions
Ear Precautions
Inhalation Precautions
Eye Precautions
LASER FOR CARIES REMOVAL AND TOOTH PREPARATION
PRECAUTIONS FOR USE OF LASER
13:
Matrices, Retainers and Wedges (Separators)
REQUIREMENTS OF A MATRIX BAND
CLASSIFICATION
TYPES OF MATRICES AND RETAINERS
MATRIX BANDS, MECHANICAL RETAINERS (HOLDERS) AND MATRICES FOR CLASS II, MOD AND COMPLEX CAVITY PREPARATION
Ivory Matrix Holder (Retainer) No. 1
Matrix Band
Ivory Matrix Band Retainer No. 8
Tofflemire Universal Matrix Band Retainer
Steele's Siqveland Self-adjusting Matrix Holder for Tapering Teeth
Nystrom's Matrix Band Retainer
RETAINERLESS MATRIX BAND
Anatomical Matrix Band
Retainerless Automatrix Band
T-Shaped Matrix Band
S-Shaped Matrix Band
Full Circle or Ring Bands
Matrices for Class III Direct Tooth Colored Restorations
Matrices for Class IV Direct Tooth Colored Restoration
Anatomic Custom Made Matrix
WEDGES (SEPARATORS)
FERRIER SEPARATOR
PALODENT BITINE SPRINGY RING WEDGE
RETAINERLESS WALSER FILLING MATRIX
14:
Infection Control
PROCEDURES
OPERATORY ASEPSIS
Procedure for Preparation of the Dental Chair, Dental Unit and Instruments
DISINFECTION OF DENTAL CAST
15:
Pain Control
THE USE OF HIGH SPEED AND ULTRAHIGH SPEED ROTARY INSTRUMENTS WITH SHARP BURS AND COOLANTS
LOCAL ANESTHESIA
ANALGESIA
HYPNOSIS
Cardiovascular System
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Steps in Administration of Local Anesthesia
16:
Pulp Protection
DENTAL PULP
FACTORS AFFECTING THE HEALTH OF THE PULP
Dental Caries
Instrumentation
Depth of the Cavity
Use of Compressed Air
Smear Layer
PULP PROTECTION IN SHALLOW AND MODERATE CARIOUS LESIONS
PULP PROTECTION IN DEEP CARIOUS LESIONS
MATERIALS USED FOR PULP PROTECTION
17:
Periodontal Aspects of Operative Dentistry
GINGIVAL CREVICE—PHYSIOLOGY
PERIODONTAL HEALTH CONCERN BEFORE DOING ANY RESTORATION
EFFECT OF RESTORATION ON PERIODONTAL HEALTH
Impression Taking and Electrosurgery
Interim Restoration
Margins of the Restoration
Contour
Contact Between Opponent Teeth
Post Restorative Care
OCCLUSION AND PERIODONTIUM
FACTORS WHICH AFFECT THE PERIODONTIUM
18:
Amalgam Restorations
CLASSIFICATION, COMPOSITION AND CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AMALGAM
PRINCIPLES OF CAVITY PREPARATION FOR AMALGAM RESTORATIONS
Outline Form
Reverse Curve
Resistance Form
Retention Form
Convenience Form
Removal of Remaining Carious Dentin and Pulp Protection
Finish of the Enamel Walls and Margins
SECONDARY (ADDITIONAL) RESISTANCE AND RETENTION FORM
Final Procedures
DESIGNS OF CAVITY PREPARATIONS
CAVITY LINERS, VARNISH AND BASES FOR AMALGAM RESTORATIONS
Cavity Liners
Bases
AMALGAM RESTORATION FOR CLASS I CAVITY PREPARATIONS
Cavity Preparation on Occlusal Surface with Buccal or Lingual Extension
Cavity Preparation on Buccal and Lingual Pits
AMALGAM RESTORATION FOR CLASS II CAVITY PREPARATION
Incipient Class II Amalgam Restoration
Amalgam Restoration in Extended Class II Cavity
CLASS II SLOT CAVITY PREPARATION
CAVITY PREPARATION INVOLVING BOTH PROXIMAL SURFACES (MOD)
AMALGAM RESTORATION IN CLASSES III, V AND VI CAVITY PREPARATIONS
Class III
Class IV Restoration
Class V Cavity Preparation for Amalgam Restoration
Class VI Cavity Preparation for Amalgam Restoration
MATRICES
Functions of Matrix
WEDGES
Matrices for Buccal or Lingual-occlusal Preparations
Matrix Removal
PROCEDURES OF AMALGAM RESTORATIONS
Insertion and Condensation of Amalgam
Condensing Instruments
Mechanical Condensation
PRECARVE BURNISHING TO ADJUNCT THE CONDENSATION
CARVING OF RESTORATIONS
POSTCARVE BURNISHING
OCCLUSION OF RESTORATION
FINISHING AND POLISHING
AMALGAM RESTORATION REPAIRING
QUADRANT DENTISTRY
MERCURY HYGIENE
AMALGAM BONDING SYSTEM
Indications of Bonding
Limitations of Amalgam Bonding
TECHNIQUE OF BONDED AMALGAM
1. Cavity Preparation
2. Bonding Agents and their Mode of Action
Meta System
Procedure
BONDING INTERFACE
SCOPE AND PROGNOSIS OF BONDED AMALGAM RESTORATION
REASONS FOR FAILURES OF AMALGAM RESTORATIONS AND THEIR REMEDIES
PROCEDURAL REASONS FOR FAILURE OF AMALGAM RESTORATIONS
I. Defective Cavity Preparation
DEFECTIVE AMALGAM MANIPULATION
Improper Condensation
Incorrect Mercury Alloy Ratio
Contamination During Manipulation
Defective Finishing and Polishing
POST RESTORATIVE PAIN
DEFECTIVE MATRIX ADAPTATION
DEFECTIVE MATERIALS
GALLIUM IN PLACE OF MERCURY IN AMALGAM
Properties of Silver Gallium Alloy
Clinical Considerations
19:
Pin Retained Restorations
RETENTIVE PINS
INDICATIONS FOR PIN RETAINED RESTORATIONS
ADVANTAGES OF PIN RETAINED RESTORATIONS
DISADVANTAGES OF PIN RETAINED RESTORATIONS
CAVITY PREPARATION FOR PIN RETAINED AMALGAM RESTORATIONS
AMALGAPIN
MATRIX PLACEMENT
Placement of Alloy
Finishing and Polishing Procedure
FAILURE OF PIN RETAINED RESTORATIONS
20:
Microleakage
MICROLEAKAGE AND RESTORATIVE MATERIALS
METHODS TO DETECT MICROLEAKAGE
MICROLEAKAGE IN AMALGAM RESTORATIONS
Methods to Prevent Microleakage in Amalgam
MICROLEAKAGE IN DIRECT GOLD RESTORATIONS
Methods to Prevent Microleakage in Direct Gold Restorations
MICROLEAKAGE AND CAST RESTORATIONS
Methods to Prevent Microleakage in Cast Restorations
MICROLEAKAGE INVOLVING GLASS IONOMER RESTORATIONS
Methods to Prevent Microleakage in Glass Ionomer Restorations
MICROLEAKAGE AND COMPOSITE RESTORATION
Methods to Prevent Microleakage in Composite Restorations
MICROLEAKAGE AROUND PORCELAIN RESTORATIONS
Methods to Prevent Microleakage
21:
Finishing and Polishing of Restorations
BURNISHING
FINISHING AND POLISHING DEVICES
FINISHING AND POLISHING MATERIALS
Air Dispersed Hazards of the Finishing Process
FINISHING AND POLISHING OF AMALGAM RESTORATIONS
FINISHING AND POLISHING OF COMPOSITE RESINS
FINISHING AND POLISHING OF DIRECT GOLD RESTORATIONS
FINISHING AND POLISHING OF CAST GOLD RESTORATIONS
Intraoral Sand Blaster
22:
Interim Restorations
NEED AND USE
PROTECTIVE RESTORATIONS
ZINC OXIDE EUGENOL (ZnOE) CEMENT
CROWN FORMS
CUSTOMIZED ACRYLIC RESTORATIONS
TREATMENT RESTORATIONS
Limitations of Temporization
23:
Bonding
ENAMEL ADHESION
DENTIN ADHESION
Conditioning
Conditioning by Means of Acids
Chelators
Priming
Adhesion Resins/ Dentin Bonding Agents
MECHANISM OF DENTIN BONDING (ADHESIVE SYSTEMS)
BONDING GENERATIONS
First Generation Dentin Bonding Agents (DBA)
Second Generation Dentin Bonding Agents
DISADVANTAGES OF FIRST AND SECOND GENERATION DBA
Third Generation Dentin Bonding Agents
Fourth Generation Dentin Bonding Agents
Fifth Generation Dentin Bonding Agents
Sixth Generation Dentin Bonding Agents
Seventh Generation Dentin Bonding Agents (Adhesive systems)
Eighth Generation
ROLE OF WATER IN THE BONDING PROCESS
BONDING AS RELATED TO VARIOUS MATERIALS
Bonding Glass Ionomer to tooth structure
Bonding Composites to Glass Ionomer Cements
Bonding Composites to Porcelain
Bonding Amalgam to Resin
Clinical Performance of Adhesives
24:
Introduction to Composite and Other Direct Tooth-Colored Restorations
DEVELOPMENT OF TOOTH-COLORED RESTORATIVE MATERIALS
SILICATE CEMENT
UNFILLED ACRYLIC RESINS
Advantages
Disadvantages
Cavity Preparation
Restoration
Indications
COMPOSITE RESINS
PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITE RESTORATIVE MATERIALS
TYPES OF COMPOSITE RESINS
Advantages of condensable composites over the conventional composites are as follows:
Contraindications of Composites
Advantages of Composites
Disadvantages of Composites
CLINICAL PROCEDURES
Initial Clinical Procedures
TOOTH PREPARATION FOR COMPOSITE RESTORATIONS
Acid Etch Technique
BONDING AGENTS
Instruments for Insertion of Composite Resins
POLYMERIZATION METHODS
Self-curing Composite resin
Light-Activated Composite Resins
CURING OF COMPOSITES
Halogen and Blue Light Emitting Diode Light Curing
Laser Curing
Finishing of Composite Restoration
Glazing
USES OF COMPOSITES
Antibacterial Composites
Chlorhexidine
Methacryloxydecyl Pyridinium Bromide (MDPB)
Silver
Effects on the Properties
Expanding Matrix Resins for Composites
CURRENT OPINIONS
Bases and Liners Under Composite Restorations
Retention Grooves Where Dry Field cannot be Achieved for Bonding for Filling with Composites
Occlusal Load on Composite Restorations
Recurrent Caries due to Interface Gap with Cementum in Composite Fillings
25:
Direct Tooth-Colored Restoration for Classes III, IV, V and VII Cavity Preparations
PRESENT STATUS OF TOOTH-COLORED RESTORATIONS
DIRECTLY BONDED COMPOSITE RESTORATIONS
Advantages
Disadvantages
Indications
Contraindications
DIRECT CLASS III COMPOSITE RESTORATION
Initial Clinical Procedures
Tooth Preparation
Conventional Class III Tooth (Cavity) Preparation
BEVELED CONVENTIONAL CLASS III TOOTH CAVITY PREPARATION
MODIFIED (CONSERVATIVE) CLASS III TOOTH PREPARATION
RESTORATIVE TECHNIQUE
Etching of the Prepared Cavity
APPLICATION OF PRIMER AND ENAMEL DENTIN-BONDING AGENTS
Matrix Application
Insertion and Curing of Composite
Placing Self-Cured Composite
Placing Light-Cured Composites
Composite Restoration
Final Contouring, Finishing and Polishing of Composite Restorations
DIRECT CLASS IV COMPOSITE RESTORATION
Initial Clinical Procedures
Tooth Preparation
Conventional Class IV Preparation
BEVELED CONVENTIONAL CLASS IV PREPARATION
MODIFIED (CONSERVATIVE) CLASS IV PREPARATION
RESTORATIVE TECHNIQUE
DIRECT CLASS V AND VII COMPOSITE RESTORATIONS
Initial Clinical Procedures
Tooth Preparation
Conventional Class V and VII Preparation
BEVELED CONVENTIONAL CLASSES V AND VII PREPARATIONS
MODIFIED (CONSERVATIVE) CLASS V TOOTH PREPARATION
CLASS V AND VII PREPARATIONS FOR ERODED AND ABRADED LESIONS
TOOTH PREPARATION FOR PIT-LIKE FAULTS OF SMOOTH SURFACES
Restorative Technique
REPAIR OF COMPOSITE RESTORATIONS
GLAZING
Improving Surface Smoothness of Composite Restoration
Pulp Protection when using Composite Resin
GLASS IONOMER CEMENTS (GIC)
Advantages
Disadvantages
Indications
Contraindications
26:
Direct Composite Restorations for Classes I, II and VI Cavity Preparations
CLASSES I, II AND VI CAVITY PREPARATIONS FOR DIRECT COMPOSITES
Conventional Design Preparation
Beveled Conventional Design Preparation
Modified (Conservative) Preparation Design
CLASS I CAVITY PREPARATION
Occlu Print
CLASS II CAVITY PREPARATION
EXTENSIVE CLASS I AND II COMPOSITE RESTORATIONS
CLASS VI CAVITY PREPARATION
Protection of Pulp
INSERTION OF COMPOSITE IN CAVITY INVOLVING PROXIMAL SURFACE
Finishing of Composite Restorations
27:
Glass Ionomer Cement
GENERAL PROPERTIES
TYPES OF GLASS IONOMER CEMENTS
Type I
Conventional
Type II
Restorativex
Type III
Light Cured Glass Ionomer Cements
Type IV
Properties
Types V
USES OF GLASS IONOMER CEMENT
MAIN ADVANTAGES OF GIC
MAIN DISADVANTAGES OF SELF-CURING GIC
Class III Cavities
Classes V and VII Cavities
Cervical Abrasion or Erosion
PROCEDURAL STEPS FOR RESTORATION OF GIC
Cavity Preparation for Glass Ionomer Restorations
Isolation and Moisture Control
Tooth Preparation
Mechanical Preparation
CHEMICAL PREPARATION (CONDITIONING)
Priming the Tooth Surface
MIXING OF GLASS IONOMER CEMENT
RESTORATION
FINISHING AND POLISHING
Protection of Surface
USES OF GIC
Restorative Cements
Lining Cements
Luting
ATRAUMATIC RESTORATIVE TREATMENT (ART)
28:
Indirect Tooth-Colored Restorations
INDIRECT TOOTH-COLORED INLAYS AND ONLAYS
Indications
Contraindications
Advantages
Disadvantages
Laboratory Technique of Composite Inlays and Onlays
CERAMIC INLAYS AND ONLAYS
PORCELAIN INLAYS/ONLAYS FIRED ON REFRACTORY DIES
FABRICATION OF PORCELAIN RESTORATIONS
STAGES IN FIRING
Cooling
Glazing and Shading
Internal Staining
Grinding for Final Intraoral Adjustments
Castable Glass (DICOR)
RECENT PORCELAIN SYSTEMS
1. Magnesia Core Porcelain
2. Injection Molded Core Materials (IPS Empress)
3. Castable Glass Ceramic (DICOR)
4. Leucite Reinforced Porcelain (Optec HSP)
Indications
5. Glass Infiltrated Alumina Core Ceramic (Inceram) and Glass Infiltrated Spinel Core Ceramic (Inceram Spinel)
Indications
6. COMPUTER GENERATED CERAMIC RESTORATIONS
Advantages
Disadvantages
Cavity Preparation
Cementation
METAL CERAMIC (PORCELAIN FUSED TO METAL) RESTORATIONS
Bonnet
CAST COPING
PORCELAIN-METAL BOND
Micromechanical Bonding
Chemical Bonding
COMPOSITION OF METAL CERAMIC ALLOYS AND CERAMICS
FAILURES OF METAL CERAMIC RESTORATIONS
HANDLING HAZARDS AND THEIR PREVENTION AND PRECAUTIONS
Base Metal Alloys
Advantages
Disadvantages
CLINICAL PERFORMANCE
29:
Cast Metal Restorations
CLASS II INLAY AND ONLAY
Contraindications of Metal Inlay and Onlay
TOOTH (CAVITY) PREPARATION FOR CLASS II CAST METAL (GOLD ALLOY) INLAY
Inlay Taper
Bevels
Variations in Proximal Margin Design
Box Preparation
Slice Preparation
Auxiliary Slice
Modified Flare Preparation
Final Tooth (Cavity) Preparation
Advantages of Gingival Bevels
Advantages of Secondary Flare (Auxiliary Slice Preparation)
MESIOOCCLUSODISTAL (MOD) TOOTH (CAVITY) PREPARATION FOR CAST METAL RESTORATION
CLASS II TOOTH (CAVITY) PREPARATION FOR CAST METAL (GOLD ALLOY) RESTORATION OF THE MANDIBULAR FIRST PREMOLAR
ESTHETIC MODIFICATION IN CLASS II TOOTH (CAVITY) PREPARATION
Buccal and Lingual Groove Extension
CLASS II TOOTH (CAVITY) PREPARATION FOR ABUTMENT TEETH
Maxillary Molars with Unaffected and Strong Oblique Ridge
Fissures in the Facial and Lingual Cusp Ridges
CAPPING OF CUSP
INVOLVEMENT OF SMOOTH SURFACE CARIES OR DEFECTIVE AREA ON THE FACIAL AND LINGUAL SURFACE IN THE PREPARATION
Caries on the Distofacial Cusp of Maxillary Molars
CLASS III TOOTH (CAVITY) PREPARATION
CLASS IV TOOTH (CAVITY) PREPARATION
CLASS V TOOTH (CAVITY) PREPARATION
TOOTH (CAVITY) PREPARATION FOR CAST METAL ONLAY
Bevels and Flares Preparation
EXTENSION TO THE FACIAL AND LINGUAL SMOOTH SURFACES AFFECTED BY CARIES, FRACTURED CUSPS OR OTHER DAMAGES
METHODS TO MAXIMIZE RESISTANCE AND RETENTION FORMS
Improving Esthetics on Maxillary Premolars and First Molars
Root Canal Filled Teeth
Restoring the Occlusal Plane of a Tilted Molar
Various Designs of Margins for Cast Restorations
TECHNIQUES FOR MAKING CAST METAL RESTORATIONS
Interocclusal Records
Temporary (Interim) Restorations
TEMPORARY RESTORATION MAKING TECHNIQUE
Indirect Technique
Direct Technique
FINAL IMPRESSION FOR CAST FABRICATION
WORKING CAST AND DIES
Die Materials
Wax Pattern Fabrication
Direct Wax Pattern Method
Indirect Wax Pattern Method
Spruing, Investing and Casting
Washing of Wax Pattern
Casting Procedure
Finishing, Adjusting and Polishing the Casting
Trying-in the Casting in the Oral Cavity
Contact Building by Soldering
Cementation
Removable Die Formation
Die (Dowel) Placement
PIN RETAINED CAST RESTORATIONS
Indications for Pin Retained Cast Restorations
30:
Restoration of Cervical Lesions
CLASSIFICATION OF CERVICAL LESIONS
1. Cervical Lesions Due to Caries
2. Non-carious Cervical Lesion
A. Abrasion Lesions
B. Erosion Lesions
C. Abfraction Lesion (Idiopathic Erosion)
MANAGEMENT OF CARIOUS CERVICAL LESIONS
Preventive Management
Restorative Management
Restoration of Cervical Lesions using Composite Resins
Restoration of Cervical Lesion using Glass Ionomer Cement
Restoration of Cervical Lesion using Silver Amalgam
Restoration of Cervical Lesions using Direct Filling Gold
Management of Non-carious Cervical Lesions
Preventive Management
Restorative Management
31:
Conservative Esthetic Procedures
ARTISTIC ELEMENTS
Shape or Form
Illusion of Shape or Form
Symmetry and Proportionality
Position and Alignment
Surface Texture
Color
Translucency
CONSERVATIVE ALTERATIONS OF TOOTH CONTOURS AND CONTACTS
Alteration of Shape of Natural Teeth
CORRECTION OF DIASTEMA
VENEERS
Direct Veneer Technique
Direct Partial Veneer
Procedure
Direct Full Veneers
Procedure
Direct Veneering Procedure
Indirect Veneer Technique
Etched Porcelain Veneers
Advantages of Etched Porcelain Veneers
Castable Ceramic Veneers
VENEER FOR METAL RESTORATION
Repair of Veneers
Repair of Veneer on Metal Restoration
ACID ETCHED RESIN-BONDED SPLINTS
PERIODONTALLY INVOLVED TEETH
Teeth Stabilization After Orthodontic Treatment
Correction of the Rotated or Evulsed or Partially Avulsed Teeth
DEFECT AND DAMAGE REPAIR
32:
Direct Gold Restorations
PRINCIPLES OF TOOTH PREPARATION FOR DIRECT GOLD RESTORATIONS
Class I Cavity Preparation
Class V Cavity Preparation
CLASS III CAVITY PREPARATIONS
a. Ferrier Design
b. Loma Linda Design
c. Ingraham Design
Class II Cavity Preparation
33:
Restorations of Badly Decayed and Broken Down Teeth
INITIAL MANAGEMENT
BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION
Evaluating Stress Patterns in Posterior Teeth
Evaluating Vitality of the Tooth
Radiographic Evaluation
Dimensions of Resisting Planes
Crazing and Surface Deformities
Proximal Drifting of Tooth
Relation of Gingival Margin Location to Periodontium
Badly Mutilated Teeth with Affected or Treated Periodontium
MECHANICAL EVALUATION
Nature and Dimensions of Destruction
Cusp Loss
Loss of Marginal Ridge
Axial Angle Loss
Junction Between Clinical Crown and Clinical Root
Evaluation for Occlusal Disharmony
Abutment for Prosthesis
Splinting
Periodontal Support
Parafunctional Habits
Tilted Tooth
RESTORATIVE DESIGN PLANNING
Restoration of Total or Partial Cuspal Loss
Restoration of Lost Axial Angles
Management of Lost Marginal Ridges
Restoration of Lost Crown Root Junction
Restoration of Crazing
Management for Tilted Tooth
Additional Retentive Devices Like Cemented Pins or Post
Retention Features for Badly Decayed Tooth
Resistance Features for Badly Decayed Tooth
Management of Endodontically Treated Teeth
Management for Periodontically Treated Tooth
SPLINTING
Provisional Splint
Intracoronal
Extracoronal
Permanent Splint
Foundation for Badly Decayed Teeth
PRINCIPLES FOR RESTORING BADLY DECAYED ANTERIOR TEETH
34:
Emergencies and Postoperative Complications
PROBLEMS RELATED TO TOOTH
PROBLEMS RELATED TO SOFT TISSUE
Reversible and Irreversible Pulpal Changes
Problems Related to Temporomandibular Joint
Foreign Body Reactions
Reactions Manifested
35:
Restoration of Endodontically Treated Teeth
RESTORATIVE DESIGN FEATURES FOR ENDODONTICALLY TREATED TEETH
TYPES OF RESTORATIONS
POST AND CORE
TECHNIQUES
Restorations without Dowels
Restorations with Dowels
Pre-fabricated Dowels
Custom (Cast) Post and Core
Dowel Space Preparation
DIRECT TECHNIQUE
Fitting and Cementing Custom Dowel and Cores
Prefabricated Dowels
INDIRECT TECHNIQUE
ONLAYS
Tooth Preparation for Onlay Cast Restoration
LAMINATES
PARTIAL JACKET CROWNS
TYPES OF PARTIAL JACKET CROWNS
Tooth Preparation for Partial Jacket Crown
Anterior Teeth
Posterior Teeth
FULL JACKET CROWN
Types of Crowns
Complete Metal Veneer Crown
Porcelain-fused-to-metal Crown
Feldspathic Porcelain Jacket Crown
Aluminous Porcelain Jacket Crown
Bonded Alumina Crown
Cerestore Crown
Dicor Crown
Composite Veneered Gold Crown
Acrylic Jacket Crown
Tooth Preparation for Porcelain Jacket Crown
Incisal Reduction
Axial Reduction
Resistance and Retention Form
Marginal Development and Refinement
36:
Restoration of Noncarious Defects
ATTRITION
TREATMENT
ABRASION
MANAGEMENT
EROSION
Management
ABFRACTION LESIONS
Management
LOCALIZED NON-HEREDITARY ENAMEL HYPOPLASIA
Management
LOCALIZED NON-HEREDITARY ENAMEL HYPOCALCIFICATION
Management
LOCALIZED NON-HEREDITARY DENTIN HYPOPLASIA
Management
LOCALIZED NON-HEREDITARY DENTIN HYPOCALCIFICATION
Management
DISCOLORATIONS
Management
MALFORMATIONS
Management
AMELOGENESIS IMPERFECTA OR HEREDITARY BROWN OPALESCENT TEETH
Management
DENTINOGENESIS IMPERFECTA OR HEREDITARY OPALESCENT DENTIN
Management
TRAUMATIZED TEETH–ELLIS CLASSIFICATION WITH MODIFICATIONS
Management
Class I
Class II
Class III
Class IV
Class V
Class VI
Class VII
Class VIII
Class IX
Class X
Class XI
37:
Restorations and Stomatognathic System
FUNCTIONS OF MUSCLES OF MASTICATION
CRANIOMANDIBULAR JOINT AND LIGAMENTS
TEETH
Location and Inclination of Teeth
Relation of Teeth to the Musculature and Corner of the Arch
Location of Teeth According to their Loading Resistance
Inclination of Cusp and the Concavities Present in the Maxillary Incisors and Canines
Proprioceptive Terminals
Position of Tooth in Relation to the Fulcrum of Movement
MANDIBULAR MOVEMENTS DURING VARIOUS FUNCTIONS
Movement Along the Sagittal Plane
1. Pure Protrusive Mandibular Movements Paths and Termination along the Sagittal Plane
2. Disclusion
CONTROL OF MANDIBULAR MOVEMENTS
Static Contact Relationship
A. Centric Occlusion Contacts
B. Protrusive and Working Side Contact
Dynamic Contact Relationships
Occlusion Records by Physical Manipulation of Mandible
APPLICATION OF NON-TRANSFERABLE RECORD
Natural Dentition Equilibration
Occlusal Adjustment of a Direct Restoration
Final Occlusal Adjustment for Cast Restoration
Occlusal Analysis for Diagnosis Purpose
RECORDS WHICH CAN BE TRANSFERRED
Record of Static Relation
Facial Records by Hinge Articulators
Facial Records by Semi-adjustable Articulators
Records of Dynamic Relation
38:
Management of Discolored Teeth
EXTRINSIC STAINING
INTRINSIC STAINING
TREATMENT OF STAINING
ORAL PROPHYLAXIS
Extrinsic Staining
Intrinsic Staining
MICROABRASION AND MACROABRASION
Microabrasion
Macroabrasion
BLEACHING
BLEACHING OF NON-VITAL (ROOT FILLED) TOOTH
In Office Bleaching
WALKING BLEACH TECHNIQUE FOR ROOT FILLED TEETH
BLEACHING OF VITAL TOOTH
In Office Bleaching Technique
NIGHTGUARD VITAL BLEACHING (DENTIST PRESCRIBED—HOME APPLIED TECHNIQUE)
Combination of Microabrasion with Bleaching of Fluorosis stains on vital teeth—Technique of Chandra and Chawla (JADA 1975)
39:
Various Designs and Shapes of Margins of Tooth Preparations and Restorations
TYPES OF TOOTH PREPARATION MARGINS FOR CAST RESTORATIONS
VARIOUS DESIGNS OF OCCLUSAL AND GINGIVAL BEVELS
Flares
Primary Flare
Functions and Indications
The Secondary Flare
Functions and Indications
OVOID SHAPED TEETH
SLICE PREPARATION
AUXILIARY SLICE PREPARATION
Modified Flare Preparation
Multiple Choice Questions
INDEX
TOC
Index
×
Chapter Notes
Save
Clear