A
Age-related eye disease study 270
Age-related macular degeneration 35
age-related maculopathy 35
soft drusen 35
atrophic age-related macular degeneration 38
classic choroidal neovascularization 41
exudative age-related macular degeneration 41
fibrovascular pigment epithelium detachment 46
geographic atrophy 38
occult choroidal neovascularization 43
typical occult choroidal neovascularization 44
Angiogenesis 280
Antioxidants and AMD 262
carotenoids 264
dietary carotenoids and age-related macular degeneration 269
dietary vitamin A and AMD 264
focus on lutein and zeaxanthin 273
interventional trials 271
lutein and zeaxanthin 264
distribution in blood and tissues 265
protective effect on rods and cones 265
lycopene 269
lycopene in ocular tissue 269
observational studies 271
plasma vitamin a and AMD 264
possible role in visual acuity and protection 266
role in macular degeneration 267
role in protection against disease 167
serum carotenoids 270
vitamin A 263
vitamin C 262
dietary vitamin C and AMD age 262
light damage and vitamin C 262
plasma vitamin C and AMD 262
vitamin E 262
dietary vitamin E and AMD 263
plasma vitamin E and AMD 263
retinal light damage and vitamin E 263
zinc 270
Antivascular endothelial growth factor 248
Avastin® [bevacizumab] 251
clinical pharmacology 251
clinical trials 251
toxicity and possible adverse events 251
Lucentis® [ranibizumab] 252
clinical pharmacology 252
clinical trials 253
preclinical studies 253
toxicity and possible adverse events 253
Macugen® [pegaptanib sodium] 250
clinical pharmacology 250
clinical trials 250
efficacy and safety 250
toxicity and possible adverse events 250
treatment strategies for choroidal neovascularization 249
B
B scan showing increased choroidal thickness 426
Berlin's edema 66
Birdshot choroidopathy 423
Brachytherapy 454
C
Central retinal artery occlusion 291
acute central serous chorioretinopathy 35
associated findings/complications 35
chronic central serous chorioretinopathy 35
clinical features 164
fluorescein angiography 164
indocyanine green angiography 166
optical coherence tomography 35
Choroidal granuloma 432
Choroidal melanoma 451
Choroidal neovascular membrane, surgery for 58
optical coherence tomography 58
macular translocation 58
removal of choroidal neovascular membrane 58
Choroidal neovascularization 420
Confocal indocyanine green angiograms 452
Confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope 102
combined fluorescein angiography and indocyanine green angiography 110
combined fluorescence angiography 107
commercially available confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopes 103
confocal principle 103
confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope for fluorescein angiography 115
disadvantages of simultaneous fluorescein angiography and indocyanine green angiography 120
mechanism of fluorescence angiography with confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope 118
procedure of simultaneous fluorescein angiography and indocyanine green angiography 120
sequence of image taking 120
Heidelberg retinal angiography 104
additional imaging modes 104
clinical advantages 105
disadvantages of Heideleberg retinal angiography 106
dynamic angiography 104
ease of use 105
major advantages of Heidelberg retinal angiography 105
principle 102
Congenital toxoplasma retinochoroiditis scar 407
Cystoid macular edema 307
D
Disk edema with multiple pockets of fluid 425
Disk edema with retinal detachment 429
Disk edema with retinochoroidal striae 425
E
Electroretinogram 130
clinical applications 134
age-related macular degeneration and choroidal neovascular membrane 138
central serous chorioretinopathy 138
cystoid macular edema 144
epimacular membrane 138
hydroxychloroquine and choroquine 142
macular hole 138
maculopathies 136
multifocal ERG in drug toxicities 138
retinitis pigmentosa 136
stargardt's maculopathy and cone dystrophy 138
vascular disorders, diabetic retinopathy and retinal inflammations 143
vitelliform macular dystrophy 138
X-linked juvenile retinoschisis 138
clinical protocol 132
adaptation 133
electrodes 132
fixation monitoring 133
mfERG and aging 134
mfERG and noise 133
mfERG and refractive error 133
patient positioning 132
pupils 132
recording sequence 133
refraction 133
room illumination 133
fixation targets 131
recording equipment 131
amplifiers and filters 131
artifact rejection 132
display options 132
group averages 132
kernels 132
topographic (3D) response density plots 132
stimulus 131
waveforms 131
cellular origin 131
nomenclature of peaks 131
Endophthalmitis 289
H
Healed multifocal choroiditis 420
Helicoid peripapillary choroidopathy 418
Herpetic necrotizing retinitis 413
I
Idiopathic macular hole 307
clinical features 308
complications 318
indocyanine green-assisted internal limiting membrane peeling 313
infracyanine green-assisted internal limiting membrane peeling 314
internal limiting membrane peeling 313
internal limiting membrane peeling complications 320
management 311
natural history 309
perfluorocarbon liquid-assisted internal limiting membrane peeling 315
results 315
impending macular holes 315
stage II macular holes 316
stage III and IV macular holes 316
surgical case selection 310
surgical technique 313
tamponade 315
triamcinolone-assisted vitrectomy 314
trypan blue-assisted internal limiting membrane peeling 314
Indocyanine green angiography 148
Intraocular hemorrhage 290
Intraocular tumors 81
choroidal tumors 81
choroidal hemangloma 83
choroidal melanoma 82
choroidal metastasis 82
choroidal nevus 81
choroidal osteoma 84
lesions of the retinal pigment epithelium 85
hamartoma of the retina and retinal pigment epithelium 86
hamartoma of the retinal pigment epithelium 86
hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium 86
melanocytoma of the optic nerve 92
tumors of the retina and optic disk 87
astrocytic hamartoma of the retina 89
capillary hemangloma 87
cavernous hemangiomas 87
racemose hemangioma 88
retinoblastoma 90
Intraocular tumors and macula 440
choroidal tumors 447
choroidal hemangioma 447
choroidal melanoma 450
choroidal nevus 455
choroidal osteoma 449
diffuse choroidal hemangioma 448
intraocular leukemia 459
intraocular metastasis 455
optic disk tumors 456
melanocytoma 456
primary intraocular lymphoma458
retinal pigment epithelial tumors 457
combined hamartoma of the retina 457
retinal pigment epithelium 457
retinal tumors 440
retinal astrocytoma 442
retinoblastoma 440
vascular tumors of the retina 443
capillary hemangioma 443
cavernous hemangioma 445
racemose hemangioma 446
vasoproliferative tumor of the retina 447
Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide 280
branch retinal vein occlusion 285
central retinal vein occlusion 284
complications of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide 287
diabetic macular edema 284
diabetic retinopathy 283
other indications 287
pharmacokinetics of 281
rationale for intravitreal drug delivery 280
retinal vein occlusion 284
triamcinolone in neovascular age-related macular degeneration 281
with photodynamic therapy in neovascular age-related macular degeneration 282
L
Laser in central serous retinopathy 207
Laser in optic disk pit 209
Laser in retinal vascular anomalies 210
congenital aneurysmal dilations 211
Coats’ disease 211
Leber's multiple miliary aneurysms 211
von Hippel's syndrome 211
retinal artery macroaneurysm 210
Laser in retinal vein occlusion 203
management of branch retinal vein occlusion 204
macular edema 204
neovascularization 204
management of central retinal vein occlusion 205
laser-induced chorioretinal anastomosis 206
Laser treatment in choroidal neovascualr membranes 188
choroidal neovascularization from non-AMD etiology 196
angioid streaks 200
choroidal neovascularization secondary to several inflammatory disorders 202
choroidal rupture 198
idiopathic choroidal neovascularization 200
idiopathic polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy 202
myopia 198
osseous choristoma 196
parafoveal telangiectasis 196
retinal angiomatous proliferation 202
choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration 188
conventional (direct) laser treatment 191
feeder vessel treatment 192
trans-scleral diode laser photocoagulation 194
prophylactic laser for drusen 203
Liquid perfluorocarbons 330
M
Macula after retinal detachment surgery 62
monitoring 62
optical coherence tomography 62
treatment 62
Macular and allied surgeries 394
arteriovenous sheathotomy 394
arteriovenous sheathotomy for branch retinal vein occlusion 403
diabetic macular edema 394
epiretinal membrane 394
epiretinal membrane removal 396
epiretinal membrane removal using triamcinolone acetonide 397
macular hole 394
macular hole surgery using triamcinolone acetonide 399
macular hole surgery using trypan blue dye 398
myopic foveoschisis 394
posterior hyaloid removal 394
posterior hyaloid removal using triamcinolone acetonide 395
radial optic neurotomy 394
radial optic neurotomy surgery for central retinal vein occlusion 402
surgery for diabetic macular edema using indocyanine green dye 400
surgery for myopic foveoschisis using indocyanine green dye 401
Macular edema 180
ancillary testing 181
color stereofundus photographs 181
fundus fluorescein angiography 181
optical coherence tomography 181
clinical features 180
diffuse macular edema 180
focal macular edema 180
laser treatment 182
technique 183
focal laser photocoagulation 183
grid laser photocoagulation 183
sub-threshold diode laser 183
Macular infarction 65
Macular surgery 298
Macular translocation 348
complications 356
effective macular translocation 350
estimation of postoperative foveal displacement 351
limited macular translocation 351
mechanisms for foveal displacement 349
minimum desired macular translocation 350
pattern of postoperative retinal displacement 349
surgical principles 349
surgical procedure 351
visual outcomes 354
O
OCT scans showing neurosensory detachment 431
Optic nerve head pit 70
advantages 4
assessment of macular edema 8
basic principle 2
image display 3
image resolution 3
comparison with standard techniques 4
disadvantages 4
interpretation 6
normal OCT scan 5
optical coherence tomography-assisted patient evaluation 8
cystold cavities 8
foveolar detachment 8
hard exudates 9
inner retinal boundary 15
intraretinal changes 8
lamellar hole 20
perifoveolar vitreous detachment 19
posterior hyaloid 18
pre-retinal hemorrhage 20
scan profile 8
tractional macular edema 20
qualitative analysis 6
morphological study 6
reflectivity study 7
quantitative analysis 7
retinal thickness/volume 7
retinal thickness/volume change 7
retinal thickness/volume tabular 7
retinal map analysis 21
color map 21
mean thickness map 21
stratus OCT 4
treatment for diabetic macular edema 22
intravitreal drugs 22
laser photocoagulation 22
pars plana vitrectomy 22
volumetric 3
P
Parafoveal telangiectasis 167
clinical features 167
fluorescein angiography 167
indication for treatment 167
treatment 167
Petechial hemorrhages 302
Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy 171
clinical features 171
fluorescein angiography 175
indications for treatment 175
indocyanine green angiography 175
mimicking conditions 175
pathology 175
treatment 175
types 175
Posterior uveitis 406
causes/differential diagnosis 406
infections 406
herpetic retinitis 413
neuroretinitis 407
non-necrotizing herpetic posterior uveitis 413
ocular tuberculosis 411
toxocariasis 410
toxoplasmosis 406
non-infective causes 414
acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy 414
acute retinal pigment epithelitis (Krill's disease) 433
ampigenous choroiditis 421
birdshot retinochoroidopathy 422
macular geographic helicoid peripapillary choroidopathy 417
multifocal choroiditis 419
multiple evanascent white dot syndrome 416
presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome 424
punctate inner choroidopathy 421
sarcoidosis 430
subretinal fibrosis and uveitis 422
sympathetic ophthalmia 428
Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome 424
R
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) 474
Retinal and choroidal inflammation 73
general findings in inflammatory disease of retina and choroid 79
optical coherence tomography 73
types of inflammation 73
choroiditis 73
neuroretinitis 77
posterior scleritis 79
retinal vasculitis 77
retinochoroiditis (toxoplasmosis) 74
serpiginous choroiditis 74
sympathetic ophthalmia 78
Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome 77
Retinal angiomatous proliferation 167
clinical features 167
fluorescein angiography 169
indocyanine green angiography 169
Retinal arterial occlusions 158
branch retinal artery obstruction 160
clinical features 160
fluorescein angiography 161
central retinal artery occlusion 158
clinical features 158
fluorescein angiography 160
cilioretinal artery obstruction 161
Retinal artery macroaneurysm 156
clinical features 156
fluorescein angiography 158
indocyanine green angiography 158
treatment 158
Retinal artery macroaneurysm 22
Retinal artery occlusion 22
clinical features 163
fluorescein angiography 163
clinical features 161
fluorescein angiography 161
optical coherence tomography 27
radial optic neurotomy for central retinal vein occlusion 376
complications 381
pathoanatomy 378
surgical technique 377
sheathotomy for branch retinal vein occlusion 382
complications 386
results 383
sheathotomy: post-treatment 388
sheathotomy: pre-treatment 387
surgical technique 383
Retinotomy 326
S
Sarcoid granuloma 432
Secondary epiretinal membrane and macular pseudoholes 49
optical coherence tomography 49
preoperative fundus photograph 51
Subfoveal choroidal neovascularization 322
Subhyaloid hemorrhage 67
Submacular hemorrhage 333
complications 340
management 335
mechanism of retinal injury 333
natural history 334
special considerations 339
thermal laser and photodynamic therapy 336
vitrectomy with clot removal 336
vitrectomy with mechanical clot extraction 336
Submacular surgery 322
Subretinal endophotocoagulation 329
Systemic malignancies and macula 459
bilateral diffuse uveal melanocytic proliferation 460
congenital hypertrophy of retinal pigment epithelium 461
effects of treatment of systemic malignancy on the macula 461
effects of bone marrow transplantation on the retina 462
interferon retinopathy 461
radiation retinopathy 462
retinal complications of chemotherapeutic agents 461
lymphoma-associated retinopathy 460
melanoma-associated retinopathy 460
paraneoplastic syndromes 459
secondary effects of systemic tumors on the eye 460
T
Toxocara granuloma 440
Toxocara: posterior pole granuloma 410
Toxoplasma neuroretinitis 408
Traumatic macular hole 67
Triamcinolone acetonide 280
Tuberculoma 411
Tuberculous subretinal abscess 412
U
Uveal melanocytic tumors, modified Callender classification 451
Uveal melanoma, predisposing factors for the development of 451
V
Vascular endothelial growht factor 244
actions in the process of angiogenesis 246
angiogenesis stimulator 246
inducer of vascualr permeability 246
proinflammatory effects 246
VEFG-A isoforms 246
factors involved in blood vessels angiogenesis 244
growth factor receptor domain and actions 246
historical background 244
role in normal physiology and angiogenesis 247
embryonal development 247
growth factor in normal eye 248
normal adult 248
role in pathological ocular diseases 248
choroidal neovascularization 248
growth factor and diabetic retinopathy 248
vascular endothelial growht factor family 245
VEGF therapeutic decisions 254
Verteporfin 220
absorption 220
calculation of greatest linear dimension (laser spot size) 222
laser settings 222
mechanism of action 220
pharmacology 220
preapartion of the drug 221
precautions 223
recommendations 225
treatment 222
treatment and follow-up procedures 227
treatment guidelines 225
Vitrectomy for diabetic macular edema 341
clinical characteristics 341
complications 347
results 344
effect of pre-operative factors on vitrectomy 346
effect on focal macular electroretinogram after vitrectomy 347
role of plasmin in vitrectomy 347
triamcinolone-assisted vitrectomy 346
vitrectomy for diffuse diabetic macular edema with taut posterior hyaloid 344
vitrectomy for diffuse diabetic macular edema without taut posterior hyaloid 345
vitrectomy for removal of submacular hard exudates 346
vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane peeling 345
surgical technique 343
clinical features 305
complications 307
natural history 306
surgical case selection 306
surgical technique 307
Vitreous prolapse/intraocular lens decentration 290